Major Events of 1920: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll explore the most significant occurrences from 1920, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

Major Events of 1920 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan Babe Ruth Traded to Yankees: Baseball legend Babe Ruth was traded from the Boston Red Sox to the New York Yankees for an unprecedented $125,000, which was the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time. This trade would become one of the most famous in sports history and significantly impacted the trajectory of both teams.
02 Jan The Palmer Raids Begin: On January 2, 1920, the United States government initiated a series of controversial raids targeting suspected communists and anarchists, known as the Palmer Raids. Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer and a young J. Edgar Hoover, these raids represented a significant moment of political suppression during the post-World War I 'Red Scare' period.
03 Jan Curse of the Bambino: Babe Ruth Traded to Yankees: In a landmark moment for baseball history, the Boston Red Sox sold legendary player Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees for $125,000 and a loan of more than $300,000. This transaction would become infamous in sports lore, sparking an 84-year championship drought for the Red Sox and launching the Yankees' dynasty.
04 Jan German Hyperinflation Escalates: The Imperial Bank of Germany printed an additional 1.4 billion marks, bringing the total paper money in circulation to 47,724,000,000 marks. This massive money printing was a direct consequence of Germany's economic struggles following World War I, signaling the severe hyperinflation that would characterize the Weimar Republic period.
05 Jan Babe Ruth Traded to New York Yankees: The Boston Red Sox sold Babe Ruth, one of baseball's most legendary players, to the New York Yankees. This transaction would become one of the most famous trades in sports history, often referred to as the 'Curse of the Bambino', which allegedly hexed the Red Sox from winning the World Series for 86 years.
06 Jan League of Women Voters Established: The League of Women Voters was officially created through the merger of the National Council of Women Voters and the National American Woman Suffrage Association. This organization would become a pivotal non-partisan political organization dedicated to promoting active and informed civic participation, particularly for women.
07 Jan Russian Civil War: Kolchak's Surrender and the Great Siberian Ice March: During the Russian Civil War, White Russian forces under Admiral Alexander Kolchak surrendered in Krasnoyarsk, marking a significant turning point. This event precipitated the legendary Great Siberian Ice March, a grueling retreat of White Russian forces across the harsh Siberian landscape.
08 Jan Great Steel Strike of 1919 Concludes: The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers officially ended their prolonged labor dispute, which had been ongoing since September 22, 1919. This significant industrial action represented a critical moment in American labor history, highlighting the challenges faced by workers in the steel industry during the early 20th century.
09 Jan Tragic Shipwreck of the Treveal: On January 9, 1920, the British cargo ship Treveal met a catastrophic end during a severe storm. Traveling from Calcutta to Dundee, the vessel became stranded on the Kimmeridge Ledge off the Dorset coast. Rescue efforts were severely hampered by treacherous sea conditions. As the ship began to break apart, the crew attempted to escape in lifeboats, but the overwhelming waves swamped their vessels. Of the 42 crew members, only seven managed to swim to safety, while 35 tragically lost their lives in the unforgiving English Channel.
10 Jan League of Nations Established: The League of Nations, the first global intergovernmental organization designed to maintain world peace, was officially established on this date. Created in the aftermath of World War I, it represented a groundbreaking attempt at international cooperation and conflict resolution.
11 Jan Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Gains International Recognition: The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic achieved a significant diplomatic milestone when European powers granted de facto recognition at the Versailles conference. This recognition was the result of persistent diplomatic efforts by Azerbaijani representatives to establish their nation's international standing in the post-World War I era.
12 Jan Birth of James L. Farmer Jr., Civil Rights Leader: James L. Farmer, Jr., a prominent American civil rights activist, was born. He would go on to become a pivotal figure in the Civil Rights Movement, co-founding the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and playing a crucial role in organizing non-violent protests and freedom rides to challenge racial segregation in the United States.
13 Jan Prohibition Begins in the United States: The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution comes into effect, initiating the nationwide prohibition of alcohol production, transportation, and sale. This landmark legislation would dramatically impact American social and legal landscapes throughout the 1920s.
14 Jan Frank Munsey's Media Acquisition: On January 14, 1920, media entrepreneur Frank Munsey expanded his publishing empire by acquiring both the New York Herald and the New York Sun newspapers. This strategic business move consolidated media ownership in New York City during the early 20th century, reflecting the era's trend of media consolidation.
15 Jan John J. O'Connor Becomes Archbishop of New York: John J. O'Connor was appointed as the Roman Catholic Archbishop of New York, a significant leadership role in the American Catholic Church. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, O'Connor would go on to become a prominent and influential cardinal known for his conservative theological positions and advocacy work.
16 Jan First Assembly of the League of Nations: The League of Nations convened its first assembly in Paris, marking a pivotal moment in international diplomacy following World War I. This groundbreaking organization aimed to promote international cooperation and prevent future global conflicts through peaceful dialogue and collective security.
17 Jan Prohibition Begins in the United States: The Volstead Act, which enforced the Eighteenth Amendment, went into effect at 12:01 A.M., banning the production, transportation, and sale of intoxicating alcoholic beverages across the United States. This marked the beginning of the Prohibition era, a significant social and legal experiment that would dramatically impact American culture and crime for the next 13 years.
18 Jan Georges Clemenceau Resigns as French Prime Minister: On January 18, 1920, Georges Clemenceau, a prominent French statesman known as the 'Tiger of France' for his fierce leadership during World War I, resigned as Prime Minister of France. His resignation came two days after he withdrew his candidacy for the presidency, marking the end of his significant political tenure. Clemenceau, who had been a key figure in negotiating the Treaty of Versailles and leading France through the final stages of World War I, stepped down along with his entire cabinet, signaling a major political transition in post-war France.
19 Jan US Senate Rejects League of Nations: The United States Senate votes against joining the League of Nations, a significant moment in early 20th-century international diplomacy. This decision would have profound implications for global cooperation and set the stage for future international organizations.
20 Jan Federico Fellini Birth: Federico Fellini was born in Rimini, Italy. He would become one of the most influential and celebrated film directors of the 20th century, known for groundbreaking films like 8½, Satyricon, and La Dolce Vita.
21 Jan Battle of Marash: Turkish National Forces Reclaim City: On January 21, 1920, the Turkish National Forces initiated a strategic siege of Maraş, a significant city in the former Ottoman Empire. This military operation was part of the broader Turkish War of Independence, aimed at reclaiming territories and establishing national sovereignty following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The battle represented a crucial moment in Turkey's struggle for territorial integrity and national identity.
22 Jan Birth of Sir Alf Ramsey, Football Legend: Sir Alf Ramsey was born, who would become one of the most significant figures in English football history. As the manager of the England national team, he led the country to its first and only FIFA World Cup victory in 1966, a moment of immense national pride. His tactical innovations and leadership transformed English football during the 1960s.
23 Jan Ottoman Empire Dissolution: Turkey officially relinquishes the Ottoman Empire, surrendering most of its non-Turkish territorial holdings, marking a significant geopolitical transformation in the aftermath of World War I.
25 Jan Germany's Diplomatic Negotiations with Allied Powers Post-World War I: In the aftermath of World War I, the Republic of Germany engaged in delicate diplomatic negotiations with the Allied Powers regarding the potential surrender of 334 citizens. This event was part of the broader post-war reconciliation and accountability process, reflecting the complex geopolitical tensions following the conflict.
26 Jan Assassination Attempt on Matthias Erzberger: Matthias Erzberger, Germany's Reich Minister of Finance, was wounded in an assassination attempt while standing outside the Reichstag building in Berlin. This event reflects the political volatility and tensions in post-World War I Germany.
28 Jan Foundation of the Spanish Foreign Legion: The Spanish Foreign Legion (Legión Española) was officially established on this date, creating an elite military unit modeled after the French Foreign Legion. This specialized military force would play a significant role in Spanish military operations, particularly during conflicts in Morocco and the Spanish Civil War.
29 Jan Walt Disney Begins Professional Artistic Career: Walt Disney started his first professional job as an artist at the Kansas City Slide Company, earning $40 per week. This early position marked the beginning of his remarkable journey in animation and entertainment, laying the groundwork for what would become one of the most influential media empires in history.
30 Jan Estonian Independence Secured: The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, officially ending the Estonian War of Independence and internationally recognizing Estonia's sovereignty. This treaty was crucial in establishing Estonia as an independent nation following years of conflict.
31 Jan NHL Record: 7 Goals in a Single Game: Joe Malone of the Québec Bulldogs sets an extraordinary NHL record by scoring 7 goals in a single game against the Toronto team, a remarkable achievement in professional hockey history.
01 Feb Royal Canadian Mounted Police Formation: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) was officially formed through the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police and the Dominion Police, creating a unified national law enforcement agency.
02 Feb Estonian Independence Declaration: Estonia formally declares its independence from Russia through the Dorpat Peace Treaty, solidifying its status as a sovereign nation after years of struggle.
03 Feb Allies Seek German War Criminal Extradition: In the aftermath of World War I, the Allied powers submitted a comprehensive list to the German government, demanding the extradition of nearly 1,000 German individuals accused of war crimes for potential prosecution.
04 Feb French Prime Minister Seeks Vote of Confidence: Prime Minister Alexandre Millerand requested and received a strong parliamentary vote of confidence, with 518 members supporting the government's foreign policy of strict adherence to the Treaty of Versailles, compared to only 68 opposing votes.
05 Feb New Zealand Army Intervenes in Fiji Civil Unrest: A contingent of 56 New Zealand Army officers and soldiers, led by Major Edward Puttick, were deployed to Fiji to address ongoing civil unrest. This intervention demonstrates the regional military cooperation and geopolitical tensions of the early 20th century.
06 Feb Virginia Rejects Women's Suffrage Amendment: The Virginia state Senate voted against ratifying the 19th Amendment, which would grant women the right to vote, with a vote of 10 in favor and 24 against. This decision positioned Virginia as the third state to reject women's suffrage, reflecting the ongoing resistance to women's voting rights during this period.
07 Feb Execution of Admiral Kolchak and Prime Minister Pepelyayev: Admiral Alexander Kolchak, the former 'Supreme Leader of Russia' during the Russian Civil War, and his former prime minister Viktor Pepelyayev were executed by a Bolshevik firing squad near Irkutsk. This event marked a significant moment in the consolidation of Bolshevik power following the Russian Civil War, symbolizing the defeat of the White Russian forces.
08 Feb Swiss Men Reject Women's Suffrage: In a significant moment for gender equality, Swiss men voted against granting women the right to vote in a national referendum, maintaining the exclusion of women from political participation.
09 Feb Allies Seek Prosecution of German War Criminals: In the aftermath of World War I, the Allied powers submitted a comprehensive list to the German government containing nearly 1,000 names of individuals accused of war crimes. This action represented a significant step towards international judicial accountability for wartime atrocities.
10 Feb Nazi Party Platform Unveiled: Adolf Hitler, as Deputy Chairman of the German Workers' Party, publicly unveils the platform of what would become the Nazi Party, marking an early and significant moment in the rise of Nazi ideology in Germany.
11 Feb Idaho Ratifies 19th Amendment: Idaho officially ratified the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guaranteed women's right to vote. This was a significant milestone in the women's suffrage movement, bringing the state closer to nationwide female electoral participation.
12 Feb Ottoman Empire's Final Parliamentary Report - Misak-ı Millî: The Parliament of the Ottoman Empire published its final report, the Misak-ı Millî, marking a critical moment in the transition of the Ottoman Empire to the modern Turkish state. This six-point policy was so significant that it prompted the Allied powers to occupy Istanbul on March 16 and sponsor the creation of a new republic with its capital in Ankara.
13 Feb Allies Seek German War Criminals Post-World War I: The Allied powers submitted a comprehensive list of nearly 1,000 German war criminals to the German government, demanding their extradition for trial. Germany's Defense Minister Gustav Noske publicly declared the surrender of these individuals to be 'virtually impossible', highlighting the tensions of the post-war period.
14 Feb League of Women Voters Established: The League of Women Voters was founded in Chicago, Illinois by Carrie Chapman Catt, emerging as a successor organization to the National American Women's Suffrage Association. This pivotal moment occurred shortly after the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote in the United States. The organization was established to encourage informed and active participation of women in civic and political life.
15 Feb Richard O'Brien Appointed CEO of Manpower Services Commission: Richard O'Brien was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer of the Manpower Services Commission, a significant administrative role in workforce and employment services during the early 20th century.
16 Feb Allies Consider German War Criminal Trials Post-World War I: In a significant diplomatic development following World War I, the Allied powers tentatively agreed to allow Germany to conduct war crimes trials domestically. The proposed trials were to be held in Leipzig, Germany, representing an early attempt at international judicial accountability for wartime atrocities. This decision was notable for its time, as it suggested a potential for national self-prosecution rather than an external tribunal.
17 Feb Anna Anderson Claims to be Anastasia Romanov: On February 17, 1920, Anna Anderson attempted suicide in Berlin and was subsequently admitted to a mental hospital. During her hospitalization, she dramatically claimed to be Grand Duchess Anastasia Romanov, the youngest daughter of the last Russian Tsar Nicholas II. This event marked the beginning of one of the most famous identity controversies of the 20th century, as Anderson would spend decades trying to prove her alleged royal lineage.
18 Feb Paul Deschanel Becomes President of France: Paul Deschanel was sworn into office as the President of France, marking a significant moment in French political history during the early 20th century. Deschanel, a prominent politician, assumed leadership during a period of post-World War I reconstruction and political transformation.
19 Feb US Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles: On February 19, 1920, the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, which formally ended World War I. This decision effectively prevented the United States from joining the League of Nations and signaled a period of isolationist foreign policy for the country, despite President Woodrow Wilson's strong advocacy for international cooperation.
20 Feb Communist Rule in Azerbaijan: The Azerbaijan Communist Party consolidated its political control, establishing a regime that would persist for over seven decades until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. This marked a significant period of communist governance in the Caucasus region.
21 Feb Nicholas Horthy Becomes Regent of Hungary: In a pivotal parliamentary vote, Admiral Nicholas Horthy is named Regent for the vacant throne of the Kingdom of Hungary, a significant political development in the aftermath of World War I and the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
22 Feb First Dog Race Track with Mechanical Rabbit in California: In Emeryville, California, the first dog race track to employ an innovative mechanical 'rabbit' racing system was inaugurated, revolutionizing greyhound racing by introducing a mechanized lure to stimulate dogs during races.
23 Feb Soviet Army Consolidates Northern Russia: The Soviet Army successfully completed its strategic consolidation of northern Russia by taking full control of Murmansk. This military operation was a crucial step in establishing Soviet territorial control during the Russian Civil War period.
24 Feb Nazi Party Founded: The Nazi Party (NSDAP) was officially founded by Adolf Hitler in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall in Munich, Germany, marking the beginning of a political movement that would dramatically reshape European history in the coming decades.
25 Feb Women Admitted to American College of Surgeons: On February 25, 1920, Dr. Anna Weld and Professor Leila Andrews made history by becoming the first and second women to be admitted into the American College of Surgeons. This milestone represented a significant breakthrough for women in medical professional organizations during an era of limited gender opportunities.
26 Feb The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari Premieres: Robert Wiene's groundbreaking film 'The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari' premiered in Berlin, marking a pivotal moment in cinema history. This German Expressionist masterpiece is widely considered one of the most influential early horror movies, characterized by its distinctive angular set designs, dramatic lighting, and psychological narrative that challenged traditional filmmaking conventions of the time.
27 Feb U.S. Supreme Court Validates 19th Amendment: On February 27, 1920, the U.S. Supreme Court definitively upheld the validity of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the constitutional right to vote. This landmark decision was a critical milestone in the women's suffrage movement, ensuring that women across the United States would have equal voting rights regardless of state-level resistance.
28 Feb Silica Gel Mass Production Patent Filed: Chemistry professor Walter A. Patrick filed a groundbreaking patent application for the mass production of silica gel, a versatile synthetic substance with numerous industrial and scientific applications, including desiccation, chromatography, and later uses in electronics, pharmaceuticals, and packaging.
29 Feb Czechoslovakia Adopts First Constitution: The Czechoslovak National Assembly formally adopts the country's first constitution, establishing the legal and governmental framework for the newly independent state following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after World War I.
01 Mar Greece Transitions from Julian to Gregorian Calendar: On March 4th, 1920, Greece officially concludes its use of the Julian civil calendar, marking a significant administrative and cultural shift towards standardizing timekeeping with the Gregorian calendar.
02 Mar Chinese Prime Minister Resigns Over Shantung Negotiations: China's Prime Minister Chin Yun-p'eng resigned after political tensions arose from his party's stance on negotiating with Japan regarding rights to the Shantung (Shandong) peninsula, reflecting the complex geopolitical dynamics of post-World War I China.
03 Mar President Wilson's First Public Appearance in 1920: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson emerged in public for the first time since his severe stroke, accompanied by First Lady Edith Wilson, his physician Rear Admiral Cary T. Grayson, a chauffeur, and Secret Service agents. The presidential motorcade drove through Washington, D.C. for approximately one hour, marking a significant moment in Wilson's recovery.
04 Mar Ottoman Empire Dissolution Negotiations: In a pivotal diplomatic meeting in London, the foreign ministers of the United Kingdom and France convened to strategize and formalize plans for the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. This meeting was a critical moment in the post-World War I geopolitical restructuring of the Middle East.
05 Mar Leontine Kelly Becomes First Black Female Methodist Bishop: Leontine Kelly made history by becoming the first African American woman to be elected as a bishop in the Methodist Church, breaking significant racial and gender barriers in religious leadership during the early 20th century.
06 Mar Anti-Saloon League's Whiskey Proposal: During the Prohibition era, the Anti-Saloon League made a notable proposal to the federal government, suggesting the purchase of over 60 million gallons of already-distilled whiskey. This strategic recommendation aimed to prevent potential illegal distribution and consumption of alcohol, reflecting the complex challenges of enforcing the nationwide alcohol ban.
07 Mar Willie Watson: Multi-Sport Athlete: Willie Watson was a remarkable English sportsman who distinguished himself in both cricket and soccer during the early 20th century. As a cricket batsman for England and a soccer international player, he represented a rare breed of versatile athletes who excelled in multiple sports during an era of emerging professional athletics.
08 Mar Arab Kingdom of Syria Established: On March 8, 1920, the Arab Kingdom of Syria was proclaimed, marking the first modern Arab state to emerge in the post-Ottoman era. This significant moment represented an important step in Arab national self-determination following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
09 Mar 1920 New Hampshire Presidential Primary: The New Hampshire primary was held, marking the official start of the 1920 U.S. presidential election campaign. Former U.S. Army Chief of Staff Leonard Wood emerged as the top vote recipient among registered Republicans, while Herbert Hoover was the most favored candidate among registered Democrats. This primary was significant in setting early momentum and testing candidate popularity during a pivotal period in American political history.
10 Mar West Virginia Ratifies Women's Suffrage Amendment: West Virginia made a pivotal democratic advancement by ratifying the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, granting women the right to vote. The amendment passed by a narrow margin of 16 to 13, representing a significant milestone in the women's rights movement.
11 Mar Birth of Nobel Laureate Nicolaas Bloembergen: On March 11, 1920, Nicolaas Bloembergen was born, a distinguished Dutch physicist who would later make groundbreaking contributions to science and be awarded the Nobel Prize. Bloembergen's work significantly advanced our understanding of quantum mechanics and laser technology.
12 Mar Kapp Putsch Begins in Germany: The Marinebrigade Ehrhardt, a right-wing paramilitary unit, initiated a military coup attempt by marching on Berlin, challenging the newly established Weimar Republic. This attempted putsch represented a significant challenge to the democratic government in post-World War I Germany.
13 Mar Kapp Putsch: Failed Coup Attempt in Berlin: Wolfgang Kapp led a right-wing nationalist coup attempt against the Weimar Republic government in Berlin. The putsch was ultimately unsuccessful due to widespread public resistance and a general strike by workers, which effectively paralyzed the coup's momentum and prevented the overthrow of the democratic government.
14 Mar Schleswig Plebiscite of 1920: In the second of the 1920 Schleswig plebiscites, approximately 80% of the population in Zone II voted to remain part of Weimar Germany, demonstrating a strong regional preference for continued German governance following the aftermath of World War I.
15 Mar E. Donnall Thomas: Pioneer of Bone Marrow Transplantation: E. Donnall Thomas, an American physician, made groundbreaking contributions to medical science by developing bone marrow transplantation techniques. His revolutionary work would later earn him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, fundamentally transforming treatment for leukemia and other blood disorders.
16 Mar Percy Mansell: South African Cricket Player: Percy Mansell was a notable leg-spin all-rounder who represented South Africa in international cricket, playing 13 Test matches for the national team. As a versatile player capable of both bowling leg-spin and contributing with the bat, Mansell was an important figure in South African cricket during the early 20th century.
17 Mar Discovery of Meket-Re's Tomb in Egypt: Archaeologists uncovered the remarkably preserved tomb of Meket-Re, a high-ranking chief minister who served under Pharaoh Mentuhotep II during the Middle Kingdom period of ancient Egypt. The discovery, made on a Wednesday, provided significant insights into the administrative and cultural practices of the 11th Dynasty, approximately 3,900 years after Meket-Re's original burial. The tomb's preservation offered researchers a rare, detailed glimpse into the life and administrative roles of senior officials during this pivotal period of Egyptian history.
18 Mar Birth of Pope John Paul II: Karol Wojtyła, who would later become Pope John Paul II, was born in Poland. He served as the head of the Catholic Church from 1978 to 2005 and was one of the most influential and globally recognized popes in modern history, known for his significant role in international diplomacy and his impact on global Catholicism.
19 Mar US Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles: The United States Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles for the second time, effectively maintaining the country's isolationist foreign policy stance. This decision prevented the United States from joining the League of Nations, a significant diplomatic setback for international cooperation in the aftermath of World War I.
20 Mar Aftermath of Kapp Putsch: German President Friedrich Ebert returned to Berlin from Stuttgart following the failure of Wolfgang Kapp's attempted coup, a significant moment in the turbulent political landscape of post-World War I Germany.
22 Mar Washington Ratifies Women's Suffrage Amendment: On March 22, 1920, Washington state became the 35th state to ratify the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, a pivotal moment in the women's suffrage movement. This ratification was crucial in securing women's right to vote nationwide, marking a significant milestone in American civil rights history.
23 Mar Shusha Massacre: Azerbaijani troops conducted a brutal attack on the Armenian half of Shusha, burning the area and massacring its population, marking a tragic moment in the ongoing Armenian-Azerbaijani regional conflict.
24 Mar First US Coast Guard Air Station Established: On March 24, 1920, the United States Coast Guard established its first air station in Morehead City, North Carolina. This milestone marked a significant expansion of the Coast Guard's capabilities, enabling aerial surveillance, maritime patrol, and search and rescue operations along the coastal regions. The establishment of this air station represented an innovative approach to maritime safety and national defense, leveraging emerging aviation technology to enhance coastal security and emergency response.
25 Mar Black and Tans Arrive in Ireland: The British paramilitary force known as the Black and Tans arrived in Ireland during the Irish War of Independence, marking a brutal period of conflict. These auxiliary police units were notorious for their harsh tactics and indiscriminate violence against Irish civilians. Their arrival escalated tensions, with significant incidents including the murders of 14 civilians at Croke Park, the assassination of republican mayor Tómas Mac Curtain, and the execution of 18-year-old IRA volunteer Kevin Barry, which became powerful symbols of British oppression in Ireland.
26 Mar Publication of 'This Side of Paradise' by F. Scott Fitzgerald: F. Scott Fitzgerald's debut novel 'This Side of Paradise' was published by Scribner's on March 26, 1920. The novel was a critical and commercial success that launched Fitzgerald's literary career and established him as a prominent voice of the Jazz Age. The book explores themes of youth, social class, and romantic disillusionment, capturing the spirit of post-World War I American society.
27 Mar Germany Violates Treaty of Versailles: An official investigation revealed that Germany had exceeded the military limitations specified in the Treaty of Versailles, which restricted its army to a maximum of 100,000 soldiers. This violation highlighted ongoing tensions in post-World War I Europe and the challenges of enforcing international agreements.
28 Mar Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak of 1920: A devastating tornado outbreak struck the Great Lakes region and Deep South states on Palm Sunday, causing widespread destruction and significant loss of life. This natural disaster was one of the most severe meteorological events of the early 20th century, highlighting the region's vulnerability to extreme weather.
29 Mar First British Army Field Marshal from Private Ranks: Sir William Robertson achieved a remarkable milestone in British military history by becoming the first soldier to rise from private to field marshal. Having enlisted in 1877, Robertson's extraordinary career trajectory demonstrated exceptional leadership, skill, and dedication, breaking traditional class barriers in the British Army's officer corps.
30 Mar Herbert Hoover's Political Emergence in 1920 Election: Herbert Hoover, a prominent war relief administrator, gained significant political momentum as supporters from both the Democratic and Republican parties placed him on their respective election ballots. This unusual cross-party endorsement highlighted Hoover's national reputation and potential as a presidential candidate, reflecting his respected status following his humanitarian work during World War I.
31 Mar Government of Ireland Act 1920: The British Parliament passed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, a significant legislative measure that proposed to establish separate home rule parliaments for Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. This act was a pivotal moment in Irish political history, attempting to address the complex political tensions between Ireland and the United Kingdom during a period of significant nationalist sentiment.
01 Apr Delaware Rejects Women's Suffrage: In a controversial vote, the Delaware House of Delegates rejected the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which would grant women the right to vote, with 23 members voting against and 9 in favor.
02 Apr German Army Confronts Ruhr Red Army: In a significant political and military action, the German army moved into the Ruhr region to suppress the Ruhr Red Army, a communist revolutionary group that had attempted to establish a socialist state in the industrial heartland of Germany during the tumultuous period following World War I.
03 Apr Delaware Rejects Women's Suffrage Amendment: The Delaware House of Delegates voted 23 to 9 to reject the 19th Amendment, which would have granted women the right to vote. This vote delayed the amendment's ratification and was a significant setback for the women's suffrage movement in the United States.
04 Apr 1920 Palestine Riots: Violent clashes erupted between Arab and Jewish residents in Jerusalem, resulting in 9 deaths and 216 injuries. This event was a significant moment in the growing ethnic tensions in British-controlled Palestine, foreshadowing future conflicts.
05 Apr Arab-Jewish Tensions in Jerusalem: In early April 1920, violent tensions erupted between Arab and Jewish communities in Jerusalem during the annual Nebi Musa festival. The riots, which began on April 4th and continued for several days, resulted in multiple casualties and highlighted the growing ethnic and territorial conflicts in British-controlled Palestine. This event is considered a significant moment in the escalating Arab-Jewish tensions that would shape the region's future political landscape.
06 Apr Far Eastern Republic Established: The Far Eastern Republic, a buffer state between Soviet Russia and Japanese-occupied territories, was proclaimed in eastern Siberia. This short-lived political entity represented a complex geopolitical strategy during the Russian Civil War period.
07 Apr Nebi Musa Riots in Jerusalem: The 1920 Nebi Musa riots erupted in British-controlled Jerusalem between April 4-7, marking a significant moment of intercommunal violence. The riots resulted in casualties on all sides: five Jews were killed and hundreds injured, four Arabs were killed and eighteen injured, and seven British personnel were wounded. These riots highlighted the growing tensions in Palestine during the early British Mandate period.
08 Apr Tragic Week in Guatemala: A significant political uprising occurred in Guatemala when opposition leaders challenged President Manuel Estrada Cabrera's refusal to step down after the National Assembly declared him mentally unfit for office. The civil unrest involved Unionist Party leaders, students, and other opponents who supported Carlos Herrera as the interim president.
09 Apr Tragic Week in Guatemala: Political Uprising in Guatemala City: On April 9, 1920, Guatemala City experienced a sudden and violent political upheaval characterized by intense machine-gun fire and artillery shelling across multiple city districts. The Unionist faction, initially caught off-guard by the unexpected attack, rapidly mobilized by swiftly collecting weapons and ammunition from government buildings and other strategic locations to mount a defensive response.
10 Apr Sonora's Attempted Secession from Mexico: On April 10, 1920, the legislature of the Mexican state of Sonora took a dramatic and unprecedented step by voting to potentially secede from the United Mexican States. In a tense, closed-door session held in Hermosillo, state legislators resolved to resist President Venustiano Carranza's attempt to send federal troops into Sonora. Governor Adolfo de la Huerta escalated the confrontation by ordering the seizure of Southern Pacific Railroad lines within Sonoran territory, effectively declaring regional autonomy. By the following day, de la Huerta was reportedly positioning himself as the 'supreme power in the Republic of Sonora', signaling a direct challenge to the federal government's authority.
11 Apr Álvaro Obregón's Strategic Escape During Mexican Revolution: During a critical moment in the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón, a prominent military and political leader, strategically fled Mexico City to avoid a politically motivated trial designed to damage his reputation. He escaped to the state of Guerrero, where he joined forces with Fortunato Maycotte, a fellow revolutionary and potential ally in his ongoing political struggle.
13 Apr Dublin Mayor Supports Sinn Féin Prisoners and General Strike Called: On April 13, 1920, the Mayor of Dublin publicly pledged support to Sinn Féin prisoners on hunger strike, simultaneously with Irish labor leaders calling for a general strike. This event highlighted the intense political tensions and resistance movement in Ireland during the struggle for independence from British rule.
14 Apr President Wilson Returns to Cabinet After Stroke: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson met with his Cabinet for the first time since September 2, 1920, after recovering from a debilitating stroke that had incapacitated him for over six months.
15 Apr Sacco and Vanzetti Shoe Factory Robbery and Murder: On April 15, 1920, a violent robbery occurred at the Slater & Morrill Shoe Company in South Braintree, Massachusetts. Two armed men shot and killed employees Frederick Parmenter and Alessandro Berardelli, stealing a payroll of $15,776.51. Anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were later convicted and executed for this crime, which became a highly controversial legal case symbolizing potential judicial bias against immigrants and radical political activists.
16 Apr Dermot O'Callaghan Grubb Appointed Prison Governor: On April 16, 1920, Dermot O'Callaghan Grubb was appointed as a prison governor during a tumultuous period in Irish history, marked by political tensions and the struggle for independence. His role would have been critical in managing prison administration during a time of significant social and political upheaval.
17 Apr Formation of the American Professional Football Association: On April 17, 1920, the American Professional Football Association was established, which would later become known as the National Football League (NFL). This pivotal moment marked the formal organization of professional football in the United States, creating a structured league that would eventually grow into one of the most popular sports organizations globally.
18 Apr First National Elections in Czechoslovakia: On April 18, 1920, Czechoslovakia held its first national elections following the establishment of the independent republic after World War I. This democratic process marked a significant milestone in the country's transition to a parliamentary democracy under the leadership of President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. The elections were conducted using proportional representation, allowing multiple political parties to participate and reflect the diverse political landscape of the newly formed nation.
19 Apr Allied Prime Ministers Conference in San Remo: Key Allied leaders David Lloyd George (UK), Alexandre Millerand (France), and Francesco Nitti (Italy) convened in San Remo, Italy to discuss post-World War I territorial arrangements and diplomatic strategies. This meeting was crucial in shaping the geopolitical landscape of Europe in the aftermath of the Great War.
20 Apr Balfour Declaration Recognized: The Balfour Declaration is officially recognized, establishing Palestine as a British Mandate and significantly reshaping the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East.
21 Apr Bainbridge Colby Establishes Declaration of Independence Committee: U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby formally established a special committee tasked with examining and reporting on the historical context and significance of the Declaration of Independence, reflecting the ongoing scholarly interest in America's founding document.
22 Apr Birth of Hal March, American Television Personality: Harold Matusow, professionally known as Hal March, was born in San Francisco, California. He would later become a notable television actor and game show host, most famously associated with the popular quiz show '$64,000 Question' and the television program 'Outrage'.
23 Apr Founding of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey: The Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) was established in Ankara, marking a pivotal moment in Turkish political history. The assembly officially denounced the existing government of Sultan Mehmed VI and began preparing a temporary constitution, signaling the transition from the Ottoman Empire to a new national governance structure.
24 Apr British Mandate Over Palestine Established: The British Mandate for Palestine officially begins, marking a significant geopolitical transformation in the Middle East. This mandate, authorized by the League of Nations, grants Britain administrative control over the territory, which would have profound implications for the region's future political landscape and the eventual establishment of Israel.
25 Apr San Remo Conference: Middle East Mandate Allocation: At the San Remo conference, the principal Allied Powers of World War I adopted a resolution to determine the allocation of Class "A" League of Nations mandates for administration of the former Ottoman-ruled territories in the Middle East. This conference was a crucial diplomatic event that reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the region following World War I.
26 Apr German Troop Withdrawal from Ruhr Valley: The German government completes the withdrawal of troops from the Ruhr Valley, adhering to the Treaty of Versailles stipulations. This action involves reducing the German army to 200,000 men, a significant step in post-World War I demilitarization and compliance with international agreements.
27 Apr Ukrainian Independence Declaration: Symon Petliura, a prominent Ukrainian political and military leader, formally declares the independence of Ukraine during a tumultuous period marked by complex political struggles following the Russian Revolution and Ukrainian War of Independence.
28 Apr Azerbaijan Joins Soviet Union: On April 28, 1920, the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR) was formally incorporated into the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), marking a significant moment in the region's political transformation. This event represented the Bolshevik takeover of Azerbaijan and the beginning of Soviet control over the Caucasus region.
29 Apr Duke Kahanamoku Wins Olympic Gold in Swimming Relay: Duke Kahanamoku, a legendary Hawaiian swimmer, won his second gold medal at the 1920 Antwerp Olympics as part of the American 4 x 200m freestyle relay team. Alongside teammates Perry McGillivray, Pua Kealoha, and Norman Ross, he set a world record time of 10:04.4, showcasing the United States' dominance in swimming during that era.
30 Apr British Government Ends Military Conscription: On April 30, 1920, the British Government officially terminated military conscription, signaling a major shift in national defense policy in the post-World War I era.
01 May Babe Ruth Hits Historic Home Run for Yankees: Babe Ruth hit his first home run for the New York Yankees at the Polo Grounds, marking his 50th career home run. This milestone was a significant moment in baseball history, highlighting Ruth's emerging status as a legendary slugger.
02 May Founding of the Negro National League: The first game of the Negro National League, a groundbreaking professional baseball league for African American players, was played in Indianapolis. This historic event marked a significant milestone in sports history, providing a professional platform for Black baseball players during an era of racial segregation.
03 May Polish Troops Capture Kiev in Polish-Soviet War: During the Polish-Soviet War, Polish forces successfully occupied Kiev, with the Ukrainian People's Republic government returning to the city, marking a significant moment in the conflict.
04 May Romania Establishes National Hero Day: King Ferdinand I of Romania issued a landmark decree creating 'National Hero Day', a significant political and cultural initiative that established an official mechanism for commemorating national heroes and potentially reinforcing the monarchy's narrative and public image. This decree represented an early example of state-sponsored historical commemoration in Eastern Europe, aimed at building national pride and solidarity.
05 May Sacco and Vanzetti Arrest: Authorities arrest Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, two Italian-American anarchists, for an alleged robbery and murder in Massachusetts, which would later become a highly controversial legal case symbolizing ethnic and political persecution.
06 May Birth of Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Fijian Political Leader: Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara was born on this date, who would later become a pivotal figure in Fijian politics. He served as the first Prime Minister of Fiji from 1970 to 1992 and subsequently became the country's President from 1993 to 2000. A key architect of Fiji's independence and post-colonial governance, Mara played a crucial role in shaping the nation's political landscape during a transformative period.
07 May Kiev Offensive by Polish and Ukrainian Forces: Polish troops led by Jozef Piłsudski and Edward Rydz-Śmigły, supported by Ukrainian forces, captured Kiev in a bold military operation. However, the Red Army launched a successful counter-offensive within a month, recapturing the city.
08 May Álvaro Obregón Becomes President of Mexico: Following the departure of President Venustiano Carranza, Álvaro Obregón and his revolutionary troops entered Mexico City, marking a significant transition of power in post-revolutionary Mexico. Obregón, a key figure in the Mexican Revolution, would assume the presidency and continue efforts to stabilize and rebuild the nation after years of conflict.
09 May Polish Army Captures Kiev in Polish-Soviet War: During the Polish-Soviet War, the Polish army under General Edward Rydz-Śmigły celebrated their capture of Kiev with a triumphant victory parade along Khreschatyk, a significant moment in the conflict between Poland and Soviet Russia.
10 May Armenian Bolshevik May Uprising: On May 10, 1920, the Armenian Bolsheviks initiated a coup d'état attempt in Alexandropol (now known as Gyumri), Armenia. This uprising was part of the broader political turbulence following World War I and the Russian Revolution, as communist forces sought to challenge the existing political order and potentially establish a Soviet-aligned government in Armenia.
11 May French Government Dissolves Labor Federation: The French government under Premier Alexandre Millerand took decisive action to dissolve the General Federation of Labor (Confédération Générale du Travail), a major trade union organization. This move represented significant political tension between the government and organized labor during the post-World War I period.
12 May Sinn Féin Raids Across Ireland: On May 12, 1920, Sinn Féin militants conducted a coordinated series of attacks across Ireland, targeting tax collection offices and military infrastructure. The raids resulted in the destruction of 20 tax collection offices and 50 military barracks, representing a significant escalation of the Irish independence movement's resistance against British colonial administration.
13 May Eugene Debs Presidential Nomination from Prison: Eugene V. Debs, a prominent socialist leader and labor activist, was nominated for the United States presidency while serving a federal prison sentence for opposing World War I and violating the Espionage Act. Despite being incarcerated in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, Debs ran as the Socialist Party candidate, symbolizing his continued commitment to political activism and workers' rights. His nomination was a powerful statement against wartime suppression of dissent and a testament to his enduring political influence.
14 May Joan of Arc Canonized as Saint: The Catholic Church officially canonized Joan of Arc as a saint, recognizing her historical significance as a French military leader and religious martyr who played a crucial role during the Hundred Years' War.
15 May Canonization of Joan of Arc: Pope Benedict XV presided over the historic canonization ceremony of Joan of Arc at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The event was a major religious milestone, attended by over 30,000 people, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc's family. The basilica was elaborately decorated for this momentous religious recognition.
16 May Joan of Arc Canonized as Saint: On May 16, 1920, Pope Benedict XV officially canonized Joan of Arc as a saint in Rome, recognizing her extraordinary religious devotion and historical significance. This momentous event came centuries after her martyrdom, formally acknowledging her spiritual importance and heroic legacy in the Catholic Church.
17 May KLM's Inaugural Flight: On May 17, 1920, KLM (Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij), the Royal Dutch Airlines, operated its first commercial flight. This event marked the birth of what would become one of the world's oldest and most respected airlines, symbolizing the Netherlands' early commitment to international air transportation.
18 May Birth of Pope John Paul II in Wadowice, Poland: Karol Józef Wojtyła was born in Wadowice, Poland. He would go on to have a remarkable ecclesiastical career, becoming an ordained priest in 1946, auxiliary bishop of Kraków in 1958, cardinal in 1967, and ultimately Pope John Paul II in 1978. As Pope, he was known for his significant global influence, promoting interfaith dialogue, human rights, and playing a crucial role in the fall of communism in Eastern Europe.
19 May Matewan Massacre: Labor Conflict in West Virginia: On May 19, 1920, a violent confrontation erupted in Matewan, West Virginia, between union miners and Baldwin-Felts private detectives hired by coal companies. Thirteen detectives arrived to forcibly evict union miners from company-owned housing, which escalated into a deadly gun battle. The incident resulted in the deaths of 7 detectives and 4 townspeople, including Matewan's mayor C. C. Testerman and detective Albert Felts. This massacre became a pivotal moment in the American labor movement, highlighting the intense struggles between workers and corporate interests during the early 20th century.
20 May First North American Regular Radio Broadcast: Montreal's XWA radio station made history by broadcasting the first regularly scheduled radio programming in North America, a pivotal moment in media and communication technology.
21 May Assassination of Mexican President Venustiano Carranza: On May 21, 1920, recently deposed Mexican President Venustiano Carranza was killed in a strategic ambush orchestrated by General Rodolfo Herrero's military forces. This event marked a significant turning point in the Mexican Revolution, highlighting the volatile political landscape and the brutal power struggles that characterized the era. Carranza, who had been a prominent revolutionary leader and president, was eliminated shortly after being removed from power, demonstrating the precarious nature of political leadership during this tumultuous period in Mexican history.
22 May Uneventful Day in 1920: While no major historical events were specifically documented for May 22, 1920, this does not necessarily mean nothing of significance occurred. The early 1920s were a period of significant global transformation following World War I, with ongoing social, political, and economic changes across many nations.
23 May Pope Benedict XV Issues Peace Encyclical: Pope Benedict XV published the encyclical 'Pacem Dei' (Peace of God), a significant papal document addressing international relations and peace in the aftermath of World War I. The encyclical emphasized reconciliation and humanitarian principles during a tumultuous period in European history.
24 May Wilson's Armenian Mandate Proposal: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson made a significant diplomatic move by urging the U.S. Congress to approve American administration of Armenia under a League of Nations Mandate. This proposal reflected the complex geopolitical landscape in the aftermath of World War I and the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Although initially met with resistance, the U.S. Congress would eventually approve a version of this plan, highlighting the emerging role of the United States in international governance.
26 May Assassination of President Carranza: Mexican Army General Rodolfo Herrero was implicated in the murder of former Mexican President Venustiano Carranza, violating revolutionary leadership directives and signaling ongoing political instability in post-revolutionary Mexico.
27 May Masaryk Becomes First Czechoslovak President: Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk was inaugurated as the first president of Czechoslovakia on May 27, 1920, following the country's establishment after World War I. A prominent philosopher, sociologist, and political leader, Masaryk played a crucial role in the formation of the independent Czechoslovak state.
28 May House Fails to Override Wilson's Veto of Knox Bill: On May 28, 1920, the United States House of Representatives attempted to override President Woodrow Wilson's veto of the Knox bill. Despite a concerted effort, the House fell short of the constitutionally required two-thirds majority needed to nullify the presidential veto. The final vote tally was 219 in favor of overriding the veto, compared to 152 against, which was insufficient to supersede the president's decision.
29 May The Great Louth Flood of 1920: On 29 May 1920, a catastrophic flash flood struck the Lincolnshire market town of Louth, causing unprecedented devastation. Within just 20 minutes, the sudden deluge resulted in 23 tragic fatalities, making it one of the most significant and deadly flood disasters in 20th-century United Kingdom history. The rapid onset and extreme intensity of the flood overwhelmed local infrastructure, catching residents completely off guard and causing widespread destruction across the town.
30 May Ralph Metcalfe - Olympic Athlete Born: Ralph Metcalfe was an exceptional American track and field athlete, renowned for his remarkable sprinting abilities. He was an Olympic champion who competed in the 1932 and 1936 Olympic Games, winning multiple medals and setting world records during the height of his athletic career.
31 May Gaston Chevrolet Triumphs at Indianapolis 500: French racing driver Gaston Chevrolet achieved a remarkable victory at the Indianapolis 500, demonstrating exceptional driving skill by completing the entire race without a single tire change. Accompanied by his riding mechanic John Bresnahan, Chevrolet's performance highlighted the technological prowess and endurance required in early 20th-century motorsports.
01 Jun Adolfo de la Huerta Becomes President of Mexico: Adolfo de la Huerta was sworn in as President of Mexico, succeeding after leading a revolution that overthrew President Carranza in May 1920. As the former Governor of Sonora state, he represented a significant political transition in Mexico during a turbulent period.
02 Jun Adolfo de la Huerta Becomes Mexican President: Adolfo de la Huerta was sworn in as President of Mexico, marking a significant moment in the country's post-revolutionary political transition. He served as provisional president during a critical period of political reorganization following the Mexican Revolution.
03 Jun Adolfo de la Huerta Becomes President of Mexico: On June 3, 1920, Adolfo de la Huerta was officially sworn in as the President of Mexico, marking a significant transition in the country's political landscape during the post-Mexican Revolution era. De la Huerta, a prominent political figure, assumed the presidency during a tumultuous period of national reconstruction and political realignment.
04 Jun Treaty of Trianon Dramatically Reshapes Hungary: The Treaty of Trianon, signed in Paris, imposed severe territorial and demographic losses on Hungary following World War I. The treaty resulted in Hungary losing approximately 71% of its pre-war territory and 63% of its population, fundamentally altering the nation's geopolitical landscape and national identity.
05 Jun Bolshevik Invasion of Georgia: Bolshevik cavalry forces invaded Georgia, marking a critical moment in the Russian Civil War and Soviet territorial expansion. This military incursion represented a significant geopolitical event in the Caucasus region, demonstrating the Soviet Union's aggressive territorial ambitions.
06 Jun Wrangel's Offensive Against the Red Army: General Pyotr Wrangel, a prominent White Army commander during the Russian Civil War, launched a significant military offensive against the Bolshevik Red Army in southern Russia. This strategic operation was part of the ongoing conflict between the anti-communist White forces and the revolutionary Red Army, representing a critical moment in the struggle for control of the Russian territories following the 1917 Russian Revolution.
07 Jun Ku Klux Klan Launches Membership Expansion Campaign: On June 7, 1920, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan initiated a strategic public relations campaign aimed at increasing its membership across the United States. This campaign represented a deliberate effort to normalize and spread the organization's racist ideology during the post-World War I era, targeting white Protestant Americans with messages of racial supremacy and xenophobia.
08 Jun Louisiana State Senate Rejects Women's Suffrage Amendment: In a narrow vote of 22 to 19, the Louisiana State Senate effectively blocked ratification of the 19th Amendment, which would grant women the right to vote. This vote represented resistance to the growing women's suffrage movement and highlighted the regional tensions surrounding women's political enfranchisement in the early 20th century.
09 Jun Leopold Skulski Resigns as Polish Prime Minister: Leopold Skulski resigned as Prime Minister of Poland after a challenging six-month tenure, marking a significant political transition during the tumultuous Polish-Soviet War. His resignation followed the strategic failure of Poland's military collaboration with Ukrainian forces in their joint efforts to resist Soviet expansion.
10 Jun Michigan and Wisconsin Ratify 19th Amendment: Michigan and Wisconsin became the first states to ratify the 19th Amendment, a pivotal moment in the women's suffrage movement that would grant women the constitutional right to vote nationwide.
11 Jun Birth of the 'Smoke-Filled Room' Political Phrase: During the U.S. Republican National Convention in Chicago, Republican Party leaders gathered at the Blackstone Hotel to negotiate their presidential candidate, inadvertently giving rise to the Associated Press's famous political phrase 'smoke-filled room', which would become synonymous with backroom political deal-making.
12 Jun Warren G. Harding Wins Republican Presidential Nomination: Senator Warren G. Harding secured the Republican Party's presidential nomination, setting the stage for the 1920 United States presidential election.
13 Jun Assassination of Essad Pasha Toptani: Essad Pasha Toptani, the nominal ruler of Albania, was assassinated in Paris by 25-year-old Albanian student Avni Rustemi. This political killing highlighted the volatile political landscape of early 20th-century Albania and the tensions surrounding national leadership.
14 Jun Duluth Lynchings - Tragic Racial Violence: On June 14, 1920, a horrific act of racial violence occurred in Duluth, Minnesota. A mob of several thousand white people surrounded the local police station, where six African-American circus workers were being held under false accusations. After a sham trial driven by racist hysteria, three of the workers - Elmer Clayton, Isaac McGhie, and Elias Clayton - were brutally lynched by the mob, representing a deeply shameful moment in American racial history.
15 Jun Duluth Lynching Tragedy: On June 15, 1920, a horrific racial violence occurred in Duluth, Minnesota, where a mob of approximately 10,000 people lynched three innocent African-American circus workers: Elias Clayton, Elmer Jackson, and Isaac McGhie. These men were falsely accused of rape and summarily executed without due process, representing a deeply tragic moment of racial injustice in American history.
16 Jun Hague Jurists Plan International Court: A distinguished committee of international legal experts convened at The Hague to strategically plan the organizational structure for the proposed Permanent Court of International Justice, a groundbreaking judicial body designed to support the League of Nations' diplomatic efforts.
17 Jun François Jacob - French Biologist and Nobel Laureate: François Jacob was a prominent French biologist who made significant contributions to molecular biology and genetics. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1965 for his groundbreaking work on genetic regulation and protein synthesis.
18 Jun Uneventful Day in 1920: While no specific major historical events were recorded for June 18, 1920, this date falls within the interwar period between World War I and World War II. During this time, global political landscapes were shifting, with nations recovering from the devastation of the Great War and experiencing significant social and economic transformations.
19 Jun Major General John A. Lejeune Becomes Marine Corps Commandant: On June 19, 1920, Major General John A. Lejeune was appointed Commandant of the United States Marine Corps by order of President Woodrow Wilson, succeeding Major General George Barnett. In a significant post-World War I reorganization, Lejeune implemented substantial rank adjustments, demoting 23 major generals and 16 brigadier generals from their temporary wartime ranks. Notably, three major generals, including the prominent Billy Mitchell (Director of Military Aeronautics), were reduced to colonel, while 20 others were returned to brigadier status. Brigadier General Marlborough Churchill, a distinguished Army intelligence cryptanalyst, was also reverted to his pre-war rank of major. This restructuring reflected the military's transition from wartime to peacetime establishment and Lejeune's commitment to maintaining organizational efficiency.
20 Jun Birth of DeForest Kelley, Star Trek Actor: DeForest Kelley was born in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. He would later become famous for his iconic role as Dr. Leonard McCoy in the original Star Trek television series, portraying the compassionate and witty ship's physician.
21 Jun U.S. Army Introduces World War I Victory Medal: On June 21, 1920, the United States Army officially began issuing the World War I Victory Medal, a prestigious military honor recognizing the service and sacrifices of American soldiers during the First World War. This medal commemorated the nation's military contributions and honored the veterans who fought in the global conflict.
22 Jun Greco-Turkish Military Conflict: On June 22, 1920, Greek military forces launched an offensive against Turkish troops during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922), a significant conflict that emerged in the aftermath of World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This military engagement was part of Greece's ambitious territorial expansion and nationalist aspirations in Anatolia.
23 Jun Uneventful Day in 1920: While no specific major historical events were documented for June 23, 1920, this period was part of the tumultuous post-World War I era. The world was experiencing significant political, social, and economic transformations, including the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, the rise of new nation-states, and ongoing global economic restructuring.
24 Jun Władysław Grabski Becomes Polish Prime Minister: Władysław Grabski assumed the role of Prime Minister of Poland, succeeding Leopold Skulski. This leadership transition occurred during a critical period of Poland's nation-building and stabilization efforts following World War I and the Polish-Soviet War.
25 Jun League of Nations Establishes International Court of Justice: The League of Nations formally established the Permanent Court of International Justice (also known as the World Court) in The Hague, Netherlands, marking a significant milestone in international legal cooperation and dispute resolution.
26 Jun Lou Gehrig's High School Baseball Debut: Lou Gehrig, a talented 17-year-old baseball player, was recognized for his exceptional skills while playing for the New York School of Commerce high school team. This early mention would foreshadow his future legendary status in Major League Baseball, where he would become one of the most iconic players in New York Yankees history.
27 Jun British Army Brigadier General Kidnapped by Sinn Féin: During the Irish War of Independence, British Army Brigadier General Cuthbert Lucas was kidnapped by Sinn Féin members while fishing on the River Blackwater near Cappoquin, County Waterford. This incident highlights the intense conflict between Irish nationalists and British forces during this turbulent period.
28 Jun Treaty of Versailles Signed, Ending World War I: On June 28, 1920, the Treaty of Versailles was formally signed, marking the official conclusion of World War I. This pivotal diplomatic document, negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference, imposed significant reparations and territorial changes on Germany, fundamentally reshaping the geopolitical landscape of Europe. The treaty's harsh terms would later contribute to economic instability and rising nationalism in Germany, setting the stage for future conflicts.
29 Jun Republic of China Joins the League of Nations: On June 29, 1920, the Republic of China officially became a member of the League of Nations, marking a significant diplomatic milestone in the country's early 20th-century international engagement. This membership represented China's emerging role on the global stage following the fall of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the republican government. The League of Nations, founded after World War I, was the first worldwide intergovernmental organization dedicated to maintaining world peace, and China's inclusion symbolized its aspiration to be recognized as a modern nation-state.
30 Jun Zeno Colo: Italian Olympic Skiing Legend: Zeno Colo was a prominent Italian alpine ski racer who became famous for his exceptional downhill skiing skills. He achieved international recognition by winning a gold medal in the 1952 Winter Olympics, representing Italy and establishing himself as a significant figure in winter sports history.
01 Jul Sir Robert Borden Resigns as Canadian Prime Minister: After nine years of distinguished service, Sir Robert Borden announced his resignation as Prime Minister of Canada, citing health concerns. His departure marked the end of a significant era in Canadian political leadership during the post-World War I period.
02 Jul Russo-Polish War: Tukhachevsky's Decisive Battle Proclamation: Soviet military leader Mikhail Tukhachevsky issued a dramatic proclamation north of the Pripet Marshes, declaring that the fate of the global revolutionary movement hinged on the conflict with Poland. His inflammatory rhetoric emphasized the strategic importance of the war and the Bolsheviks' revolutionary ambitions.
03 Jul Denmark Reclaims Schleswig Province: King Christian X of Denmark ratifies a treaty with Germany, successfully returning the northern part of the former German Duchy of Schleswig to Danish control, establishing the province of Slesvig.
04 Jul Uneventful Day in 1920: While July 4, 1920 appears to be a day without significant recorded historical events, it falls within the post-World War I era, a period of significant global transformation. The United States was experiencing the aftermath of World War I, with social and economic changes emerging during the Roaring Twenties. This particular date might represent a typical summer day in an era of transition, with ongoing societal shifts in politics, culture, and technology.
05 Jul First Woman Receives Presidential Nomination Vote: A historic moment in American political history occurred when Laura Clay, a Kentucky delegate to the Democratic National Convention, became the first American woman to receive a vote for a presidential nomination from a major political party. During the 33rd ballot, Augustus O. Stanley, chairman of the Kentucky delegation, cast one of the state's 26 votes for Mrs. Clay, marking a significant milestone in women's political representation.
06 Jul Democratic National Convention Nominates James M. Cox: The Democratic National Convention selected Ohio Governor James M. Cox as the party's presidential nominee after an intense 44-ballot process. Cox secured 699½ votes from delegates, emerging as the consensus candidate in a competitive nomination battle.
07 Jul Horrific Lynching of Arthur Brothers in Paris, Texas: In a deeply disturbing act of racial violence, a mob in Paris, Texas, forcibly entered the Lamar County courthouse jail and seized two African-American brothers, Irving Arthur and Herman Arthur. The brothers had been arrested on suspicion of murdering their landlord and his son on July 2. The mob brutally lynched the brothers at the county fairgrounds, burning them at the stake in a horrific display of racist terrorism.
08 Jul Allied Powers Issue Ultimatum to Germany: The Allied powers delivered a critical 24-hour ultimatum to Germany regarding military disarmament. The demands included reducing the German Army from 200,000 to 150,000 by the end of October, and further down to 100,000 by the end of January 1921. British Prime Minister David Lloyd George warned that failure to accept the disarmament plan by noon on July 9 would result in Allied troops crossing the Rhine to occupy Germany.
09 Jul Lynching of Arthur Brothers in Paris, Texas: A horrific act of racial violence occurred in Paris, Texas, where a mob forcibly entered the Lamar County courthouse jail and seized two African-American brothers, Irving Arthur and Herman Arthur. The brothers, who had been arrested on suspicion of murdering their landlord and his son, were brutally taken to the county fairgrounds and burned alive in a shocking display of racist mob violence. This incident represents a deeply tragic example of the systemic racism and extrajudicial violence prevalent in the early 20th-century American South.
10 Jul Arthur Meighen Becomes Prime Minister of Canada: Arthur Meighen was sworn in as the 9th Prime Minister of Canada, succeeding Sir Robert Borden. Meighen, a Conservative Party leader, would serve two separate terms as Prime Minister during a tumultuous period in Canadian political history.
11 Jul Allied Powers Negotiate Polish Defense Strategy: During the Spa Conference, Allied premiers discussed strategic support for Poland, conditionally offering defense aid. The key conditions included Poland's agreement to revert to its pre-war territorial boundaries and the immediate cessation of hostilities between Polish and Soviet forces, reflecting the complex geopolitical negotiations of the post-World War I era.
12 Jul Soviet-Lithuanian Peace Treaty Establishes Lithuanian Independence: On July 12, 1920, Lithuania and the Soviet Union signed a historic peace treaty that formally recognized Lithuania's independence. This diplomatic agreement marked a significant milestone in Lithuania's path to sovereignty, with Soviet Russia acknowledging the country's right to self-determination and establishing diplomatic relations.
13 Jul Soviet Forces Capture Lemberg/Lwow: During the Polish-Soviet War, the Soviet Army and Ukrainian Bolsheviks captured Lemberg (Lwow), a strategically important former Austro-Hungarian town then occupied by Poland. The capture involved driving out Polish and Ukrainian defending forces, representing a significant moment in the territorial conflicts of Eastern Europe.
14 Jul French Ultimatum to Syrian King Faisal: On July 14, 1920, General Henri Gouraud, France's newly appointed High Commissioner for Syria, delivered a critical diplomatic ultimatum to Faisal al-Hashemi, the self-proclaimed King of Syria. The ultimatum demanded unrestricted French access to the strategic railway corridor connecting Riyaq (in modern-day Lebanon) and Aleppo, with a firm deadline of July 20. This demand was part of France's broader colonial strategy in the Levant following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and represented a significant moment of imperial pressure on emerging Arab sovereignty.
15 Jul Soviet Capture of Lemberg: The Soviet Army and Ukrainian Bolsheviks captured Lemberg (now Lviv), a strategically important former Austro-Hungarian town then occupied by Poland, signaling territorial conflicts in Eastern Europe.
16 Jul Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, originally signed on September 10, 1919, was a significant post-World War I agreement between the Allied Powers and several Central and Eastern European countries, including Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania, reshaping territorial and political boundaries.
17 Jul Birth of Juan Antonio Samaranch, Olympic Leader: Juan Antonio Samaranch was born in Barcelona, Spain, on this date. He would later become a significant figure in international sports administration, serving as the President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) from 1980 to 2001. During his tenure, he played a crucial role in modernizing and globalizing the Olympic movement, helping to expand the Games' international reach and commercial appeal.
18 Jul Soviet and Ukrainian Bolsheviks Capture Lemberg: In a significant military operation during the Polish-Soviet War, Soviet Army units and Ukrainian Bolshevik forces successfully captured Lemberg (known as Lwow in Polish), a strategically important city in the contested territories of Eastern Europe. This capture represented a major shift in the regional power dynamics, driving out Polish and Ukrainian defending forces and expanding Soviet territorial control.
19 Jul Second Congress of Communist International Convenes: The Second Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) opened in Saint Petersburg and Moscow, adopting the controversial Twenty-one Conditions, which established strict guidelines for communist parties worldwide and solidified the ideological direction of the international communist movement.
20 Jul French Ultimatum in Syria: General Henri Gouraud, France's High Commissioner for Syria, issued a critical ultimatum to King Faisal al-Hashemi, demanding unobstructed access to the railway between Riyaq and Aleppo. This action was part of France's colonial mandate in the region and signaled growing tensions between French colonial authorities and local Arab leadership.
21 Jul Belfast Pogrom of 1920: On July 21, 1920, a significant sectarian conflict erupted in Belfast, Northern Ireland, marking the beginning of a two-year period of intense violence. During this event, thousands of Catholic workers were systematically expelled from their jobs in shipyards, factories, and linen mills, primarily by Protestant workers and loyalist groups. This pogrom was part of the broader Irish War of Independence and reflected deep-seated sectarian tensions between Catholic and Protestant communities in Northern Ireland.
22 Jul Warren G. Harding's Foreign Policy Speech: Senator Warren G. Harding delivered a significant foreign policy address advocating for a 'covenant of conscience' instead of a rigid international agreement. He proposed an alternative approach to international diplomacy, criticizing the League of Nations' Article 10 and suggesting a more flexible peace strategy with Germany. Harding emphasized reducing armaments and minimizing the potential for future global conflicts, which would later be partially realized through the 1921-22 Conference on the Limitation of Armament.
23 Jul Battle of Maysalun: On July 23, 1920, the Battle of Maysalun took place, where French forces decisively defeated the Syrian army. This battle was a crucial moment in the French mandate period in Syria, demonstrating the colonial power's military superiority and solidifying their control in the region.
24 Jul BOGUS - Horrific Racial Lynching in Paris, Texas: A deeply disturbing incident of racial violence occurred in Paris, Texas, where a mob illegally entered the Lamar County courthouse, seized two African-American brothers (Irving Arthur and Herman Arthur), and brutally murdered them at the county fairgrounds through burning at the stake, reflecting the extreme racial injustice prevalent during this period.
25 Jul French Capture of Damascus: French forces entered Damascus, solidifying their control over Syria and marking a pivotal moment in the post-World War I Middle Eastern geopolitical landscape, establishing French colonial influence in the region.
26 Jul Charles Ponzi Investment Fraud Exposed: The Boston Post initiated a groundbreaking investigative series exposing Charles Ponzi's fraudulent investment scheme, which would later become synonymous with financial fraud. This reporting would ultimately lead to the unraveling of Ponzi's elaborate financial scam and introduce the term 'Ponzi scheme' into the global lexicon.
27 Jul First Radio Compass for Aircraft Navigation: A groundbreaking moment in aviation technology occurred when the radio compass was first utilized for aircraft navigation, marking a significant advancement in aerial positioning and safety.
28 Jul Cary Grant's Early Immigration to America: Archibald 'Archie' Leach, who would later become the legendary Hollywood actor Cary Grant, arrived in the United States at Ellis Island as a 16-year-old English vaudeville performer. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of his transformative journey from a young British entertainer to one of the most iconic and charismatic movie stars of the 20th century. Leach, born in Bristol, England, was part of a traveling performance troupe and would eventually reinvent himself in Hollywood, changing his name to Cary Grant and becoming a symbol of sophistication and charm in classic American cinema.
29 Jul Pancho Villa's Surrender: On July 29, 1920, Mexican revolutionary leader Pancho Villa formally surrendered to the Mexican government, effectively ending his long-standing armed rebellion. This event signaled a crucial turning point in Mexico's post-revolutionary period and represented the gradual stabilization of the country's political landscape.
30 Jul Soviet and Ukrainian Forces Capture Lemberg: The Soviet Army and Ukrainian Bolsheviks captured Lemberg (now Lviv, Ukraine), a strategically important former Austro-Hungarian town then occupied by Poland. This event was part of the complex territorial conflicts following World War I and the Russian Revolution.
31 Jul Denmark Reclaims Northern Schleswig from Germany: On July 31, 1920, King Christian X of Denmark formally ratified a treaty with Germany that restored the northern part of the former German Duchy of Schleswig to Danish control. This territorial adjustment was a direct result of the post-World War I territorial reorganizations and the principle of national self-determination, resolving long-standing border disputes between Denmark and Germany.
01 Aug Gandhi Launches Non-Cooperation Movement: Mohandas K. Gandhi initiated the first stage of his non-cooperation movement against British colonial rule in India. As a powerful act of passive resistance, Gandhi publicly renounced all titles and honors conferred by the British Crown, symbolizing his commitment to Indian independence and challenging the colonial system through peaceful protest.
02 Aug British Parliament Suspends Jury Trials in Ireland: During the Irish War of Independence, the British Parliament passes a controversial bill to restore order in Ireland by suspending jury trials. This legislative action was part of the British government's efforts to suppress the Irish independence movement and maintain control over the island.
03 Aug Lynching of Lige Daniels in Texas: Lige Daniels, a 16-year-old African American teenager, was brutally lynched by a white mob in Center, Texas, following his arrest for the alleged murder of a 45-year-old white woman. This tragic event exemplifies the systemic racism and extrajudicial violence prevalent in the early 20th-century American South.
04 Aug Helen Thomas Begins Press Conference Career: Helen Thomas, a pioneering female journalist, begins her groundbreaking career by initiating her first press conferences, marking a significant moment for women in journalism during the early 20th century.
05 Aug Polish-Soviet War: Piłsudski's Strategic Order Before Battle of Warsaw: During a critical moment in the Polish-Soviet War, Polish General Józef Piłsudski issued a strategic order of the day that would prove pivotal in the upcoming defense of Warsaw. His comprehensive plan involved three key strategic elements: 1) Halt Soviet advances east of Lviv in the south, 2) Protect the left flank of Polish forces and secure the right bank of the Vistula River, and 3) Concentrate a five-division army along the Wieprz River to execute a bold counteroffensive that would disrupt Soviet supply lines and rear positions. This tactical maneuver would later be recognized as a masterful defensive strategy that ultimately prevented Soviet invasion and preserved Polish independence.
06 Aug Communist International Adopts Admission Conditions: During the second World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern), delegates in Moscow formally adopted the 'Twenty-one Conditions' which established strict guidelines for communist parties seeking membership. These conditions were designed to create ideological uniformity and commitment among international communist organizations.
07 Aug First World Scout Jamboree Concludes in London: The inaugural World Scout Jamboree, a landmark event in the global scouting movement, concluded at the Olympia Exhibition Hall in West Kensington, London. This historic gathering brought together scouts from multiple nations, marking a significant milestone in youth international cooperation and the spread of scouting principles established by Robert Baden-Powell. The event symbolized the growing global youth movement and the potential for cross-cultural understanding through shared values of service, leadership, and personal development.
08 Aug First Transcontinental Aerial Mail Delivery: In a groundbreaking achievement on August 8, 1920, two all-metal air mail planes successfully completed the first transcontinental aerial mail delivery in United States history. The historic journey began in New York City and concluded 11 days later in Oakland, California, marking a significant milestone in aviation and postal communication technology.
09 Aug Peace of Neuilly-sur-Seine Treaty Takes Effect: The Bulgarian and Allied Peace Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine officially goes into effect, marking a significant post-World War I diplomatic resolution between Bulgaria and the Allied Powers. This treaty, signed on November 27, 1919, formalized territorial changes and imposed significant restrictions on Bulgaria following its defeat in World War I.
10 Aug Treaty of Sèvres Divides Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI's representatives signed the Treaty of Sèvres, a pivotal agreement that divided the Ottoman Empire among the Allied Powers following World War I. This treaty fundamentally reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Middle East and marked the end of the Ottoman Empire's territorial integrity.
11 Aug Cork Hunger Strike Begins: The 1920 Cork hunger strike commenced, a pivotal moment in Irish Republican resistance against British rule. The strike would ultimately result in the tragic deaths of three Irish Republicans, including Terence MacSwiney, the Lord Mayor of Cork, who became a powerful symbol of Irish nationalist resistance.
12 Aug Battle of Warsaw Begins: On August 12, 1920, the pivotal Battle of Warsaw commenced, marking a critical moment in the Polish-Soviet War. This significant military engagement pitted Red Army forces against Polish troops, with the outcome having profound implications for the geopolitical landscape of Eastern Europe.
13 Aug Battle of Warsaw: Pivotal Moment in Polish-Soviet War: The Battle of Warsaw begins, marking a critical turning point in the Polish-Soviet War. This significant military engagement will last until August 25, with the Polish forces ultimately defeating the advancing Red Army. The battle is often referred to as the 'Miracle on the Vistula', where Poland successfully repels Soviet expansion and preserves its newly regained independence.
14 Aug VII Summer Olympics Open in Antwerp: The 1920 Summer Olympics officially opened in Antwerp, Belgium, marking a significant moment in Olympic history. This Games introduced several historic traditions: the Olympic flag was raised for the first time, and the Olympic oath was taken during the Opening Ceremony. The event symbolized international unity and sportsmanship in the aftermath of World War I.
15 Aug Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw: A pivotal battle in the Polish-Soviet War where Polish forces, led by Marshal Józef Piłsudski, decisively defeated the Soviet Red Army. This battle, often called the 'Miracle on the Vistula', was a critical moment that halted Soviet communist expansion into Central Europe.
16 Aug Ray Chapman Fatal Baseball Incident: During a Major League Baseball game between the Cleveland Indians and New York Yankees, shortstop Ray Chapman was tragically struck in the head by a fastball thrown by Carl Mays. Chapman sustained fatal injuries and died early the next day, becoming the second player in MLB history to die from game-related injuries, following Doc Powers in 1909.
17 Aug Labor Unrest in the United States: The nationwide labor strike that began on March 12, 1920, continued to escalate in August, with unionized truck drivers expanding their protest by boycotting piers and disrupting maritime commerce.
18 Aug Ratification of the 19th Amendment: The Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified after Tennessee became the 36th state to approve it, culminating a 72-year struggle for women's voting rights. This landmark moment in American civil rights history guaranteed women's suffrage nationwide, marking a pivotal milestone in the fight for gender equality.
19 Aug Second Silesian Uprising Begins: On August 19, 1920, the Second Silesian Uprising commences, with Polish residents rising up against German control in Upper Silesia. This uprising was part of the broader struggle for territorial control and national identity following World War I.
20 Aug National Football League Founded: The National Football League (NFL) is officially established in Canton, Ohio, laying the groundwork for what would become America's most popular professional sports league. This organization would transform American sports culture and entertainment.
21 Aug First Powerful Wireless Radio Transmission from France: A groundbreaking moment in communication technology occurred when the world's most powerful wireless radio transmitter, located in Lafayette, France, successfully completed its inaugural transmission. This event marked a significant advancement in long-distance communication capabilities, demonstrating the rapid technological progress of the early 20th century.
22 Aug First Artificial Heart Transplant Pioneer: Dr. Denton Cooley, a pioneering cardiac surgeon, made significant advancements in cardiovascular medicine by performing groundbreaking work on artificial heart transplantation. His innovative surgical techniques and research paved the way for modern cardiac interventions and mechanical heart support technologies.
23 Aug Tragic Bullring Incident in Barcelona: On August 23, 1920, a devastating tragedy occurred at a bullring in Barcelona when an unusually aggressive bull killed six amateur bullfighters during a performance. The incident highlighted the inherent dangers of bullfighting and sparked discussions about the safety of amateur participants in this traditional but perilous Spanish spectacle.
24 Aug First Transcontinental Aerial Mail Delivery in the United States: On August 24, 1920, a groundbreaking milestone in aviation and postal history was achieved when two all-metal air mail planes successfully completed the first transcontinental aerial mail delivery across the United States. The historic journey began in New York City and concluded in Oakland, California, spanning an impressive 11-day flight that demonstrated the emerging potential of aerial transportation for postal services. This achievement marked a significant technological advancement, showcasing the reliability and feasibility of long-distance air mail transportation during the early 20th century.
25 Aug Polish-Soviet War: Battle of Warsaw Concludes: The pivotal Battle of Warsaw, which began on August 13, ends with a decisive defeat of the Red Army by Polish forces. This battle is considered a turning point in the Polish-Soviet War and prevents Soviet expansion into Central Europe.
26 Aug Women's Suffrage Amendment Certified: U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby officially signed the proclamation certifying the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the constitutional right to vote nationwide. This landmark moment in American civil rights history marked a pivotal achievement for the women's suffrage movement after decades of persistent activism and advocacy.
27 Aug First Public Radio Broadcast in Argentina: Radio Argentina initiated the world's first regularly scheduled public radio transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires, marking a significant milestone in global broadcasting history. This groundbreaking event established a new era of mass communication, allowing entertainment and information to be disseminated to a wide audience through wireless technology.
28 Aug Warren G. Harding's Pivotal Campaign Speech on Post-World War I America: In a significant campaign address, President Warren G. Harding articulated his vision for America's global role following World War I. He criticized the potential internationalist approach and expressed skepticism about joining the League of Nations. Harding emphasized national sovereignty and argued that the United States should chart its own diplomatic course, rejecting external institutional constraints. The speech reflected the isolationist sentiment prevalent in American politics during the early 1920s.
29 Aug Birth of Charlie Parker, Jazz Legend: Charles Christopher Parker Jr. was born in Kansas City, Kansas, marking the arrival of one of the most influential jazz musicians in history. Parker would become a pioneering bebop saxophonist who revolutionized jazz improvisation and helped shape modern jazz music during the mid-20th century.
30 Aug Islamic Clerics Declare Jihad Against British Colonial Forces in Mesopotamia: On August 30, 1920, Islamic religious leaders in the Muntafiq district of Mesopotamia (modern-day Dhi Qar Governorate in Iraq) issued a formal call for jihad against British colonial occupation. This event was part of the broader Iraqi revolt against British imperial control, which sought to challenge foreign domination and assert local autonomy in the aftermath of World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
31 Aug First Transatlantic Radio Telephone Service: A groundbreaking moment in telecommunications as the first commercial transatlantic radio telephone service is established, connecting the United States and the United Kingdom, revolutionizing long-distance communication.
01 Sep The Fountain of Time Monument Unveiled: The Fountain of Time, a significant public art installation, was opened on September 1, 1920, commemorating 100 years of peaceful relations between the United States and Great Britain since the Treaty of Ghent. Located in Chicago, this monument by sculptor Lorado Taft symbolizes the enduring friendship and diplomatic harmony between the two nations.
02 Sep Abolition of Corporal Punishment in British Indian Army: In a significant reform of military disciplinary practices, the United Kingdom amended the Indian Army Act of 1911 to abolish corporal punishment for soldiers serving in the British Indian Army. This legislative change marked an important step towards more humane treatment of military personnel and reflected evolving perspectives on disciplinary methods during the late colonial period.
03 Sep Major U.S. Chemical Companies Announce Merger: On September 3, 1920, executives from five prominent U.S. chemical companies unveiled ambitious plans to merge, forming what would eventually become the Allied Corporation. This strategic consolidation represented a significant moment in the industrial landscape of early 20th-century America, signaling the growing trend of corporate consolidation and the increasing importance of chemical manufacturing in the national economy.
04 Sep Spanish Foreign Legion Established: King Alfonso XIII officially inaugurated 'El Tercio de Extranjeros' (Regiment of Foreigners), which would later become the modern Spanish Legion. This military unit was initially formed by royal decree on January 28, 1920, and formally established on September 4, 1920.
05 Sep Mexican Presidential Election of 1920: Presidential elections commenced in Mexico, marking a significant political transition following years of revolutionary turmoil. This election represented a critical moment in Mexico's democratic development after the tumultuous period of the Mexican Revolution.
06 Sep Jack Dempsey Wins Heavyweight Boxing Title via Radio Broadcast: Jack Dempsey defeated Billy Miske in the 3rd round to retain his heavyweight boxing championship. This fight was historically significant as it was the first boxing match broadcast via radio, marking a pivotal moment in sports media and communication technology.
07 Sep First Transcontinental U.S. Air Mail Service Launched: The United States inaugurated its first regular transcontinental air mail service, marking a significant milestone in communication and transportation technology. At 5:30 AM, a mail load departed from Maywood, New Jersey, bound for San Francisco, with strategic stops in Chicago, Omaha, and Salt Lake City, demonstrating the expanding capabilities of early aviation.
08 Sep First Transcontinental Air Mail Service in the United States: The United States inaugurated its first regular transcontinental air mail service, connecting New York City and San Francisco. The pioneering route included strategic stops in Chicago, Omaha, and Salt Lake City, dramatically reducing mail delivery times. The U.S. Post Office deployed six Junkers JR-1B metal airplanes specially modified for mail transportation, marking a significant milestone in postal and aviation history.
09 Sep Anti-Japanese Land Ownership Discussions: U.S. Secretary of State Bainbridge Colby met with California Governor William Stephens to discuss the controversial 'Anti-Japanese Land Referendum Bill', which proposed legally preventing citizens of Japanese descent from owning land. This meeting highlighted the significant racial tensions and discriminatory policies prevalent in early 20th-century California.
10 Sep Founding of the Communist Party of Turkey: The Communist Party of Turkey (Türkiye Komünist Partisi, TKP) was officially established in Anatolia, marking a significant moment in the political evolution of the emerging Turkish Republic. This event reflected the broader global spread of communist ideology in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution.
11 Sep Arrest of Ottoman Heir Abdulmejid II: On September 11, 1920, Abdulmejid II, the 52-year-old heir apparent to the Ottoman Empire's throne, was arrested and had his property confiscated after attempting to flee to Ankara during the tumultuous period of the Turkish War of Independence. Police in Constantinople (Istanbul) had been searching for him since September 7. He was placed under house arrest at the opulent Dolmabahçe Palace, which was heavily guarded to prevent his escape, marking a significant moment in the political upheaval of the late Ottoman Empire.
12 Sep Serbian Orthodox Church Restoration: The Serbian Orthodox Church was officially unified and restored after 164 years of suppression by the Ottoman Empire. Under the leadership of Dimitrije Pavlović, the Metropolitan of Belgrade, this event marked a significant moment of religious and cultural revival for Serbian national identity.
14 Sep First Cross-Country Airmail Delivery in U.S.: Edison 'Monte' Mouton made history by completing the first transcontinental airmail delivery in the United States. Landing at San Francisco's Marino Field at 2:33 PM, he concluded a relay that began on September 8, marking a significant milestone in American postal and aviation history.
16 Sep Wall Street Bombing of 1920: On September 16, 1920, a devastating terrorist attack occurred in the heart of New York City's financial district. A horse-drawn wagon loaded with explosives detonated in front of the J.P. Morgan & Co. building at the corner of Wall and Broad Streets, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. The bombing killed 40 people and injured over 300, marking it as one of the most significant terrorist incidents in early 20th-century American history. Despite extensive investigations, the perpetrators were never identified, leaving the motive and responsible parties a mystery.
17 Sep New York Stock Exchange Bombing: A devastating terrorist bombing occurred at the New York Stock Exchange, resulting in 38 fatalities and 143 injuries. This attack was one of the most significant acts of urban terrorism in early 20th-century America, causing widespread shock and prompting increased security measures.
18 Sep Finland and Sweden Seek League of Nations Arbitration: Finland and Sweden agreed to refer their territorial dispute over the Aland Islands to arbitration by the League of Nations. This diplomatic resolution demonstrated the emerging international mechanism for peaceful conflict resolution in the early 20th century, highlighting the League's role in managing potential regional tensions.
20 Sep Black and Tans Burn Balbriggan: During the Irish War of Independence, British paramilitary police known as the 'Black and Tans' committed a brutal act of retaliation by burning the town of Balbriggan and killing two local men. This violent response was in revenge for an Irish Republican Army (IRA) assassination, highlighting the escalating tensions and cycle of violence during the conflict.
21 Sep Balbriggan Burning Incident: In a violent act of retaliation, Irish police burned down homes and businesses owned by Irish nationalists in the town of Balbriggan, Ireland. This event highlighted the intense tensions between Irish nationalists and British colonial authorities during the Irish independence struggle.
22 Sep Black Sox Scandal Investigation Begins: A Chicago grand jury convenes to investigate serious allegations that eight Chicago White Sox players conspired to deliberately lose the 1919 World Series in exchange for money from gamblers, marking a pivotal moment in baseball's integrity and ethics.
23 Sep Alexander Millerand Elected President of France: Alexander Millerand was elected as the new President of France through a formal electoral process. As a prominent political figure, his election represented a significant moment in French Third Republic politics, signaling potential shifts in national leadership and policy direction.
24 Sep Uneventful Day in 1920: While no major historical events were specifically documented for September 24, 1920, this does not necessarily mean nothing of significance occurred. The early 1920s were a period of significant global transformation, including post-World War I reconstruction, emerging social movements, and technological innovations.
25 Sep Justice Bell Rings for Women's Suffrage: In a historic moment for women's rights, suffragists unchained the Justice Bell during a symbolic ceremony at Independence Square in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This event marked a pivotal milestone in the women's suffrage movement, signaling the imminent passage of the 19th Amendment, which would grant women the right to vote nationwide. The Justice Bell, a replica of the Liberty Bell, had been silent until this moment, representing the silenced voices of women in the democratic process.
26 Sep First American Professional Football Association (APFA) Game: On September 26, 1920, the first official game featuring an APFA team was played at Rock Island's Douglas Park. A crowd of 800 spectators watched the Rock Island Independents defeat the St. Paul team, marking a significant moment in early professional American football history.
27 Sep Hitler's First Public Political Speech: Adolf Hitler delivered his first public political speech in Austria, an early and pivotal moment in his rise to political prominence. This event would later be seen as a significant precursor to his eventual leadership of the Nazi Party and his profound impact on world history.
28 Sep Black Sox Scandal: White Sox Players Indicted: Eight players from the Chicago White Sox were formally indicted for conspiring to deliberately lose the 1919 World Series in exchange for monetary bribes, marking one of the most infamous moments in baseball history.
29 Sep Babe Ruth Sets Home Run Record: Baseball legend Babe Ruth sets a new Major League Baseball home run season record by hitting 54 home runs, a remarkable achievement that would transform the understanding of power hitting in the sport.
30 Sep White Russian Forces Capture Kharkov: General Pyotr Wrangel, a prominent leader of the White Russian Army during the Russian Civil War, successfully captured the strategic city of Kharkov from Soviet forces. This military victory represented a significant, though temporary, triumph for the anti-Bolshevik forces in their struggle against the Soviet Red Army.
01 Oct Charles Ponzi Indicted on Mail Fraud: Charles Ponzi, the infamous financial fraudster who gave his name to the 'Ponzi scheme', was indicted on 86 counts of mail fraud, marking a significant moment in early 20th-century financial crime prosecution.
02 Oct British Warning to Soviet Union over Naval Presence: Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Secretary, sent a stern diplomatic warning to Soviet Foreign Minister Georgy Chicherin regarding Soviet submarine activities in the Baltic Sea. Curzon explicitly stated that the Royal Navy would attack Russian submarines on sight, escalating tensions between Britain and the Soviet Union.
03 Oct First Professional Football Games Played in America: The American Professional Football Association (later renamed the National Football League or NFL) played its inaugural games, marking the beginning of professional football in the United States and laying the groundwork for what would become one of the most popular sports leagues in the world.
04 Oct Charles Ponzi Indicted for Mail Fraud: Charles Ponzi, the infamous financial fraudster whose name became synonymous with pyramid investment schemes, was indicted on 86 counts of mail fraud. This landmark legal action marked a significant moment in financial crime prosecution, exposing one of the most notorious financial scams in early 20th-century America.
05 Oct 1920 World Series: Cleveland Indians Triumph with Historic Plays: In a memorable Game 5 of the 1920 World Series, the Cleveland Indians defeated the Brooklyn Robins in a remarkable display of baseball prowess. The game was highlighted by two extraordinary moments that would become legendary in baseball history: Bill Wambsganss' unassisted triple play, an incredibly rare feat, and Elmer Smith's grand slam. Wambsganss' play, in particular, remains one of the most remarkable defensive plays ever recorded in World Series history, making this game a significant moment in early 20th-century baseball.
06 Oct Ukrainian War of Independence: Starobilsk Agreement: On October 6, 1920, a significant diplomatic agreement was signed between representatives of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Makhnovshchina (an anarchist revolutionary movement led by Nestor Makhno). The Starobilsk agreement represented a complex political negotiation during the tumultuous Ukrainian War of Independence, highlighting the intricate power dynamics between Soviet and anarchist forces seeking to define Ukraine's political future.
07 Oct Brussels Conference Proposes Global Economic Reforms: The Brussels Conference issued a comprehensive joint report recommending critical international economic reforms. Key proposals included national budget balancing, substantial reduction of military armaments, establishment of an international credit association, and comprehensive currency reform to stabilize the global economic landscape in the aftermath of World War I.
08 Oct Establishment of Bukharan People's Soviet Republic: On October 8, 1920, the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was officially declared at a convention in the city of Bukhara. This significant political transformation occurred five weeks after the abolition of the Emirate of Bukhara's monarchy. Fayzulla Khodzhayev, the key revolutionary leader who orchestrated the overthrow of the emirate, was appointed as the nation's de facto leader, serving as Chairman of the Council of People's Ministers.
09 Oct Polish Troops Capture Vilnius: Polish military forces successfully captured the city of Vilnius, a strategic territorial acquisition during the Polish-Soviet War and the subsequent Polish-Lithuanian conflict over the region.
10 Oct 1920 World Series: Cleveland Indians Triumph: The Cleveland Indians defeated the Brooklyn Robins in the 1920 World Series, winning five games to two. This series was particularly memorable for two extraordinary plays: Bill Wambsganss' unassisted triple play and Elmer Smith's grand slam, which were unprecedented in World Series history.
12 Oct Polish-Soviet War Ceasefire: After successful military operations capturing strategic cities including Tarnopol, Dubno, Minsk, and Dryssa, a ceasefire was enforced in the ongoing Polish-Soviet War.
13 Oct Racial Terrorism in Roxboro, North Carolina: On October 13, 1920, the Black community in Roxboro, North Carolina, faced severe racial intimidation and threats of violence from a white lynch mob. This terroristic campaign followed the lynching of Ed Roach, an innocent Black farmworker, in July 1920, highlighting the pervasive racial violence and systemic oppression during the Jim Crow era.
14 Oct Treaty of Tartu between Finland and Soviet Russia: On October 14, 1920, Finland and Soviet Russia signed the Treaty of Tartu, a significant diplomatic agreement that resolved territorial disputes following the Finnish War of Independence. The treaty established clear borders between the two nations and involved strategic territorial exchanges, marking an important moment of diplomatic resolution after years of conflict.
15 Oct Devastating Belgian Cyclone of 1920: On October 15, 1920, a catastrophic cyclone struck Belgium, causing widespread flooding and unprecedented destruction. The extreme weather event resulted in the tragic loss of 450 lives, making it one of the most deadly natural disasters in Belgian history. The cyclone's immense power devastated multiple regions, destroying infrastructure, agricultural lands, and entire communities. The high death toll and extensive damage prompted significant national emergency response and long-term recovery efforts.
16 Oct British Coal Miners' National Strike of 1920: On October 16, 1920, approximately 1,000,000 unionized coal miners in Great Britain initiated a nationwide strike, demanding higher wages and improved working conditions. This labor action highlighted the growing tensions between workers and mine owners during the post-World War I industrial landscape, reflecting the broader labor movement's struggle for workers' rights and economic fairness.
17 Oct Chicago Bears First NFL Game: The Chicago Bears, originally known as the Decatur Staleys, played their inaugural National Football League (NFL) game on October 17, 1920. In this historic match, they secured a decisive 7-0 victory, marking the beginning of what would become one of the most storied franchises in professional football history.
18 Oct London Unemployment Protests Turn Violent: A massive demonstration by unemployed workers in London erupted into conflict, with approximately 50 people sustaining injuries during the protest. The event highlighted the significant economic hardships and social tensions in post-World War I Britain, reflecting the widespread unemployment and economic instability of the era.
19 Oct LaWanda Page Birth: LaWanda Page was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She would later become a renowned African American comedian and actress, best known for her memorable role as Aunt Esther on the groundbreaking sitcom 'Sanford and Son', which was a significant representation of Black comedy in the 1970s.
20 Oct Charles Ponzi Indicted for Massive Mail Fraud: Charles Ponzi, the infamous financial swindler who pioneered the 'Ponzi scheme', was indicted on 86 counts of mail fraud. His fraudulent investment operation promised extraordinary returns by exploiting international postal reply coupon arbitrage, but was actually a classic pyramid scheme that ultimately collapsed, causing significant financial losses to thousands of investors.
21 Oct Timothy Leary Birth: Timothy Leary, a controversial American psychologist, author, and prominent advocate for psychedelic research, was born on October 22, 1920. He became a significant counterculture figure known for his extensive research and promotion of LSD during the 1960s, significantly influencing discussions about consciousness and psychology.
22 Oct Scholastic's Founding: Scholastic was established with the launch of The Western Pennsylvania Scholastic, initially a four-page newspaper targeting high school students in the Pittsburgh region. This modest publication would evolve into Scholastic Inc., which would become the world's largest provider of children's books and educational media, including 32 classroom magazines by 1922.
23 Oct Inaugural League of Nations Assembly: The first official meeting of the League of Nations convened, marking a pivotal moment in international diplomacy following World War I. This groundbreaking organization represented a landmark attempt to establish a global platform for peaceful conflict resolution, collective security, and international cooperation, ultimately serving as a precursor to the United Nations.
24 Oct Netherlands Establishes Maximum Work Week Legislation: On October 24, 1920, the Netherlands implemented a groundbreaking labor law that standardized work hours, limiting the maximum work week to 45 hours. The legislation structured the work schedule into five 8-hour days and a shortened 5-hour Saturday, representing a significant milestone in workers' rights and labor reform during the early 20th century.
25 Oct Death of Terence MacSwiney after Hunger Strike: Terence MacSwiney, the Lord Mayor of Cork and prominent Sinn Féin politician, died in Brixton Prison, England after a remarkable 74-day hunger strike. His prolonged protest against British rule and imprisonment became a powerful symbol of Irish resistance during the Irish War of Independence.
26 Oct Álvaro Obregón Elected President of Mexico: On October 26, 1920, Álvaro Obregón was officially announced as the newly elected president of Mexico, marking a significant moment in the country's post-revolutionary political landscape. Following the tumultuous Mexican Revolution, Obregón represented the Constitutionalist faction and was a key figure in stabilizing the nation after years of conflict. His election signaled a transition towards institutional governance and the consolidation of revolutionary ideals.
27 Oct 1920 United States Presidential Election: The United States presidential election of 1920 marked a significant milestone in American democratic history. Republican candidate Warren G. Harding defeated Democrat James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs. This election was particularly historic as it was the first national U.S. election in which women had the right to vote, following the ratification of the 19th Amendment earlier that year.
28 Oct British Coal Miners' Strike of 1920 Resolved: The significant British coal miners' strike was successfully settled, with workers achieving a notable wage increase. Miners secured an additional two shillings per day in base pay, along with supplementary bonus structures, marking a pivotal moment in labor negotiations during the early 20th century.
29 Oct Birth of Baruj Benacerraf: Baruj Benacerraf, a Venezuelan-born immunologist, was born on this date. He would later become a distinguished scientist and Nobel Prize laureate in Physiology or Medicine, making significant contributions to understanding immune system genetics and cellular interactions.
30 Oct Founding of the Communist Party of Australia: On October 30, 1920, the Communist Party of Australia was officially established in Sydney, marking a significant moment in the nation's political history. This event represented the formal organization of communist ideology within Australia, reflecting the global spread of communist movements in the early 20th century. The party would go on to play a notable role in Australian political discourse, labor movements, and social activism throughout the subsequent decades.
31 Oct Romania's Annexation of Bessarabia: On October 31, 1920, Romania officially annexed Bessarabia, a region historically contested between Romania and Russia. This annexation was a significant territorial expansion following the dissolution of the Russian Empire and the end of World War I. The Treaty of Paris in 1920 formally recognized Romania's sovereignty over the region, which had been predominantly Romanian-speaking.
01 Nov Warren Harding Elected 29th US President: Warren G. Harding, a Republican senator from Ohio, was elected as the 29th President of the United States, succeeding Woodrow Wilson. His election marked a return to conservative governance after the progressive Wilson era.
02 Nov Ocoee Massacre: Racial Violence on Election Day: A horrific act of racial terrorism occurred in Ocoee, Florida, where white mobs launched a violent campaign to suppress Black voting rights. The massacre resulted in the deaths of dozens of Black citizens and the complete destruction of the local Black community, representing a dark moment in American electoral history.
03 Nov Ocoee Massacre: Racial Violence in Florida: A horrific racial massacre occurred in Ocoee, Florida, near Orlando, where the Ku Klux Klan systematically murdered African-Americans and burned their homes. After an initial killing of six Black residents, the violence escalated, with estimates suggesting 50 to 65 additional murders of Black residents in the town's northern section before dawn.
04 Nov Deutsche Bank's Post-War Financial Expansion: In the aftermath of World War One, Deutsche Bank demonstrated significant financial recovery and strategic growth. On November 4, 1920, the bank announced a substantial capital increase from 275 million to 400 million marks. As part of its expansion strategy, the bank planned to acquire three regional banks: Gothaer Privatbank, Hannoversche Bank, and Braunschweigische Bank, signaling the bank's robust economic positioning in post-war Germany.
05 Nov Jack Dempsey and Georges Carpentier Sign Contract for the Fight of the Century: At a press conference held in the crowded ballroom of the Hotel Claridge in New York City, world heavyweight boxing champion Jack Dempsey and world light heavyweight champion Georges Carpentier formally signed a contract to face each other in an eagerly-anticipated boxing match. This event was groundbreaking, as each fighter would receive an unprecedented sum of $500,000 (equivalent to $7.6 million in 2023). While the contract was signed on November 5, 1920, the actual bout was scheduled for July 2, 1921, in Jersey City, New Jersey, and would become one of the most significant sporting events of the early 20th century.
06 Nov Princeton-Harvard Football Dramatic Tie: In a thrilling college football match, the Princeton University Tigers, who were on track to claim the mythical national championship for 1920, experienced a dramatic last-minute tie against the Harvard Crimson. Despite leading 14-7 in the final minute, Princeton was unable to secure a victory as Harvard mounted a remarkable comeback to level the score at 14-14. This unexpected result was the only blemish on Princeton's otherwise perfect season of six wins and no losses.
07 Nov Soviet Final Offensive in Russian Civil War: Under the strategic leadership of General Mikhail Frunze, 135,000 Soviet troops launched a decisive 10-day military campaign to conclusively end the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War. The offensive aimed to decisively defeat the White Army and secure the Crimean peninsula, marking a pivotal moment in the consolidation of Bolshevik power.
08 Nov Major League Baseball Leadership Conflict: A significant meeting is scheduled for November 12th to potentially remove Ban Johnson from his leadership position in baseball, signaling internal power struggles within the sport's administrative structure during this era.
09 Nov Poland and Danzig Reach Crucial International Agreement: On November 9, 1920, representatives of Poland and the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) signed a landmark diplomatic agreement that established a unique administrative arrangement. The treaty recognized Danzig's semi-autonomous status under the supervision of a League of Nations Commissioner, while simultaneously ensuring Poland's critical economic interests. As part of the agreement, Poland was granted free use and operational rights to the city's extensive railway infrastructure, waterways, and strategic seaports. This diplomatic compromise balanced the territorial complexities of the post-World War I era, providing economic access for Poland while preserving Danzig's distinct political identity.
10 Nov Rafael del Pino: Prominent Business Magnate: Rafael del Pino was a notable Spanish businessman and entrepreneur who emerged as one of the most affluent individuals of his era. During the early 20th century, he established significant business interests that contributed to his substantial wealth and economic influence. His financial success positioned him among the most prominent economic figures of his time.
11 Nov The Unknown Warrior Burial at Westminster Abbey: On Armistice Day, the Unknown Warrior was solemnly buried in Westminster Abbey, creating a powerful memorial to honor the unidentified soldiers who sacrificed their lives during World War I. This symbolic burial represented the collective grief and remembrance of a nation mourning its war dead.
12 Nov Treaty of Rapallo Between Italy and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes: Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes signed the Treaty of Rapallo, a diplomatic agreement that defined their post-World War I territorial boundaries and diplomatic relations. This treaty was crucial in stabilizing the geopolitical landscape of the Adriatic region during a period of significant political reorganization.
13 Nov Hudson River Freezes in Albany: On an unusually cold day in November 1920, the Hudson River at Albany experienced a rare and remarkable freezing event. The river's surface solidified, creating a striking visual of ice covering the waterway, which was uncommon for this time of year. This phenomenon highlighted the extreme weather conditions that can occasionally grip the northeastern United States.
14 Nov Greek Parliamentary Elections: Greece held parliamentary elections to determine the composition of its 370-seat National Assembly. These elections were a critical moment in the country's democratic process, reflecting the political landscape and public sentiment in the early years following World War I.
15 Nov First Assembly of the League of Nations: The first assembly of the League of Nations was held in Geneva, Switzerland, marking a pivotal moment in international diplomacy after World War I. Forty-one nations were represented, signaling a global commitment to peaceful conflict resolution and international cooperation.
16 Nov Qantas Officially Registers as an Aerial Carrier: Qantas (Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited), the national airline of Australia, officially registers as an aerial carrier, marking a significant milestone in Australian aviation history. Founded by pioneering aviators, the airline would go on to become one of the world's oldest and most respected airlines.
17 Nov United States Enters Prohibition Era: The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution officially went into effect, marking the beginning of nationwide alcohol prohibition. This landmark legislation banned the production, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages, fundamentally transforming American social and legal landscapes. The prohibition era would dramatically impact crime, social behavior, and economic structures until its repeal in 1933.
18 Nov Latvia Declares Independence: On this significant day, the people of Latvia formally proclaimed their independence, establishing the Republic of Latvia as a sovereign nation. This momentous event marked the end of foreign rule and the beginning of Latvia's journey as a self-governing state, following the tumultuous period of World War I and the collapse of the Russian Empire.
20 Nov Woodrow Wilson Receives Nobel Peace Prize: US President Woodrow Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his efforts to establish the League of Nations and his diplomatic initiatives aimed at preventing future global conflicts in the aftermath of World War I.
21 Nov Bloody Sunday during the Anglo-Irish War: A pivotal and tragic day in Irish history where tensions between Irish Republicans and British forces escalated dramatically. On November 21, 1920, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) launched coordinated assassinations of British Intelligence agents in Dublin, followed by brutal retaliation from British forces that resulted in civilian casualties.
22 Nov DuPont's Strategic Acquisition of General Motors: In a landmark business transaction on November 22, 1920, the DuPont chemical company strategically acquired a significant ownership stake in General Motors Corporation. This acquisition marked a pivotal moment in American industrial history, representing a powerful convergence of chemical manufacturing and automotive production. The move allowed DuPont to diversify its portfolio and gain substantial influence in the rapidly growing automotive industry, while providing General Motors with critical financial and technological resources.
25 Nov First Radio Set Advertisement: Telimco published the first-ever advertisement for a radio set in 'Scientific American' magazine, offering an $8.50 set capable of receiving signals up to one mile. This marked a significant moment in the early commercialization of radio technology.
26 Nov Red Army Surprise Attack on Makhnovshchina: During the Ukrainian War of Independence, the Red Army launched a strategic surprise attack against the Makhnovshchina, a revolutionary anarchist movement led by Nestor Makhno. This military operation was part of the broader conflict between the Bolsheviks and various Ukrainian independence movements, significantly impacting the region's political landscape.
28 Nov Kilmichael Ambush during Irish War of Independence: During the Irish War of Independence, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) conducted a significant ambush against British Auxiliaries near Macroom, County Cork. The ambush resulted in the death of seventeen British soldiers, marking a pivotal moment in the Irish struggle for independence and highlighting the guerrilla tactics employed by the IRA.
30 Nov France Restores Diplomatic Ties with Vatican: In a significant political and religious development, France's National Assembly voted 387 to 195 to renew diplomatic relations with the Vatican, ending a 47-year diplomatic estrangement. This vote marked a pivotal moment in the complex relationship between the French state and the Catholic Church, signaling a potential thaw in tensions that had existed since the early separation of church and state in France.
01 Dec Alvaro Obregón Becomes President of Mexico: General Alvaro Obregón was sworn into office as the new President of Mexico, symbolically marking the end of the tumultuous Mexican Revolution. In a powerful moment of resilience, Obregón, who had lost part of his right arm during the revolutionary conflict, took the presidential oath by raising his left hand, defying his critics and embodying the spirit of transformation that characterized the era.
02 Dec Treaty of Alexandropol between Turkey and Armenia: Following a month-long conflict, the Turkish-Armenian War concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol, which was dictated by Turkish forces. This treaty significantly impacted the territorial and political relations between Turkey and Armenia in the aftermath of World War I.
03 Dec Armenia Cedes Vast Territory to Turkey in Treaty of Alexandropol: Following its defeat in the Turkish-Armenian War in November, Armenia signed the Treaty of Alexandropol, agreeing to cede a substantial portion of its national territory. Specifically, Armenia surrendered 104,000 of its 174,000 square kilometers (approximately 40,000 of 67,000 square miles) back to Turkey, dramatically reducing its geographical footprint.
04 Dec Armenia Cedes Territory to Turkey via Treaty of Alexandropol: In a significant territorial concession, Armenia agreed to cede a majority of its territory to Turkey, surrendering approximately 104,000 of 174,000 square kilometers (or 40,000 of 67,000 square miles) following its defeat in the Turkish-Armenian War of November 1920. This treaty dramatically reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Caucasus region.
05 Dec Greek Referendum Supports Monarchy Restoration: A national referendum in Greece demonstrated significant public support for the restoration of the monarchy, signaling a major political shift in the country's governance.
06 Dec Dave Brubeck: Jazz Pianist and Composer Born: Dave Brubeck was born in Concord, California, marking the beginning of a legendary jazz career. A pioneering jazz pianist and composer, Brubeck would become known for innovative works like 'Take Five' and compositions such as 'Gates of Justice'. His unique approach to rhythm and musical experimentation significantly influenced the development of jazz in the 20th century.
07 Dec Draft Mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine Submitted: Arthur Balfour, serving as the UK's Lord President of the Council and Foreign Secretary, submitted draft mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine, a crucial step in defining post-Ottoman territorial administration following World War I.
08 Dec Terrorist Bombing in Romanian Senate: On December 8, 1920, Max Goldstein, a Romanian terrorist, detonated a bomb inside the Romanian Senate chamber, resulting in a tragic attack that killed three prominent individuals: Justice Minister Dimitrie Greceanu, Senator Spirea Gheorghiu, and Bishop Demetriu Radu. The bombing was a significant act of political violence during a tumultuous period in Romanian history.
09 Dec Uneventful Day in 1920: While no specific major historical events were documented for December 9, 1920, this period was part of the complex post-World War I era. The world was experiencing significant political and social transformations, including the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, the establishment of new national boundaries in Europe, and ongoing economic recovery efforts.
10 Dec Woodrow Wilson Awarded Nobel Peace Prize: President Woodrow Wilson was honored with the Nobel Peace Prize for his pivotal role in establishing the League of Nations and his efforts to promote international diplomacy in the aftermath of World War I. Wilson's vision of collective security and peaceful conflict resolution was embodied in his famous 'Fourteen Points' speech, which outlined principles for post-war global cooperation.
11 Dec Devastating Haiyuan Earthquake in China: A catastrophic 8.6 magnitude earthquake struck Gansu Province, causing massive landslides and resulting in approximately 180,000 fatalities. This remains one of the deadliest earthquakes in recorded history.
12 Dec Birth of Margot Duhalde, Pioneering Brazilian Congresswoman: Margot Duhalde was born, who would later become a groundbreaking figure in Brazilian political history as the first woman to serve in the Brazilian Congress. Her entry into national politics represented a significant milestone for women's representation in Brazilian governance.
13 Dec International Court of Justice Established: The League of Nations formally establishes the International Court of Justice in The Hague, Netherlands, creating a landmark institution for international dispute resolution.
14 Dec Jack Dempsey Wins Heavyweight Boxing Title: Jack Dempsey successfully defended his heavyweight boxing championship by knocking out challenger Bill Brennan in the 12th round of a highly anticipated match. This victory further solidified Dempsey's reputation as one of the most dominant boxers of the early 20th century.
15 Dec Brussels Conference on German War Reparations: On December 22, 1920, the Brussels Conference convened to establish a comprehensive timetable for German war reparations following World War I. The conference outlined a complex payment schedule designed to extend over 42 years, reflecting the significant economic burden placed on Germany as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.
16 Dec Devastating Haiyuan Earthquake in China: A catastrophic 8.6 magnitude earthquake struck Gansu Province in China, destroying approximately 15,000 square miles of land and causing over 180,000 fatalities. The earthquake was one of the deadliest seismic events of the early 20th century, devastating local communities and infrastructure.
17 Dec League of Nations Mandates Colonial Territories: The Supreme Council of the League of Nations officially grants mandates over former German overseas colonies to various nations, redistributing colonial territories in the aftermath of World War I and establishing a new international governance framework.
18 Dec King Constantine I Restored to Greek Throne: King Constantine I was reinstated as the monarch of Greece following the death of his son, Alexander I of Greece. This political restoration marked a significant moment in Greek royal history and political transitions during the early 20th century.
19 Dec King Constantine I Restored to Greek Throne: King Constantine I was restored as the King of the Hellenes following the death of his son Alexander I of Greece, through a national plebiscite. This event marked a significant political transition in Greek royal governance.
20 Dec Soviet Intelligence Service Reorganization: Felix Dzerzhinsky restructured the Soviet Union's intelligence service, establishing the Foreign Intelligence Section, which would play a crucial role in Soviet espionage and intelligence gathering.
21 Dec 300th Anniversary of the Mayflower Landing: Plymouth, Massachusetts commemorates the 300th anniversary of the Pilgrims' historic landing, marking a significant milestone in early American colonial history. This event celebrated the arrival of the Mayflower and the establishment of one of the first European settlements in North America.
22 Dec Brussels Conference Concludes World War I Reparations: The Brussels Conference concluded with the Allied powers establishing a comprehensive 42-year reparations schedule for Germany, a critical diplomatic effort to address the economic consequences of World War I. This agreement outlined the financial obligations Germany would need to fulfill as compensation for war damages, setting the stage for complex international economic negotiations in the interwar period.
23 Dec Partition of Ireland: The island of Ireland is officially divided into two distinct regions, each with its own parliamentary system, marking a significant moment in Irish political history and setting the stage for future geopolitical developments.
24 Dec Enrico Caruso's Final Public Performance: Legendary Italian tenor Enrico Caruso gave his last public performance in New York City on December 24, 1920, marking the end of an extraordinary musical career that had significantly influenced opera and classical music worldwide.
25 Dec Hydrocodone First Synthesized in Germany: German pharmaceutical researchers successfully synthesized hydrocodone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to codeine. This breakthrough would later become a significant pain management medication with substantial medical implications.
26 Dec Uneventful Day in Global History: On December 26, 1920, no major historical events were recorded. This day appears to have been relatively quiet across global political, social, and cultural landscapes. While individual personal events certainly occurred, no significant worldwide or national developments were documented for this specific date.
27 Dec Uneventful Day in 1920: While no major historical events were recorded on December 27, 1920, this does not diminish the broader historical context of the early 20th century. The year 1920 was marked by significant global transitions, including the aftermath of World War I, the rise of new political ideologies, and ongoing social transformations.
28 Dec Uneventful Day in 1920: While no specific major historical events were documented for December 28, 1920, this does not necessarily mean nothing of significance occurred. The early 1920s were a period of significant global transformation following World War I, with ongoing political, social, and economic changes across many nations.
29 Dec Yugoslav Government Bans Communist Party: The Yugoslav government officially prohibited the Communist Party, reflecting the political tensions and ideological conflicts of the post-World War I era in the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia).
30 Dec Yugoslavia Bans Communist Party through Obznana Decree: On December 30, 1920, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as Yugoslavia) issued the Obznana decree, which officially outlawed the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. This significant political action was part of the government's efforts to suppress communist ideology and maintain political stability in the newly formed kingdom during a period of significant social and political tension.
31 Dec Ferdinand Foch's Year-End Allied Armies Report: French Marshal Ferdinand Foch, the renowned Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies during World War I, delivered his comprehensive year-end report to the Allied military leadership. This report likely provided strategic insights and reflections on the post-World War I military landscape and the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles.

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