Historical Events on November 20: Significant Moments in History

Throughout history, certain dates stand out for the remarkable events that unfolded on them. From turning points in politics to cultural breakthroughs, these days often carry significance that echoes through time. Explore the most important events that occurred on November 20, revealing the lasting impact they've had on the world.

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Events on November 20 - Key Moments Throughout History

  • 1900 Rare November Tornado in Tennessee and Mississippi: On November 20, 1900, an unusually powerful and devastating tornado tore through Columbia, Tennessee, and parts of Mississippi, resulting in a tragic loss of 30 lives. Such late-season tornadoes were extremely uncommon, making this event particularly noteworthy in meteorological records. The tornado's path of destruction highlighted the unpredictable and severe nature of severe weather events during the early 20th century.
  • 1901 European Arbitration Court Declines Boer Nations' Request: On November 20, 1901, the European Arbitration Court at The Hague made a significant legal decision by ruling that it did not have jurisdiction to recognize requests from the Orange Free State and the South African Republic. This ruling occurred during the context of the Second Boer War, highlighting the complex international legal and political tensions of the time.
  • 1902 End of Martial Law in Transvaal Colony: British administrators officially ended martial law in the Transvaal Colony, following their victory in the Second Boer War. This marked a significant transition in the governance of the former South African Republic and represented a key moment in British colonial administration.
  • 1903 Uneventful Day in 1903: While no specific major historical events were recorded on November 20, 1903, this date falls within an interesting period of global transformation. The early 20th century was marked by rapid technological advancements, colonial expansions, and significant geopolitical shifts. The year 1903 itself saw notable events like the Wright Brothers' first powered flight in December and ongoing global political tensions.
  • 1904 Uneventful Day in 1904: While no major historical events were specifically documented for November 20, 1904, this does not mean the day was entirely without significance. During this period, the world was experiencing significant global transformations, including the early stages of industrialization, colonial expansions, and emerging technological innovations.
  • 1905 Norwegian Throne Succession Approved: On November 20, 1905, a delegation from Norway's parliament (Storting) traveled to Amalienborg Palace in Denmark to seek King Christian IX's approval for his grandson Prince Carl to ascend the Norwegian throne. Led by Storting president Carl Berner, the delegation successfully obtained royal consent, marking a pivotal moment in Norway's path to independence from Sweden.
  • 1908 Birth of Alistair Cooke, Renowned British-American Journalist: Alistair Cooke was born, a distinguished journalist who would become famous for his extensive and nuanced coverage of American life and culture. Born in England, Cooke would later become an American citizen and gain international recognition for his insightful reporting, particularly through his long-running BBC radio and television series 'Letter from America'. His journalistic career spanned over seven decades, providing unique perspectives on major historical events and societal changes in the United States.
  • 1909 Standard Oil Antitrust Dissolution: The federal court for the Eastern District of Missouri ordered the dissolution of Standard Oil of New Jersey, a massive oil industry monopoly, citing violations of antitrust laws. This landmark decision targeted the corporation's anti-competitive practices and marked a significant moment in regulating corporate power in the United States.
  • 1910 Mexican Revolution Begins: Plan de San Luis Potosi: Francisco I. Madero issued the Plan de San Luis Potosi, a revolutionary manifesto denouncing President Porfirio Díaz and calling for an armed uprising to overthrow the Mexican government. This document marked the official start of the Mexican Revolution, a pivotal moment in Mexico's political transformation.
  • 1911 Mahler's 'Das Lied von der Erde' Premieres: Gustav Mahler's groundbreaking symphonic song cycle 'Das Lied von der Erde' (Song of the Earth) receives its first public performance in Munich. Conducted by Bruno Walter, this innovative work blends elements of symphony and song, drawing inspiration from ancient Chinese poetry. The piece is a profound meditation on life, death, and the beauty of nature, composed during a deeply personal period of Mahler's life.
  • 1912 Birth of Otto von Habsburg, Last Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary: Otto von Habsburg was born on November 20, 1912, as the eldest son of Emperor Charles I and Empress Zita of Austria-Hungary. He was the last heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne and would become a significant political figure in European history, advocating for European integration and opposing totalitarian regimes.
  • 1913 Eiffel Tower as Radio Transmission Antenna: On November 20, 1913, the Eiffel Tower served a groundbreaking technological purpose when the Paris Observatory utilized it as a sophisticated radio antenna for wireless transmission and reception. This innovative application demonstrated the tower's potential beyond its original architectural design, marking an important moment in early telecommunications technology.
  • 1914 Battle of Caporetto Concludes with Decisive Central Powers Victory: The Battle of Caporetto, a major engagement during World War I, concluded with a devastating defeat for Italian forces. The Central Powers (primarily Austro-Hungarian and German troops) overwhelmed Italian defenses, capturing approximately 250,000 prisoners and pushing deep into Italian territory. This battle represented a critical moment in the Italian front of World War I, severely damaging Italian military morale and territorial integrity.
  • 1915 Bulgarian Forces Capture Strategic Bridgehead in Macedonia: During World War I, Bulgarian military forces successfully captured a critical bridgehead from French troops in the Vardar Macedonia region. This strategic maneuver represented an important tactical achievement for Bulgarian forces on the Balkan front.
  • 1917 First Mass Tank Attack in Military History: The British 3rd Army launched a groundbreaking military operation, deploying 381 tanks alongside six infantry divisions in a coordinated assault on German trenches near Cambrai, France. This innovative attack marked a pivotal moment in warfare, demonstrating the potential of mechanized armored warfare.
  • 1918 World War I Armistice Aftermath: In the days following the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne on November 11, 1918, which effectively ended World War I, European nations were in a state of transition and recovery. While no specific major event is documented for November 20, this period was characterized by demobilization of troops, initial peace negotiations, and the beginning of significant geopolitical restructuring in Europe.
  • 1919 California Ratifies Women's Right to Vote: California became the 18th state to ratify the 19th Amendment, with the State Senate voting unanimously and the State Assembly approving with a 73-2 vote, significantly advancing women's voting rights.
  • 1920 Woodrow Wilson Receives Nobel Peace Prize: US President Woodrow Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of his efforts to establish the League of Nations and his diplomatic initiatives aimed at preventing future global conflicts in the aftermath of World War I.
  • 1921 Mappila Prisoners Death Incident: A tragic event occurred in British-controlled India where sixty-four Mappila Muslim prisoners and three Hindus died after being forcibly confined in a British Army camp. This incident highlights the brutal treatment of prisoners during the colonial period and the tensions between British colonial forces and local populations in India.
  • 1923 Rentenmark Introduced in Germany: Germany introduces the Rentenmark to combat hyperinflation, replacing the nearly worthless Papiermark at an extraordinary exchange rate of one Rentenmark to one trillion Papiermark, marking a critical moment in the country's economic stabilization after World War I.
  • 1924 Birth of Benoit Mandelbrot: Benoit Mandelbrot, a Polish-born mathematician, was born in Warsaw, Poland. He would later become renowned for his groundbreaking work in fractal geometry and complex mathematical systems, fundamentally transforming our understanding of mathematical patterns in nature.
  • 1925 State Funeral for Manfred von Richthofen: A solemn state funeral was held for Manfred von Richthofen, the legendary German fighter pilot known as the 'Red Baron', with President Paul von Hindenburg personally leading the burial proceedings at the Invalidenfriedhof in Berlin. His repatriated remains were honored with full military honors.
  • 1926 British Empire Dominion Conference: The Balfour Declaration was officially announced at the Imperial Conference in London, marking a pivotal moment in the evolution of the British Empire. Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Newfoundland were granted significant autonomy as self-governing dominions, representing a major shift in colonial governance and setting the stage for future independence movements.
  • 1927 Soviet Diplomat Adolph Joffe Dies by Suicide: Adolph Joffe, a prominent 44-year-old Soviet diplomat, committed suicide four days after his political ally Leon Trotsky was expelled from the Communist Party, highlighting the intense political tensions and personal consequences within the Soviet leadership during this tumultuous period.
  • 1928 Steamboat Willie Premiere: Walt Disney's groundbreaking animated short 'Steamboat Willie' was released in New York, featuring Mickey Mouse and marking a pivotal moment in animation history with synchronized sound.
  • 1929 Dow Jones Industrial Average Recovery: The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at 248.49 points, signaling a week of steady recovery following the devastating stock market crash of October 29, 1929. This marked an early attempt at financial stabilization during the early stages of the Great Depression.
  • 1930 Germany Considers Young Plan Payment Moratorium: German Foreign Minister Julius Curtius delivered a significant speech indicating potential financial challenges, suggesting Germany might need to request a moratorium on its Young Plan reparation payments. This statement reflects the economic strain Germany was experiencing during the interwar period, likely influenced by the global economic pressures following the Great Depression.
  • 1931 Dow Jones Falls Below 100 Points: The Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped below 100 points for the first time since the onset of the Great Depression, signaling the continued economic turmoil and financial instability of the era.
  • 1932 Assassination Attempt on French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot: A serious political incident occurred when a bomb was strategically placed on a railway track, intended to target French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot. The bomb was set to detonate an hour before the Prime Minister's train was scheduled to pass, suggesting a premeditated assassination attempt during a politically turbulent period in 1930s France.
  • 1933 Fukien Rebellion Against Nationalist Government: On November 20, 1933, a significant military uprising known as the Fukien Rebellion erupted in China. Led by General Chen Mingshu, officers and soldiers of the 19th Route Army revolted against their superiors in the National Revolutionary Army. The rebels attempted to establish an alternative government in Fujian Province, southeastern China, challenging the existing political order and revealing deep internal tensions within the Chinese military and political landscape.
  • 1934 The Business Plot: Alleged Fascist Coup Attempt Against Roosevelt: Retired U.S. Marine Corps officer Smedley Butler testified before a House of Representatives committee, alleging a conspiracy among Wall Street interests to overthrow President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration and replace it with a fascist dictatorship. This dramatic accusation, known as the Business Plot, suggested a potential coup attempt against the democratically elected government.
  • 1935 Mussolini Mobilizes Troops for Economic Recovery: In response to international economic sanctions following Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, Mussolini strategically granted three months' leave to 100,000 troops on November 20, 1935. These soldiers were redirected to work in agricultural and industrial sectors, aiming to mitigate the economic impact of the sanctions and maintain national productivity during a period of international isolation.
  • 1936 Execution of José Antonio Primo de Rivera: José Antonio Primo de Rivera, the founder of the Falange Española (Spanish Fascist Party), was executed by a Republican firing squad during the Spanish Civil War. As a key political figure and ideological leader, his death marked a significant moment in the conflict between Republican and Nationalist forces.
  • 1937 Chinese Capital Relocation: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese government strategically moved its capital from Nanking (Nanjing) to Chongqing to escape Japanese invasion.
  • 1938 Birth of Media Mogul Ted Turner: Ted Turner was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, who would later become a prominent media entrepreneur, founder of CNN, and significant philanthropist known for his global environmental and humanitarian initiatives.
  • 1939 Nazi Regime Escalates Anti-Semitic Economic Persecution: In a severe escalation of anti-Semitic policies, Nazi Germany blocked all Jewish assets in banks within the General Government (occupied Polish territories). Simultaneously, Adolf Hitler issued Directive No. 8, which outlined further preparations for military operations in Western Europe, signaling the impending expansion of the war.
  • 1940 Hungary Joins Tripartite Pact: On November 20, 1940, Hungary officially signed the Tripartite Pact, aligning itself with Germany, Japan, and Italy during World War II. This strategic diplomatic move positioned Hungary as a key member of the Axis Powers, significantly impacting the geopolitical landscape of Europe during the war.
  • 1941 US-Japan Diplomatic Negotiations in Washington: Critical diplomatic talks opened in Washington, D.C. between U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull, Japanese Ambassador Kichisaburō Nomura, and Special Envoy Saburō Kurusu. The Japanese presented demands for American withdrawal from China, sanctions relief, and halting Pacific naval expansion.
  • 1942 Major Soviet Offensive: Soviet army launches a massive offensive with approximately 1 million troops breaching German defensive lines, a critical turning point in World War II.
  • 1943 Cairo Conference during World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Republic of China leader Chiang Kai-Shek convened to strategize the defeat of Imperial Japan, marking a critical Allied diplomatic summit.
  • 1944 Hitler Leaves Wolfsschanze: Adolf Hitler permanently departed his Eastern Front headquarters, the Wolfsschanze (Wolf's Lair), as the Soviet Red Army approached Germany's borders, signaling the imminent collapse of Nazi military control.
  • 1945 Nuremberg Trials Begin: The first war crimes trial opened at Nuremberg, Germany, with 22 high-ranking Nazi leaders facing prosecution for their roles in atrocities committed during World War II. This landmark event marked a pivotal moment in international law and justice, establishing precedents for holding individuals accountable for war crimes.
  • 1946 United Mine Workers Nationwide Coal Miners' Walkout: UMW President John L. Lewis ordered a nationwide walkout of coal miners, a significant labor action that highlighted the ongoing tensions between workers and management in the post-World War II industrial landscape. This strike was part of the broader labor movement seeking better working conditions, wages, and workers' rights.
  • 1947 Royal Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten: In a historic ceremony at Westminster Abbey in London, Princess Elizabeth married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark. This momentous royal wedding marked a significant milestone in British royal history, with Philip becoming the Duke of Edinburgh upon marriage.
  • 1948 Bertrand Russell's Cold War Warning: British philosopher Bertrand Russell delivered a provocative speech at a London conference, warning that the Western powers must either confront the Soviet Union before it developed atomic capabilities or risk being subjugated. His remarks highlighted the escalating tensions of the early Cold War period.
  • 1949 Israel Reaches Milestone Population of 1 Million: The Jewish population in Israel officially reached 1,000,000 people, marking a significant demographic achievement for the newly established state following its independence in 1948.
  • 1950 Attempted Assassination of President Truman: Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempt to assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman at Blair House in Washington, D.C. Torresola is killed during the attack, while Collazo is wounded and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment, highlighting the political tensions of the era.
  • 1951 Snowdonia National Park Establishment: Snowdonia is officially designated as a National Park in Wales, protecting its stunning mountainous landscape, diverse ecosystems, and cultural heritage. This designation ensures the conservation of one of the United Kingdom's most beautiful natural regions.
  • 1952 Pioneering Sex Reassignment Surgery: A historic medical procedure takes place in Copenhagen with the first successful sex reassignment surgery performed on Christine Jorgensen, marking a significant moment in transgender medical history and human rights.
  • 1953 Breaking the Mach 2 Barrier: Scott Crossfield, a pioneering test pilot, successfully flew the Douglas Skyrocket aircraft and became the first human to break the Mach 2 speed barrier, reaching approximately 1,300 miles per hour. This groundbreaking achievement represented a significant milestone in aviation and aerospace technology.
  • 1954 Death of Clyde Vernon Cessna, Aviation Pioneer: Clyde Vernon Cessna, a pioneering aircraft manufacturer and founder of the renowned Cessna Aircraft Corporation, passed away on November 20, 1954, at the age of 74. His innovative work significantly contributed to the development of general aviation in the United States, creating a legacy that would continue through his company's future achievements.
  • 1955 RCA Signs Elvis Presley: RCA Records offers Elvis Presley a significant recording contract worth $35,000, marking a pivotal moment in the young musician's emerging career and the early days of rock and roll.
  • 1956 Milovan Djilas Arrested for Criticizing Tito: On November 20, 1956, Milovan Djilas, a prominent Yugoslav politician and former close associate of Josip Broz Tito, was arrested for publicly criticizing the Communist Party leadership and challenging the authoritarian nature of the regime. Djilas, once a high-ranking official in Yugoslavia, had become increasingly critical of the government's deviation from true socialist principles, advocating for greater democratic freedoms and challenging the monopoly of power held by Tito and the Communist Party.
  • 1957 Margaret Spellings Becomes U.S. Secretary of Education: Margaret Spellings served as the U.S. Secretary of Education during the George W. Bush administration, playing a significant role in shaping educational policy. She was a key architect of the No Child Left Behind Act and worked to implement comprehensive education reforms focused on accountability and standards.
  • 1958 Founding of The Jim Henson Company: On November 20, 1958, Jim and Jane Henson officially established Muppets, Inc., which would later become the renowned Jim Henson Company. This groundbreaking entertainment production company would go on to revolutionize puppetry and children's television, creating iconic characters like Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, and the entire Muppets franchise. The company's innovative approach to storytelling and character design would influence generations of performers, animators, and media creators.
  • 1959 UN Declaration of the Rights of the Child: The United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopts the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, establishing a comprehensive framework of rights and protections for children worldwide. This landmark document outlines key principles ensuring children's welfare, education, healthcare, and protection from exploitation.
  • 1960 Japanese Parliamentary Elections of 1960: On November 20, 1960, Japan held significant parliamentary elections where the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), under the leadership of Hayato Ikeda, secured an increased majority in the 467-member parliament. This election reinforced the LDP's political dominance during the post-war period and signaled continued political stability in Japan.
  • 1961 Kennedy Ends Cuban Naval Blockade: President John F. Kennedy officially terminated the naval blockade of Cuba following the Soviet Union's removal of nuclear missile installations, marking a critical de-escalation of the Cuban Missile Crisis and reducing Cold War tensions.
  • 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis Resolution: The Cuban Missile Crisis reaches a diplomatic resolution as the Soviet Union agrees to remove its missiles from Cuba, prompting U.S. President John F. Kennedy to end the naval quarantine of the Caribbean nation. This critical moment defused a potential nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union.
  • 1963 Birth of Ming-Na Wen: Ming-Na Wen, a renowned Macau-born actress, was born on November 20, 1963. She is best known for her voice work as Mulan in Disney's animated film and her prominent roles in television series like ER and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Wen has been a trailblazing Asian-American actress who has significantly contributed to representation in Hollywood.
  • 1964 Mandela's 'I Am Prepared to Die' Speech: Nelson Mandela delivers his iconic 'I Am Prepared to Die' speech during the Rivonia Trial, a pivotal moment in the anti-apartheid struggle. In this powerful address, Mandela eloquently defended the African National Congress's resistance to apartheid and affirmed his commitment to racial equality and justice.
  • 1965 UN Sanctions Against Rhodesia: The United Nations Security Council called for an international economic boycott of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in response to its unilateral declaration of independence and racist white minority government.
  • 1966 Zurich Rejects Female Suffrage: In a significant setback for gender equality, men in Zurich, Switzerland, voted against granting women the right to vote, reflecting the persistent gender discrimination of the era.
  • 1967 United States Population Milestone: 200 Million Reached: At 11 AM, the Census Clock at the US Department of Commerce officially recorded the United States population surpassing 200 million people, marking a significant demographic milestone in the nation's history.
  • 1968 Vietnam War Combat Incident: During the Vietnam War on November 20, 1968, a Long Range Patrol team from F Company, 58th Infantry, 101st Airborne was ambushed by North Vietnamese army regulars from the 4th and 5th Regiments. The eleven-man team was surrounded and nearly decimated in a fierce engagement. After several hours of intense combat, seven wounded survivors were rescued by an impromptu rescue force composed of fellow unit members, demonstrating the extreme risks and close-knit nature of combat operations during the conflict.
  • 1969 Occupation of Alcatraz by Native American Activists: Native American activists seized control of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay, launching a significant protest against U.S. government policies and historical mistreatment of Indigenous peoples. The occupation lasted until June 11, 1971, drawing national attention to Native American rights and sovereignty.
  • 1970 China Admitted to United Nations: The United Nations General Assembly accepts the People's Republic of China as a member state, marking a significant diplomatic shift in global geopolitics during the Cold War era.
  • 1971 Women's March for Abortion Rights: On November 20, 1971, women from across the United States participated in significant demonstrations supporting abortion rights. Simultaneous marches were held in Washington D.C. and San Francisco, marking an important moment in the women's reproductive rights movement.
  • 1972 Execution of Zumbi dos Palmares: Zumbi, the legendary Afro-Brazilian leader of Quilombo dos Palmares, was executed by Portuguese colonial forces led by bandeirante Domingos Jorge Velho. His death symbolized the resistance of enslaved Africans against Portuguese colonial oppression and remains a powerful symbol of Black resistance in Brazilian history.
  • 1973 Scot Halpin Fills in for Keith Moon with The Who: In a remarkable moment of rock and roll history, 19-year-old Scot Halpin from Muscatine, Iowa, was invited to play drums for The Who during a concert at the Grand Opera House in Cleveland, Ohio, after the band's original drummer Keith Moon unexpectedly left the stage. This spontaneous performance became a legendary moment in music history, showcasing the unpredictable and dynamic nature of live rock performances.
  • 1974 US Antitrust Suit Against AT&T: On November 20, 1974, the United States Department of Justice filed a critical antitrust lawsuit against AT&T Corporation. This legal action would ultimately lead to the landmark breakup of AT&T and its Bell System, fundamentally reshaping the telecommunications industry in the United States and paving the way for increased competition and innovation.
  • 1975 Death of Francisco Franco: General Francisco Franco, the long-standing dictator of Spain, passed away in Madrid at the age of 82. His death marked the end of an era of authoritarian rule that had dominated Spanish politics since the Spanish Civil War.
  • 1976 George Harrison on Saturday Night Live: George Harrison made a memorable appearance on Saturday Night Live, where he interacted with show creator Lorne Michaels and performed music alongside Paul Simon. He sang 'Here Comes the Sun' and collaborated with Simon on 'Homeward Bound', also showcasing two music videos during the episode.
  • 1977 Sadat's Historic Visit to Israel: Egyptian President Anwar Sadat made a groundbreaking diplomatic visit to Israel, becoming the first Arab leader to officially visit the country. He met with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and delivered a landmark speech before the Knesset in Jerusalem, seeking a permanent peace settlement between Egypt and Israel. This unprecedented diplomatic gesture was a crucial moment in Middle Eastern geopolitics, signaling a potential path towards reconciliation and peace.
  • 1978 End of Commercial Whaling in Australia: On November 20, 1978, the Cheyne Beach Whaling Company marked the end of commercial whaling in Australia by killing its final whale. This event represented a significant milestone in marine conservation, signaling a shift in national attitudes towards marine wildlife protection and ecological preservation.
  • 1979 Grand Mosque Seizure in Mecca: A significant terrorist uprising occurred at the sacred Kaaba site in Mecca during the annual pilgrimage. Approximately 1,500 militants seized control of the Grand Mosque, taking around 6,000 hostages. The Saudi government, with assistance from French special forces, ultimately suppressed the revolt after an intense confrontation.
  • 1980 Gang of Four Trial Begins in China: The trial of the infamous Gang of Four, a political faction responsible for many of the excesses during the Cultural Revolution, commenced in Beijing. This landmark legal proceeding marked a significant turning point in post-Mao China's political landscape.
  • 1981 FMLN Launches Offensive in El Salvador: The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) guerrilla group initiated a limited military offensive, escalating the ongoing civil conflict in El Salvador.
  • 1982 The Play: Legendary College Football Moment: In a historic college football game between the University of California, Berkeley and Stanford, the Bears executed an extraordinary and controversial 57-yard kickoff return known as 'The Play'. Quarterback Kevin Moen completed a series of five laterals and dramatically ran through Stanford's band members who had prematurely entered the field, scoring a touchdown that secured California's 25-20 victory. This moment is considered one of the most incredible and chaotic endings in college football history.
  • 1983 Broadway Musical Premiere: Marilyn: An American Fable: The musical 'Marilyn: An American Fable' opens at the Minskoff Theatre in New York City, running for 16 performances and exploring the life and legend of Marilyn Monroe.
  • 1984 SETI Founded: The Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute is established, dedicated to exploring and understanding potential extraterrestrial life through scientific research and advanced astronomical observations.
  • 1985 Microsoft Windows 1.0 Launch: Microsoft released Windows 1.0, its first graphical personal computer operating environment, marking a significant milestone in personal computing history. The operating system introduced a user-friendly interface that allowed users to navigate computer screens more intuitively, moving beyond text-based command-line interfaces.
  • 1986 WHO Launches First Global AIDS Response: The World Health Organization (WHO) announced its first comprehensive global strategy to combat the AIDS epidemic, marking a critical turning point in international public health efforts to address the rapidly spreading HIV/AIDS crisis.
  • 1987 Lusaka Protocol Signed in Angola: On November 20, 1987, the Angolan government and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola) rebels signed the Lusaka Protocol in Zambia, ostensibly bringing an end to 19 years of devastating civil conflict. Despite the diplomatic agreement, localized fighting would resume the following year, highlighting the fragility of the peace process and the deep-rooted tensions within the country.
  • 1988 First NCAA Football Game in Europe: Boston College defeats Army 38-24 in the 'Emerald Isle Classic' at Dublin's Lansdowne Road Stadium, making history as the first NCAA American Football game to be played in Europe, symbolizing international sports expansion.
  • 1989 Velvet Revolution: Mass Protests in Prague: On November 20, 1989, the Velvet Revolution reached a critical mass as an estimated half-million protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia, demonstrating widespread public opposition to the communist regime. This peaceful protest was a pivotal moment in the country's transition to democracy.
  • 1990 Margaret Thatcher's Political Downfall: UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher fails to defeat Michael Heseltine's bid for party leadership, marking a significant turning point in her political career and signaling the end of her long tenure as Conservative Party leader.
  • 1991 Tragic Helicopter Downing in Azerbaijan-Armenia Conflict: An Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter carrying 19 peacekeeping mission team members, including officials and journalists from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Azerbaijan, was shot down by Armenian military forces in the Khojavend district of Azerbaijan. This incident highlighted the intense tensions and violent conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia during the early 1990s.
  • 1992 Queen Elizabeth II Declares 'Annus Horribilis': Queen Elizabeth II publicly described 1992 as an 'annus horribilis' (horrible year) due to multiple royal family scandals and the significant Windsor Castle fire, which symbolized a particularly challenging period for the British monarchy.
  • 1993 Avioimpex Flight 110 Crash in Macedonia: A tragic aviation disaster occurred when an Avioimpex Yak-42D aircraft crashed into Mount Trojani near Ohrid, Macedonia. The flight was originally traveling from Geneva, Switzerland to Skopje but was diverted due to poor weather conditions. The crash resulted in the loss of all 116 people on board: 115 passengers and 8 crew members, making it North Macedonia's deadliest aviation accident in history.
  • 1994 Lusaka Protocol Ends Angolan Civil War: The Angolan government and UNITA rebels signed the Lusaka Protocol in Zambia, officially concluding a devastating 19-year civil war. Despite the agreement, localized fighting would resume the following year, highlighting the fragility of the peace process.
  • 1995 Dayton Accords End Bosnian War: A landmark peace agreement was negotiated and signed by the presidents of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia in Dayton, Ohio, effectively bringing an end to the devastating Bosnian War that had lasted from 1992 to 1995. The Dayton Accords represented a critical diplomatic breakthrough in resolving the complex ethnic conflicts in the Balkans.
  • 1996 Garley Building Fire in Hong Kong: On November 20, 1996, a devastating fire erupted in the Garley Building, a multi-story office complex in Hong Kong, resulting in a tragic loss of 41 lives and injuring 81 people. The incident was one of the deadliest building fires in Hong Kong's modern history, highlighting significant concerns about fire safety and building regulations in densely populated urban areas.
  • 1997 Iraq Endorses UN Weapons Inspection Agreement: Iraq's Revolution Command Council formally endorses a diplomatic agreement, brokered by Russia, allowing UN weapons inspection teams to resume operations in the country, potentially easing international tensions.
  • 1998 Launch of Zarya Module - First International Space Station Component: The first module of the International Space Station, named Zarya (meaning 'Sunrise'), was successfully launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. This 21-ton module marked the beginning of the most ambitious international space collaboration in human history, representing a significant milestone in space exploration.
  • 1999 China's First Shenzhou Spacecraft Launch: The People's Republic of China successfully launched its first Shenzhou spacecraft, marking a significant milestone in the country's space exploration program. This unmanned mission represented a crucial step in China's ambitions to develop independent human spaceflight capabilities, demonstrating the nation's growing technological prowess in aerospace engineering.
  • 2000 Intel Launches Pentium 4 Processor: Intel revolutionized computer technology by introducing the Pentium 4 processor, featuring speeds of 1.4 and 1.5 GHz, a 400 MHz system bus, NetBurst micro-architecture, and 42 million transistors. The processor also added 144 new Streaming SIMD Extensions 2 multimedia instructions.
  • 2001 Robert F. Kennedy Justice Department Building Dedication: In Washington, D.C., President George W. Bush officially dedicated the United States Department of Justice Headquarters Building as the Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building. The dedication ceremony commemorated Robert F. Kennedy's 76th birthday, honoring the late attorney general and civil rights advocate.
  • 2002 Michael Jackson Controversial Baby Incident: Pop icon Michael Jackson created a media sensation when he briefly held his infant son, Blanket, over the balcony of a Berlin hotel, shocking onlookers and drawing widespread criticism for potentially endangering the child's safety. The incident raised serious questions about Jackson's parental judgment.
  • 2003 Istanbul Terrorist Bombings: A devastating terrorist attack in Istanbul, Turkey, involving two car bomb blasts that killed at least 25 people and injured hundreds. The Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front (IBDA-C), an extremist Islamist group, claimed responsibility. The British Consul-General, Roger Short, was among those killed.
  • 2004 Orange Revolution Begins in Ukraine: The pivotal Orange Revolution commenced in Ukraine following controversial presidential elections. A crucial legal decision by the Shevchenkivskiy District Court of Kyiv allowed mass protests on Independence Square, which quickly spread nationwide and became a defining moment in Ukrainian political history.
  • 2005 Iraq Conflict: Multiple Violent Incidents: A complex day of violence in Iraq involving American-led and insurgent attacks resulted in at least 40 fatalities. Additionally, reports emerged of British-trained Iraqi police torturing civilians using electric drills, and a British soldier was killed by a roadside bomb in Basra.
  • 2006 International Space Station Module Launch: The first module of the International Space Station, Zarya, was successfully launched, marking a significant milestone in international space exploration.
  • 2007 Pakistan State of Emergency: Pakistan declared a state of emergency, leading to significant political upheaval. The government arrested journalists, restricted media, and disrupted normal democratic processes.
  • 2008 Dow Jones Reaches Historic Low: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged to its lowest level since 1997, reflecting the critical failures in the U.S. financial system during the 2008 global financial crisis.
  • 2009 CERN Restarts Large Hadron Collider: The European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) successfully restarted the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle accelerator in Geneva, Switzerland, after a 14-month shutdown that began on September 19, 2008. This marked a significant milestone in scientific research and particle physics exploration.
  • 2010 NATO Afghanistan Transition Plan: NATO countries agreed to progressively hand over Afghanistan's security responsibilities to the Afghan military, with a complete transition of control planned by 2014, marking a significant milestone in the international military intervention.
  • 2011 Violent Protests in Cairo's Tahrir Square: Intense protests continue in Cairo's Tahrir Square, with security forces attempting to suppress demonstrations. At least 13 people were killed and nearly 900 injured as tensions escalated between protesters and Egyptian military government forces. Security personnel used tear gas and batons to disperse the crowds, highlighting the volatile political situation in Egypt during the Arab Spring.
  • 2012 Hillary Clinton's Middle East Peace Mission: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is dispatched to Israel, the West Bank, and Egypt to mediate tensions between Israel and Hamas-led Gaza Strip, attempting to broker a ceasefire and prevent further escalation of conflict.
  • 2013 Philippines Supreme Court Abolishes 'Pork Barrel' Fund: The Supreme Court of the Philippines abolished the Priority Development Assistance Fund, known as the 'pork barrel', a landmark decision that prompted President Benigno Aquino III to return to Manila and signaled a major anti-corruption effort.
  • 2014 Obama's Immigration Executive Order: President Barack Obama announces executive actions to defer deportations for parents of children who have been living in the United States for at least five years and are U.S. citizens or legal permanent residents.
  • 2015 Terrorist Attack at Radisson Blu Hotel in Bamako, Mali: On November 20, 2015, a devastating terrorist attack occurred at the Radisson Blu Hotel in Bamako, Mali's capital. Gunmen stormed the five-star hotel, taking approximately 170 hostages and leaving at least 27 people dead. U.S. and French special operations forces collaborated with Malian troops to conduct a floor-by-floor rescue operation.
  • 2016 White House Condemns Aleppo Bombings: The White House strongly condemned Russian and Syrian airstrikes on hospitals in Aleppo, Syria, which resulted in significant civilian casualties.
  • 2017 North Korea Terrorism Designation: U.S. President Donald Trump officially designated North Korea as a state sponsor of terrorism, escalating diplomatic tensions and potentially increasing international sanctions against the country.
  • 2018 Yellow Vest Protests in France: The fourth day of France's Yellow Vest protests against fuel taxes saw approximately 10,000 demonstrators blocking roads throughout the country, reflecting significant public discontent with government economic policies.
  • 2019 Sondland Testifies in Trump Impeachment Inquiry: The House impeachment inquiry continued with a pivotal public hearing featuring testimony from Gordon Sondland, the U.S. Ambassador to the European Union. Sondland was questioned about apparent inconsistencies in his previous closed-door testimony, focusing on the administration's interactions with Ukraine and potential political motivations behind diplomatic actions.
  • 2020 California Reaches COVID-19 Record High: California experienced a critical surge in COVID-19 cases, reporting 13,005 new infections in a 24-hour period. The state also recorded 4,750 hospitalizations, marking the highest numbers since August and signaling a severe escalation of the pandemic's impact.
  • 2021 Violent COVID-19 Protests in Rotterdam: Police in Rotterdam, Netherlands, shot and seriously injured three protesters during demonstrations against COVID-19 measures. Fifty-one people were arrested, with half being under 18 years old, indicating significant social tension.
  • 2022 2022 FIFA World Cup Begins Amidst Controversy: The 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar began under intense international scrutiny due to serious human rights concerns. The tournament faced widespread criticism for alleged labor rights violations, treatment of migrant workers, and potential ethical breaches in the bidding and preparation process.
  • 2023 Escalating Conflict in Gaza: Intense Fighting and Humanitarian Crisis: The ongoing conflict in Gaza intensified as Hamas militants engaged Israeli forces near the largest refugee camp. A tragic strike on a United Nations school resulted in at least 24 casualties. Israeli military operations continued, with tanks approaching hospitals and searching Al-Shifa Hospital, where Israel alleges Hamas maintains an underground command center—a claim Hamas strongly disputes.

What Is special about November 20?

November 20 is notable for a variety of important historical, cultural, and significant events, including famous birthdays and deaths, holidays and more. Find out everything about November 20.