List of celebrities and famous people who were born on July 14th
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 2009 - 2000
2004Luxembourg royal, son of Princess Sibilla (Weiller) of Luxembourg, and Prince Guillaume. This is their fourth child. Prince Guillaume, age 41 at the time of the child's birth, is the youngest child of Luxembourg's former ruler, Grand Duke Jean, who abdicated in 2000 in favor of his eldest son, Grand Duke Henri.
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1999 - 1990
1999American singer and actress
YouTube Star
Pop Singer
Movie Actor
Family Member
Skateboarder
Actor
Vine Star
YouTube Star
Rapper
South Korean golfer
Model
Japanese singer (NMB48 & AKB48).
Lithuanian triple jumper
YouTube Star
YouTube Star
Instagram Star
Basketball Player
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1989 - 1980
1989TV Actor
Musician
Finnish footballer
MMA Fighter
French swimmer, co-winner in the 100M backstroke at the 2011 World Swimming Championships. He and Camille LaCourt (viz. He completed the swim in 52.76 seconds.
Skateboarder
TV Actress
English footballer
TV Actress
Estonian-American football player shot putter and discus thrower
English footballer
English screenwriter and producer of director producers
American family of note, first son of Tom McLoughlin's second wife, Nancy, and born while his Dad was directing the "Date With An Angel" series.
Bahamian-American tennis player
American football player
Rock Singer
Reality Star
Canadian skateboarder
Russian player in ice hockey
Swedish footballer
Dancer
Rock Singer
Australian footballer
Albanian-Macedonian singer
English cricketer
Athlete
World Music Singer
TV Actor
American football player
American golfer (d.2010)
New Zealand producer and actress
Brazilian footballer
Rock Singer
Moroccan footballer
Slovenian footballer
Greek singer (Hi-5)
Slovak tennis player
American basketball player
Instagram Star
Russian tennis player
American football player (d.2013)
Australian producer and host of television
American academic and conductor
Athlete
American actor
Actress
Nigerian lawyer
Russian-born American dancer, So You Think You Can Dance finalist
Italian footballer
American actor
American accidental death: This young man fell from one roof to the other of a nearby building on November 26, 2005, just after 8 AM EST in Brighton.
English singer and actor
Actor
Actor
Belgian singer-songwriter
Australian motorcycle racer
Canadian-American actor, director and producer
Pop Singer
Actor and singer from the Philippines
Australian rugby union player
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1979 - 1970
1979TV Actor
German cross-country skier
Dominican baseball player
Canadian-American screenwriter and actress
Australian actress
Swedish race car driver
The Swedish royal family, the first and only child of King Carl XVI (Queen Silvia), is the heir to the Swedish throne. When she was just two years old, the Swedish government decided that the ruler's eldest child would inherit the throne. She was raised in a 17th-century palace outside of Stockholm with her younger siblings, Carl Philip and Madeleine …
Royalty
Actress
Actress
Crown Princess of Sweden
Scottish singer-songwriter and pianist
Screenwriter and director of Irish films
Model and porn actress from Hungary
World Music Singer
Miss Turkey Universe (1997)
Papua New Guinean-English cricketer
Canadian novelist
R&B Singer
American athlete
American Country Music Artist
American baseball player
American rapper and actor (The Black Eyed Peas)
Rapper
Louisville, Kentucky -- Fig skater (1995 Great Lakes Junior Champ)
French woman's marathon runner.
French rowing champion and winner of a Silver Medal for four-man coxless rowing at Atlanta Olympics, along with O. Moncelet, D. Fauche and B. Vecten, 7/27/1996.
American basketball player: Center, Warriors
Tennis player from Bulgaria-New Zealand
Actor and comedian from England
Spanish actress
Bulgarian-Turkish weightlifter
Musician
American producer and rapper (Twiztid Dark Lotus, Psychopathic Rydas).
American bagpipes player and composer (Luciddruid)
Author
Spanish actress
Samoan rugby player
NBA forward (Detroit Pistons)
Australian actress
American troubled white man who became a berserk in September 2002. Jeffrey's girlfriend Johanna Vitale (30) of Salem picked him up and drove him to New Hampshire. He became distraught and started shouting at her. Johanna took the keys out of the ignition and drove home when they stopped in Woburn MA. Jeffrey called Johanna later in the day from …
NFL tight end (Carolina Panthers).
NFL running back (Oakland Raiders).
NFL linebacker (New York Giants).
French blogger and entrepreneur. After the merger of Ublog, a French blog company, with Six Apart in July 2004, he was appointed Executive Vice President EMEA for Six Apart. Le Meur, a supporter of Nicolas Sarkozy in France's presidential election, joined Sarkozy’s campaign team in 2006 as an advisor on Internet-related subjects.
Canadian snowboarder, winner of Canada's first Gold Medal in snowboarding and the first Gold Medal in snowboarding at the 1998 Olympics. This is a new sport that was admitted to the games.
English guitarist (The Verve, Black Submarine).
Former Miss Universe Contestant and Indian Model
Referee and English footballer
Canadian singer
American professional wrestler
Wrestler
American wrestling commentator
Indonesian actor
NBA forward (Miami Heat).
American actress who played the role of Katie, the child on "Benson", a television sitcom that ran from 1979 to 1986.
NFL Guard (NE Patriots).
American pianist Pink Martini
Houston, Texas -- Pitcher (Texas Rangers).
Norwegian guitarist
Montana, USA; actress (Katie Benson).
Steinbach, Manitoba -- Volleyballer (1996 Olympics)
American actress
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1969 - 1960
1969Chef
American producer and actor
Actor
Professional wrestler and Japanese mixed martial artist
Puerto Rican coach and baseball player
Hato Rey, Puerto Rico -- Infielder (Chicago Cubs)
Estonian politician
United States -- 3m spring diver (1992 Olympics - Gold Medalist)
Singaporean politician and lawyer 8th Speaker of Parliament of Singapore
Atlanta, Georgia -- Nike golfer (1994 NIKE Texarkana Open-5th)
French politician. Since 16 May 2002 she has been deputy to the Yvelines, Minister for Higher Education and Research 18 May 2007 to June 2011, and Minister of Budget from May 2012 until May 2012. She also served as the spokesperson for the Government.
American politician
Manager and footballer from Cypriot
Santa Maria, California -- Infielder (Chicago White Sox).
Austrian singer.
American promoter and wrestler, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling was co-founded
American politician, Ted Kennedy's son is a well-known family member. After Kara, who was born in 1960, and Ted Jr., who was born in 1961, he is the third of his children. He was nine years old when his parents divorced. However, he remained close to them both and maintained a cordial relationship.
Mexico -- Tennis star
CFL defensive tackle (Winnipeg Blue Bombers)
American actor
American singer-songwriter/guitarist (Throwing Muses belly and The Breeders).
Canadian singer and pianist (Crash Test Dummies).
Matt Hume American mixed-martial artist and trainer
American actress
American illustrator and author
NFL cornerback (Atlanta Falcons).
Scottish-born Irish football player, manager
Rocker (Belly)
American animation artist and pro illustrator. In April 1992, she met Ko, a fellow animator at a Los Angeles studio. They were married in Inglewood on September 20, 1993 at 10:15 AM PDT. Ko, who is ten years older than her, is an Astrologer. Juli's mother is also an Astrologer.
Estonian politician and lawyer 41st Mayor in Tartu
Female jockey
Montreal, Quebec -- Canadian Tour golfer (1991 Singapore Open)
Paddington, Australia -- PGA golfer (1993 AT&T Pebble Beach)
Canton, China -- Canada table tennis player (1992, 96 Olympics - 33rd Place)
Russian-American coach and ice dancer
Japanese actor
Canadian conductor and organist
Actor
American porn actress and director
American newspaper columnist
NFL tight end (Atlanta Falcons).
Toronto, Ontario -- Volleyball setter (1992, 96 Olympics - 8th Place)
Cuban activist
English civil servant and geographer
American songwriter and drummer. Radio host (Trouble Retro Grave, The Skull).
Politician
Actor
California, USA; actor ("Breaking Away")
American actor
American comedian, actress, and singer
Beninese activist and singer-songwriter
American actor, singer, and guitarist (Tenacious D).
Scottsdale, Arkansas -- Singer (McBride & Ride - Can I Count on you)
37th Premier of Queensland, an Australian politician
Canadian ice hockey player
Beninese singer
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1959 - 1950
1959Brazilian Astrologer. He is interested in spiritual and karmic counseling.
American man taken hostage by the U.S. Embassy, Iran. He was one of 52 people held in Iran between 11/04/1979 and 1/18/1981.
Horse trainer
He is an American writer, script writer, producer, and playwright.
British television personality
American activist and journalist
Romanian diplomat and politician, 97th Minister of Foreign Affairs
Novelist
American motorcycle racer (d.2015)
Director
Czech-Canadian actor
Argentine television and film actor.
American composer and bass player (d. 2012).
Argentinian actor
Businesswoman
American activist and journalist, the Media Research Center was founded in 1993 by the Media Research Center.
French senior civil servant, Managing Director of EPADESA-La Defense Seine Arche, Paris (Etablissement Public daEUR(tm)AmA(c)nagement de La DA(c)fense Seine Arche), the public authority responsible for development and urban planning in Paris's key business quarter. Francois Hollande's government appointed him. He previously was Prefect of the Provence-Alpes-CA'te-daEUR(tm)Azur region, and served as French National Tourism Director.
American writer and pundit
Amsterdam, Holland -- Vanenberg is a rock drummer
American lawyer and prosecutor. First female Attorney General of Massachusetts elected in 2006.
French composer and musician.
American model, ex-girlfriend of Steven Tyler (of Aerosmith) and mother to Liv Tyler. After Bebe graduated high school, her mother, a model herself, sent photos to Ford Modeling Agency. Buell was invited to New York City by someone from Ford Agency three days later. Playboy selected her for Miss November 1974, a centerfold. Buell was an avid rock-and-roll fan from …
French singer, actress, and TV presenter, her career was launched by Jacqueline Joubert who called her "Dorothée", her stage name. She specialized in programs and songs for children.
Los Angeles Actor
French Catholic clergyman, Bishop of Beauvais 2003 and Nantes Since 2009.
American producer and director of actor
Composer
Rock singer (Arthur)
Chicago, Illinois -- Actor (Mississippi, Roots Next Generation)
Illinois, USA; actor (Mississippi, Roots Next Generation).
Louisiana, USA. Actor (Larry – Room 222, St. Elsewhere).
American guitarist (Devo)
California, USA; actor.
Gioele, an Italian terrorist and member of Democrazia Proletaria, was involved in the assassination of Sergio Ramelli, 29 April 1975. For another crime, he was sentenced to 10 year imprisonment.
American missionary and evangelist
South Orange, New Jersey -- Producer (Warriors, Xanadu, Die Hard)
American keyboard player and producer (Devo), (d. 2014).
Japanese singer and actor
Playwright
Politician
East Lansing (Michigan) -- 400m hurdler (1984 Olympics-Silver Medalist).
Zurich, Switzerland -- Computer publisher. Release 1.0
Photographer
German actor (Born 1951).
Actress
American singer-songwriter/pianist (d. 1999).
Politician
English fashion designer
A professional astrologer in ZA 1/2 rich, Switzerland. She is originally a teacher and is also a qualified psychotherapist. She is a leader of SFER (Schule fA 3/4 r Erwachsene), a Swiss teaching institution for astrology. Numerous books and articles on astrology were published by her, most notably in Astrologie Heute.
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1949 - 1940
1949French caviar expert and the head of Petrossian. The family-run business was founded in Paris in 1920s by Melkoum Petrossian and Mouchegh Petrossian.
Filipino basketball player (d.2009)
South Africa's head of the secret service (NIS).
American music executive
LPGA golfer
French lawyer, an examining mage (similar to a U.S. district attorney).
Rock manager / CEO (CBS records)
Zulu king
American baseball player
Scientist
Politician
Zulu king
French politician (senator), an agrA (c)gA (c) professor of Literature, he was Minister for National Education and then Minister for Labor and Social Affairs (until 2010). He was elected "Immortel" by France's Academy on 13 June 2013.
French politician who is well-known for his homophobic comments.
American general
Third Prime Minister of Mauritius, Mauritius politician and physician
Ohio, USA; sportscaster.
Los Angeles, California -- Actor (Pistol Birth of a Legend).
American baseball pitcher, 5'10", 175 pounds. He made his debut with San Francisco Giants on 4/08/1971. Later, he became a sportscaster.
American producer and actor
British journalist, newswoman, and TV host of Desert Island Discs. Lawley began her career on "Nationwide" in the 1970s. She then joined "Here and Now" as a TV presenter. She was a forceful interviewer and was featured in the highlight in 1996 with some public gaffs. Her personal life, however, has always attracted media attention.
American politician, she was elected Mayor of San Diego, CA on 7/07/1986. She was a "hands-on" politician who was closely involved in city actions. Her frequent trips to local neighborhoods earned her the title of "Street mayor".
Filipino businessman
Comedian
Screenwriter and actor from Australia
American singer and songwriter (Traffic Derek, the Dominos Delaney & Bonnie, and Souther Hillman Furay Band).
Composer
French biochemist and geneticist. He is a professor at Institut Pasteur and directs the French National Reference Center for Antibiotics. Since 1983, he has been the Head of Antibacterial Agents Unit.
American baseball player
American football player. He played fullback/running for the San Francisco 49ers (1965-1973), and the St. Louis Cardinals (1974).
English novelist
New York, USA. Actress (Patty-Fair Exchange, Barbara- FBI).
Richmond sports Champions
Spanish politician, Secretary General NATO and European Union High Rep of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
American football player (d.2013)
American family of fame, the son actor Dan Duryea.
Musician
Actor
Actor
German-Austrian politician and lawyer
American writer and activist, Kwanzaa's creator
Actor
Cosmonaut
American CEO of First Union. He argues his case before critics. Crutchfield studied banking in college and earned an AB in Economics and an MBA in Economics. He unwinds while trout fishing in a stream close to his Virginia cabin.
English academic and author
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1939 - 1930
1939American producer and actor
American scholar and author (d. 2014.)
American writer and scholar
French musician, bass and tenor player in the orchestra of Alix Combelle.
Czech Schlager singer and amateur painter. He is the Czech Republic's most popular male singer, and was recently elected Most Favorite Male Vocalist in the AOEeskA 1/2 SlovAk national poll (English: Czech Nightingale). He is fluent in German and has gained a lot of fame in Germany. He has sold between 50 and 100 million records worldwide with his songs.
French writer, journalist and producer.
American anti-war activist from the turbulent 1960s. A long-haired and bearded Yippie leader, and radical member of The Chicago Seven, he urged his countrymen not to trust anyone older than 30. He became a yippy entrepreneur and died after sustaining injuries in a jaywalking incident.
Italian executive and director general of major Italian company. He began his career as a market analyst at Fairbanks & Morse, Chicago in 1960. Within two years, he became the head of the foreign market research team in Rome. Colussi worked as a consultant in industrial localization from 1960 to 1966. He was named the founder and general manger of …
Hungarian vibraphone drummer and composer
American actor (d. 1994).
Rocker (Mellow Kings)
Japanese politician
Japanese politician and journalist 55th Prime Minister of Japan
Polish actress
Ohio, USA. Colonel US Marine Corp/astronaut. (STS 5, STS 51B).
American Buddhist nun and author
American astronaut, colonel in U.S. Military and pilot commander of "Challenger", the last successful spaceship.
American author and nun
Italian actress from the 1950s. Between 1952 and 1958, she was in almost twenty photographs.
Massachusetts, USA; singer (Sing Along With Mitch).
American astrologer, known as a character who floats her ample size through a conference in a flowing dress and a huge, magnificent hat. When asked where she got her hat, she quips, "I made it. Darling you can't buy trash like this."
Politician
American pro golfer. He is a member the PGA Sr. Tour. His greatest achievement is being the first African-American to participate in the Masters Tournament in 1975. His calm demeanour and politeness with fans and the press are his hallmark.
Dallas sports Champions
Dramatist
Dallas, Texas -- PGA golfer (1974 Monsanto Open)
Pennsylvania, USA; murderer (FBI Most Wanted List).
Canadian politician and Liberal Party Premier of Quebec, 1970-1976. His father, a humble man from a small family, died when he turned 16. Bourassa graduated from his law school as the top-ranking student and became a Rhodes Scholar. He studied international tax law and corporate law at Harvard before entering politics in 1966. He was 36 years old when he …
Novelist
Duke of Bavaria, Heir to the House of Stuart
Singer / guitarist
French boxer, pro athlete
American entertainer, professional football player, and athlete.
Princess Margarita of Baden (d. 2013)
American CEO and executive in charge of IBP, a company that procures livestock. Peterson was a student at the University of Nebraska.
Author and English police officer (d. 2012).
French fashion designer and philanthropist
Bristol, England -- Actor (Uncle Kurt-Holocaust)
Six priests from his diocese were accused in 32 lawsuits against the archdiocese of sexual abuse. Kelly claimed that he and his coworkers knew very little about pedophilia thirty years ago. The allegations of abuse date back at least to the 1960s and 1970s, when plaintiffs claimed the archdiocese had assigned one priest to at most four parishes and a …
Oklahoma, USA; murderer (FBI Most Wanted List).
American actress, singer, TV star, and businesswoman. Before she turned 18, she attended 45 schools in 28 different states. She was 15 when she began singing in Las Vegas. She signed a $600 per week movie contract in 1948. She signed a contract with MGM four years later as a starlet for B flicks.
Composer
Tennessee, USA. Actress (Rhoda Winds of War, Baby Talk).
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1929 - 1920
1929French politician and minister of training and employment in 1993.
Jazz drummer/teacher
American actress, nominated in 1950 for her ingA(c),nue role on "Sunset Blvd." In films, she was often seen alongside William Holden.
Writer (Requiem of the Innocents), died at 65
France, Cauderan -- Actor (Kraft Music Hall).
English journalist and public servant.
Artist / teacher
Composer
Wisconsin, USA; actress (Absent Minded Professor, Pollyanna).
American journalist, television personality, host of NBC's Today show, July 1961 to September 1962. He interviewed every U.S. president since Harry Truman and covered four wars.
American illustrator and author (d. 2010).
Lawyer
Illinois, USA; news anchor (NBC Voice of America).
Chicago, Illinois -- News anchor (NBC and VOA)
American actor
American pro-basketball player and athlete. He is also known as "Wah Wah". He was an Indianapolis player for three seasons (1949-1952).
American actor who made his feature-film debut in 1957's "Revolt at Fort Laramie". Harry Dean Stanton was a beloved character actor who specialized in portraying the outcasts, the lost and the strange. In 1950, he was first seen in little parts. His slender, weathered appearance, featuring a prominent nose and hollow cheeks, and expressive eyes, was striking. He played small …
Composer
French producer and director of documentaries.
American singer and actress (d.2013)
Composer
Italian musician, conductor.
American football coach and politician (d.2013)
Scientist
Italian President of both the FIDAL and the Olympic Games Association. Aged 76, he suffered a fatal heart attack in Rome on November 7, 1999.
American actor and singer (d.2013)
American businessman founded Sabian (d.2013)
American long jumper (d. 1989)
New York, USA. Woman's magazine publisher (Lears).
Medal of honor for American marine corps hero, U.S. Marine Corps medal of honour
Oklahoma, USA; actor (Death Valley Days, Walter - Dynasty).
St-Etienne EXecutives
Estonian-Swedish pianist (d. 2014)
American World War II and Vietnam War Ace Fighter Pilot (d. 2007).
Lucky, a French fashion model from the 1950s, arrived in Paris when he was sixteen years old.
German Nazi concentration camp guard
Composer
French comedian, singer, and impersonator.
Writer
Canadian ice hockey player (d.2013)
English children's author
48th President of Ecuador, American-Ecuadorian politician and architect
English Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry and Academics
Publisher
Mexican artist and artisan, best known for a style of sculpture called aEURoemagiscopiosaEUR which involved various materials along with crystals and/or lenses to play with light or create distorted visions. Born in rural central Mexico, he was entirely self-taught to be an artist. As a child, he was very creative and created his first sculptures from papier-mAC/chA(c). His artistic career …
St. Paul Military man
Indian politician and lawyer Indian Minister of Finance
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1919 - 1910
1919Actor (French Detective Slap, Jigsaw), dies at 67
American military, Vice Admiral in US Navy. During the Vietnam War, he was Commander of US Naval Forces. In 1974, he retired from active service.
Actor in Italian-French films. When he was eight years old, his family moved to Paris. After dropping out of school, he worked in various jobs before eventually becoming a prizefighter. Because of his strong physique, he was often cast in tough-guy roles in French films. He was able to act better over the years, and he gained a lot of …
Swedish director of film, a highly productive and creative artist. His lens was focused on dark landscapes of neurosis and tormented guilt with the occasional smile on a hot summer night. His "ability to attach mine demons to chariots", which he did with great skill, is what has made him so successful. He is an author and has written novels, …
American screenwriter and playwright (d.2011)
Forrester invents random-access magnetic core memories.
American actor and director (d. 2014.)
USA; newscaster (CBS Evening News FYI).
Violinist
Italian Jewish writer, journalist, playwright, essayist and novelist.
Designer
France Military man
Salina Military man
Rear admiral, American military man
Politician
Malz?ville EXecutives
Scottish educator. He was a Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics at St. Andrew's University and then at Dundee University. He was named Vice-Chancellor and Principal of University of Birmingham in 1968. He edited the Quarterly Journal of Medicine. He was married and had four children.
American playwright, who was a collaboration with Robert E. Lee since 1942. The highly successful Lawrence and Lee Inc team, also known as "the thinking man’s playwrights", were well-known. Their most famous drama was "Inherit the Wind," which premiered on Broadway on 4/21/1955. It won a Tony Award and many other awards. The screenplay was also written by them. Their …
American finance production producer and CEO of Greif Brothers (a manufacturer of containers, boxes, and barrels) John Carroll University was Dempsey's home.
Italy sport Champion
Company Secretary
American politician, lawyer, congressman, and Vice-President under Richard Nixon, 1969, and the 38th President the United States. He was the first person to be elected to the highest office in the country after a former president resigned. He was sworn into office on August 9, 1974, at 12:03:35 Eastern Time (EDT), Washington, DC. This occurred just minutes after Nixon's resignation …
France sport Champion
German politician (SDP)
Nantes Military man
38th US President (Republican-1974-77).
Politician
American singer-songwriter and musician. His musical legacy includes hundreds upon scores of traditional, political and children's songs and ballads, as well as improvised and original works. His guitar displayed the slogan "This machine kills fascists". "This Land Is Your Land" is his most well-known song. Many of his recordings are preserved in the Library of Congress. Bob Dylan, Phil Ochs …
Clamart Military man
Canadian philosopher and critic (d. 1991).
French naval officer who served in the Second World War, before being promoted as Admiral and made Chief of Staff of Navy in 1972. He was buried in Brest, 19 December 1989.
Vienne Military man
British actor, comedian (Born 1911)
Belarusian poet, author (d. 2000).
Dutch President (Church & Peace) / Dutch ethicist
American animator and studio founder (Born in 1910).
France sport Champion
France sport Champion
Pianist / critic
Famous birthdays on July 14th for the celebrities who were born in the years 1909 - 1900
1909Paris, France -- Actress (Dinner at Ritz).
Nantes Military man
Writer
French actress, known primarily in Europe. Beginning as a dancer, she made her movie debut in a minor part at age 16 and didn't appear in lead roles until 1931. She became France's most celebrated young actress, moving to England in 1936, appearing in three films there. Invited to Hollywood, her accomplishments were minor and she returned to Europe in …
Composer
American inventor and businessman of Greek origin (d. 1990).
American general (d. 1983)
American actress (d. 47)
Novelist
Poland -- Yiddish Novelist, (Enemies Nobel 1978).
United States -- Author (Love Is Eternal, Lust for Life).
NYC, New York -- Comedian (Show, Judy Garland Show).
Italy Scientist
US Vice-Admiral (WWII)
Jersey City, New Jersey -- Actor/director (Curiosity Kills).
Aerodynamicist
Toulouse physician
American actor Abner Kravitz – Bewitched, dies at the age of 78 (born in 1901).
English academic and composer (d. 1956).