Major Events of 1900: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll explore the most significant occurrences from 1900, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

Major Events of 1900 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year

01 Jan Chiune Sugihara: Heroic Japanese Diplomat: Chiune Sugihara was a courageous Japanese diplomat who saved thousands of Jewish lives during World War II by issuing transit visas, enabling them to escape Nazi persecution. His humanitarian actions demonstrated extraordinary moral courage in the face of extreme danger.
02 Jan Open Door Policy with China: John Hay, the U.S. Secretary of State, formally announces the Open Door Policy, a diplomatic strategy designed to ensure equal trading opportunities for all foreign nations in China. This policy aimed to prevent any single imperial power from monopolizing trade and economic privileges in the region, promoting international commercial access and reducing potential conflicts.
03 Jan United States Population Census: The U.S. Census Bureau estimates the total population of the United States to be approximately 70 million people, reflecting the nation's significant growth at the turn of the 20th century.
04 Jan British Colonization of Nigeria: In a symbolic ceremony in Lagos, the Royal Niger Company's flag was lowered and replaced by the British flag, marking the formal transition of Nigeria's administration directly under British colonial control.
05 Jan Balfour's Commentary on Second Boer War: Arthur Balfour, the Conservative leader of the House of Commons, publicly acknowledged the United Kingdom's military challenges in the Second Boer War. Despite recognizing setbacks, he maintained an optimistic perspective, comparing the conflict to other British military engagements and expressing confidence in eventual triumph.
06 Jan Boer Attack on Ladysmith: During the Second Boer War, Boer forces launch a significant attack on Ladysmith, South Africa, resulting in over 1,000 casualties and intensifying the conflict between Boer and British forces.
07 Jan Tesla Closes Experimental Laboratory: Nikola Tesla, the renowned inventor and electrical engineer, closed down his laboratory on January 7, 1900. This event likely marked a pivotal moment in Tesla's career, potentially signaling financial challenges or a strategic shift in his research and development efforts. Tesla was known for his groundbreaking work in electrical engineering and his contributions to the development of alternating current (AC) electrical systems.
08 Jan McKinley Places Alaska Under Military Rule: On January 8, 1900, United States President William McKinley established military governance in Alaska, creating the Department of Alaska within the War Department. This administrative decision marked a significant moment in the territorial management of the recently acquired Alaskan region.
09 Jan American League Officially Organized: On January 9, 1900, the American League was formally organized, bringing together baseball teams from Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, and Minneapolis. This event was crucial in the development of professional baseball in the United States and would eventually lead to the creation of the modern Major League Baseball structure.
10 Jan Lord Roberts Arrives in Cape Town During Second Boer War: Field Marshal Lord Roberts arrived at Cape Town to replace General Redvers Buller as commander of British forces in the Second Boer War. Roberts, who had left from Southampton 18 days earlier on the Dunottar Castle, was accompanied by his chief of staff, Lord Kitchener. This strategic leadership change was crucial in the British military campaign in South Africa.
11 Jan Murder of Reverend S.M. Brooke during Boxer Rebellion: Reverend S.M. Brooke, a British missionary, was brutally kidnapped and beheaded by members of the Boxer movement on January 1, 1900, reflecting the intense anti-foreign sentiment and religious tensions in China during the Boxer Rebellion. This tragic event symbolized the violent resistance against Western religious and cultural influence in China.
12 Jan Hattie Wyatt Caraway: First Woman Elected to U.S. Senate: Hattie Wyatt Caraway from Arkansas made history by becoming the first woman elected to the United States Senate, filling the vacancy left by her deceased husband. Her election was a groundbreaking moment for women's political representation in the United States.
13 Jan Language Decree in Austro-Hungarian Empire: In a significant move to suppress Czech national identity, Emperor Franz Joseph I issued a decree mandating German as the sole official language of the Austro-Hungarian Armed Forces. This linguistic policy was a direct response to rising Czech nationalist sentiments within the multi-ethnic empire, aiming to enforce cultural and administrative uniformity through linguistic suppression.
14 Jan Premiere of Tosca by Giacomo Puccini: On January 14, 1900, Giacomo Puccini's groundbreaking opera 'Tosca' made its world premiere at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome. This dramatic opera, based on Victorien Sardou's play, is set in Rome during the tumultuous political period of 1800 and tells a passionate story of love, betrayal, and political intrigue. The opera features some of Puccini's most memorable arias and has since become a staple in the international opera repertoire.
15 Jan First New York City Subway Construction Bid Awarded: At City Hall, the Rapid Transit Board opened bids for the first New York City Subway project. Contractor John B. McDonald's proposal of $35,000,000 was selected, a pivotal moment in the city's transportation infrastructure development.
16 Jan Anglo-German Treaty of 1899: Samoa Islands Sovereignty Transfer: The United States Senate formally accepted the Anglo-German treaty of 1899, which marked a significant diplomatic resolution regarding the Samoan islands. Through this treaty, the United Kingdom renounced its territorial claims in the region, effectively transferring control to the United States and Germany. This agreement resolved long-standing colonial tensions and reshaped the geopolitical landscape of the Pacific islands.
17 Jan Brigham H. Roberts Denied Congressional Seat Due to Polygamy: On January 17, 1900, Brigham H. Roberts of Utah was prevented from taking his seat in the U.S. House of Representatives due to his practice of plural marriage. This event highlighted the ongoing tension between Mormon polygamous practices and mainstream American social and legal norms of the time.
18 Jan Battle of Mazocoba during Yaqui Wars: A tragic conflict during the Yaqui Wars in Mexico, the Battle of Mazocoba saw Mexican government troops engage in a violent confrontation with indigenous Yaqui Indians. The battle resulted in approximately 400 Yaqui deaths, highlighting the brutal suppression of indigenous peoples and territorial conflicts in late 19th/early 20th century Mexico.
19 Jan Tragic Murder by Baseball Player Marty Bergen: On January 19, 1900, in a shocking and horrific incident, professional baseball player Marty Bergen, a catcher for the Boston Beaneaters (a team that would later become the Atlanta Braves), murdered his wife in North Brookfield, Massachusetts. This tragic event highlighted the personal struggles and mental health challenges that could affect professional athletes during the early 20th century.
20 Jan Death of R.D. Blackmore, Notable English Novelist: Richard Doddridge Blackmore, renowned English novelist best known for his masterpiece 'Lorna Doone: A Romance of Exmoor', passed away at the age of 74. Blackmore was a significant literary figure of the Victorian era, celebrated for his vivid descriptions of rural life and compelling narrative style.
21 Jan Uneventful Day in Early 20th Century: While no specific major historical events were recorded on January 21, 1900, this date represents a moment in the transition between the 19th and 20th centuries. The world was on the cusp of significant technological, social, and political transformations that would define the upcoming decades, such as the rise of industrialization, global communications, and emerging geopolitical tensions.
22 Jan British Warship Seizes German Steamship Herzog: On January 22, 1900, the British warship HMS Thetis intercepted the German steamship Herzog near Delagoa Bay in East Africa. The vessel was initially seized on suspicions of transporting supplies to Boer troops during the Second Boer War. The Portuguese colonial governor of Zambesia was among the passengers. After a thorough inspection revealed no evidence of troop supplies, the ship and its crew were subsequently released.
23 Jan Battle of Spion Kop during Second Boer War: The Battle of Spion Kop was a significant engagement between British forces and the combined forces of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State during the Second Boer War. The battle resulted in a decisive defeat for the British, highlighting the tactical prowess of the Boer forces and the challenging nature of the conflict.
24 Jan Battle of Spion Kop: A significant engagement during the Second Boer War, where British and Boer forces clashed at Tugela-Spionkop in South Africa. This battle was part of the British attempt to relieve the besieged town of Ladysmith and represented a critical moment in the conflict between British colonial forces and Boer resistance.
25 Jan Bubonic Plague Outbreak in Honolulu: Health authorities in Honolulu attempted to control a bubonic plague outbreak by burning a condemned home. However, the fire unexpectedly spread beyond its intended boundaries, potentially causing additional damage and complications in managing the epidemic. This event highlights the challenging public health conditions and limited medical understanding of disease control at the turn of the 20th century.
26 Jan Australian Labor Party Formation Conference: The Labor League Conference convenes in Sydney, Australia, with significant plans to establish the Federal Labor Party. This conference represents a pivotal moment in Australian political organization, laying the groundwork for what would become one of the country's major political parties.
27 Jan Boxer Rebellion: Diplomatic Pressure in Peking: Foreign diplomats in Peking, China, escalate tensions during the Boxer Rebellion by formally demanding disciplinary action against the Boxer rebels, signaling increasing international intervention in the conflict.
28 Jan Uneventful Day in Early 20th Century: On January 28, 1900, no significant historical events were recorded in the available sources. This day represents a typical moment in the transition between the 19th and 20th centuries, with no notable political, social, or technological developments documented.
29 Jan Formation of the American League: The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs was officially organized in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, establishing a groundbreaking professional baseball league with eight founding teams spanning major Midwestern and Northeastern cities: Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, and Minneapolis. This event marked a pivotal moment in the development of professional baseball in the United States, creating a competitive league that would eventually become one of the two major professional baseball leagues.
30 Jan British Forces Request Reinforcements in Boer War: United Kingdom military forces engaged in the Second Boer War in South Africa formally requested additional reinforcements to support their ongoing military campaign. This request highlighted the challenging nature of the conflict and the British military's need for additional manpower to combat Boer resistance.
31 Jan Unusual Gubernatorial Inauguration of William Goebel: In a highly unusual and dramatic political moment, William Goebel was sworn in as Governor of Kentucky while on his deathbed at 8:55 pm. This extraordinary circumstance followed a contested and violent election, highlighting the intense political tensions of the era.
01 Feb Brownie Camera Introduction: Eastman Kodak Company revolutionized photography by introducing the Brownie camera, making photography more accessible to the general public. This affordable and simple camera democratized image capture and marked a significant technological innovation.
02 Feb McKinley Bribery Investigation Begins: A federal investigation into political corruption commenced, targeting high-ranking government officials. The investigation, which would later become known as a precursor to modern political accountability efforts, initially implicated a U.S. senator, seven House members, and 31 other public officials in potential bribery schemes.
03 Feb Assassination of William Goebel: Gubernatorial candidate William Goebel was assassinated in Frankfort, Kentucky. Former Secretary of State Caleb Powers was later found guilty in a conspiracy to kill Goebel, marking a significant political violence incident in Kentucky's history.
04 Feb Birth of Jacques Prévert, French Poet and Screenwriter: Jacques Prévert, a renowned French poet and screenwriter, was born. He would later become famous for his poetry collection 'Paroles' and significant contributions to French literature and cinema in the mid-20th century.
05 Feb Hay-Pauncefote Treaty for Panama Canal: The United States and the United Kingdom signed a diplomatic treaty that would ultimately pave the way for the construction of the Panama Canal, a critical maritime infrastructure project that would revolutionize global shipping routes.
06 Feb Establishment of the International Arbitration Court: The Netherlands' Senate ratified a decree from the 1899 Hague Peace Conference, formally establishing the International Arbitration Court at The Hague. This landmark event represented a significant step towards international diplomatic conflict resolution and peaceful dispute settlement.
07 Feb Formation of the British Labour Party: The British Labour Party is officially established, marking a significant moment in the political evolution of the United Kingdom. This new political party would go on to become one of the major political forces in British parliamentary democracy, representing the interests of workers and trade unions.
08 Feb British Defeat at Ladysmith During Second Boer War: British military forces suffered a significant defeat by Boer troops at Ladysmith, South Africa, marking a critical moment in the Second Boer War. This battle highlighted the tactical prowess of the Boer forces and the challenges faced by the British imperial army in the region.
09 Feb Davis Cup Tennis Trophy Established: Dwight Davis, an American tennis player and businessman, established the Davis Cup, an international tennis competition that would become one of the most prestigious team events in tennis history. The trophy was created to foster international competition and camaraderie among tennis-playing nations.
10 Feb World Record Speed Skating Performance: Peter Ostlund set a remarkable world record in speed skating, completing the 500-meter distance in an impressive 45.2 seconds. This achievement represented a significant milestone in the early history of competitive speed skating, showcasing the athletic prowess and technological advancements in skating equipment during the turn of the 20th century.
11 Feb Vladimir Lenin Released from Siberian Exile: After serving a four-year exile in the remote Siberian village of Shushenskoye, Vladimir Lenin was finally freed. Accompanied by his wife, he embarked on a challenging 320-kilometer (200-mile) horseback journey to Ufa, arriving on February 18, 1900. This period of exile was crucial for Lenin, during which he wrote extensively on Marxist theory and developed his political ideology that would later shape the Russian Revolution.
12 Feb Theodore Roosevelt's Vice Presidential Candidacy Statement: On February 12, 1900, New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt publicly declared his unwillingness to be considered as a vice presidential candidate. In a clear and definitive statement, he emphasized that under no circumstances would he accept a nomination for the vice presidency, despite press speculation and personal correspondence urging him to do so.
13 Feb Tragic Death of U.S. Representative Charles A. Chickering: On February 13, 1900, U.S. Representative Charles A. Chickering met a tragic and unexpected end when he fell from the fourth-floor window of his New York City residence. The circumstances surrounding his death were mysterious and sudden, cutting short the political career of a prominent congressional figure. The incident raised questions about the potential causes of such a fatal accident, whether it was an unfortunate mishap or something more sinister.
14 Feb British Invasion of Orange Free State during Second Boer War: On February 14, 1900, British General Lord Roberts launched a significant military campaign by invading the Orange Free State with approximately 20,000 troops during the Second Boer War. This invasion marked a critical moment in the conflict between British imperial forces and the Boer republics in South Africa.
15 Feb Lifting of the Siege of Kimberley: During the Second Boer War, the strategic siege of Kimberley was finally lifted on February 15, 1900, after four months of intense resistance by British forces and local inhabitants against Boer attackers. General French's relief operation successfully broke the siege, marking a significant turning point in the conflict and providing a crucial morale boost to British colonial forces.
16 Feb Antarctic Exploration Milestone: Three members of the Anglo-Norwegian Southern Cross Expedition successfully crossed the Great Ice Barrier (now known as the Ross Ice Barrier) in Antarctica, advancing scientific understanding of the continent's challenging terrain.
17 Feb Formation of the British Labour Party: The British Labour Party was officially established, marking a pivotal moment in British political history. Ramsay MacDonald was appointed as the party's first secretary, laying the groundwork for what would become one of the United Kingdom's major political parties. This event represented a significant shift in the British political landscape, giving formal representation to working-class interests and trade union movements.
18 Feb Vladimir Lenin Released from Siberian Exile: After four years of exile in the remote Siberian village of Shushenskoye, Vladimir Lenin was released. This moment would prove pivotal in his eventual rise to leadership in the Russian revolutionary movement, setting the stage for the dramatic political transformations that would reshape Russia in the coming decades.
19 Feb Birth of Giorgos Seferis: Giorgos Seferis, a prominent Greek poet, diplomat, and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate, was born. He would later become one of the most significant modern Greek poets, known for his modernist style and contributions to Greek literature. Seferis was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1963 and played a crucial role in 20th-century Greek cultural and literary development.
20 Feb Death of Chief Washakie, Legendary Shoshone Leader: Chief Washakie, a prominent Native American leader who guided the Shoshone tribe for nearly eight decades, passed away at the age of 97 at his home. Known for his diplomatic skills and strategic leadership, Washakie was a significant figure in Native American history during a tumultuous period of westward expansion and conflict between Indigenous peoples and European settlers. He was renowned for his ability to negotiate and maintain relative peace for his people during challenging times.
21 Feb Establishment of the Davis Cup Tennis Trophy: Dwight F. Davis, president of the United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA), officially announced the creation of an international tennis championship trophy in Boston. Davis personally donated a prestigious silver bowl to be awarded to the winning nation, marking the inception of what would become one of the most significant international tennis competitions. The inaugural competition was set to take place in August between the United Kingdom and the United States, establishing a landmark moment in international tennis history.
22 Feb Hawaii Becomes US Territory: Hawaii was officially annexed by the United States, becoming a U.S. territory. This marked a significant moment in American expansionism and had profound implications for Hawaiian sovereignty and culture.
23 Feb British First Attempt at Hart's Hill: During the Battle of the Tugela Heights in the Second Boer War, the British made their initial unsuccessful attempt to capture Hart's Hill, demonstrating the challenging nature of the military campaign and the resistance of Boer forces.
24 Feb Uneventful Day in History: On February 24, 1900, no significant historical events were recorded. This day appears to have been relatively quiet in terms of global or local historical developments. While not every day marks a momentous occasion, such periods of apparent calm are also part of the broader historical narrative.
25 Feb Deadly Warehouse Fire in Saint-Ouen, Paris Suburb: On February 25, 1900, a catastrophic fire erupted in a warehouse block in the Paris suburb of Saint-Ouen, resulting in a tragic incident that claimed six lives and injured over 150 bystanders. The large-scale blaze drew significant crowds of onlookers, many of whom were hurt during the chaotic scene, highlighting the dangerous nature of public emergency situations in early 20th-century urban environments.
26 Feb German Naval Strategy Meeting with Kaiser Wilhelm: Rear Admiral Otto von Diederichs conducted a strategic meeting with Kaiser Wilhelm II to discuss and outline preliminary contingency plans for a potential military conflict with the United States. This meeting represented an early stage of German military strategic planning in the context of emerging global tensions at the turn of the 20th century.
27 Feb Formation of the Labour Representation Committee: On February 27, 1900, a pivotal moment in British political history occurred when 120 delegates gathered at the Congregational Memorial Hall on Farringdon Road in London to establish the Labour Representation Committee, which would later evolve into the modern British Labour Party. This meeting marked a significant milestone in the organized labor movement, bringing together trade unionists, socialists, and working-class political activists to create a formal political representation for workers' interests.
28 Feb Relief of Ladysmith During Second Boer War: General Buller's British troops successfully lifted the siege of Ladysmith, breaking through Boer lines in a significant military operation during the Second Boer War, marking a crucial turning point in the conflict.
01 Mar German Colonization of Samoa: On March 1st, 1900, Samoa officially became a German colony in a formal ceremony where the German flag was raised in Apia, the capital. Wilhelm Solf was appointed as the first colonial governor, marking a significant moment in the colonial expansion of the German Empire. In a notable diplomatic move, two local chiefs, Mata'afa and Tamasese, who had previously been on opposing sides during the German occupation, reconciled. Mata'afa was designated as the paramount chief of western Samoa, while Kaiser Wilhelm II was symbolically named the Paramount King, establishing a clear hierarchical colonial structure.
02 Mar Search for Australia's Federal Capital Location: Government officials began comprehensive inspections of towns across Australia to identify a suitable site for establishing the new Federal capital. This was a critical step in the nation's development, aimed at finding a location that would serve as the administrative center of the newly federated country.
03 Mar US Steel Corporation Established: The United States Steel Corporation was officially organized, marking a significant milestone in American industrial consolidation and corporate history. This event represented one of the largest corporate mergers of its time, bringing together multiple steel companies under a single corporate entity.
04 Mar First Railway Service in Nigeria: The first railway service in Nigeria was inaugurated with the opening of a line connecting Lagos and Ibadan, marking a significant milestone in the country's transportation infrastructure and colonial development.
05 Mar Deadly Coal Mine Explosion in West Virginia: A catastrophic coal mine explosion in West Virginia resulted in the tragic death of 50 miners, underscoring the dangerous working conditions in the mining industry during the early 1900s.
06 Mar United States Senate Passes Gold Standard Act: On March 6, 1900, the United States Senate voted 44 to 28 to pass the Gold Standard Act, a pivotal piece of financial legislation that officially established gold as the standard monetary basis for the United States currency. This act was crucial in stabilizing the nation's monetary policy and providing a consistent framework for economic transactions.
07 Mar First Wireless Ship-to-Shore Communication: The German liner SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse becomes the first ship to successfully send wireless signals to shore, marking a revolutionary moment in maritime communication technology.
08 Mar Queen Victoria's London Visit: Londoners enthusiastically celebrate as Queen Victoria makes a rare public appearance in the city. Her visit generates significant public excitement and demonstrates the monarch's continued importance in British society.
09 Mar Howard Aiken: Computing Pioneer Born: Howard Aiken was born, a pioneering American computer scientist and mathematician who would later play a crucial role in developing early computing technologies. Aiken is best known for his work on the Harvard Mark I computer, a groundbreaking electromechanical computer that significantly advanced computational capabilities in the early 20th century.
10 Mar Uganda Treaty with British Empire: The regents for the King of Uganda and leading chiefs signed a comprehensive treaty with Great Britain, formally establishing British protectorate governance. The agreement outlined critical administrative frameworks including government organization, taxation systems, judicial processes, and military structures, effectively solidifying British colonial control over the region.
11 Mar Fall of Bloemfontein during Second Boer War: General John French delivered an ultimatum to the leaders of the Orange Free State, giving them 11 hours to surrender. Having advanced within five miles of Bloemfontein, the capital, French's invasion force prompted President Martinus Theunis Steyn to flee. The city's leaders surrendered the following morning, effectively ending the Orange Free State's independence and marking a significant moment in the British colonial expansion.
12 Mar Surrender of Orange Free State during Second Boer War: During the Second Boer War, President Martinus Theunis Steyn of the Orange Free State fled from Bloemfontein as British forces, led by General John French, approached the capital. French gave the Boer leaders an 11-hour ultimatum to surrender, effectively marking the end of the Orange Free State's independence.
13 Mar Birth of Giorgos Seferis, Greek Poet: Giorgos Seferis, a renowned Greek poet and Nobel Prize in Literature laureate, was born. He would become one of the most important Greek poets of the 20th century, significantly contributing to modern Greek literature.
14 Mar Gold Standard Act Passed: The United States Congress passes the Gold Standard Act, a significant monetary policy legislation that standardizes the nation's currency and establishes gold as the primary basis of economic value.
15 Mar United States Adopts Gold Standard: The Gold Standard Act was officially ratified, establishing a formal monetary policy that directly linked the United States currency to gold. This landmark legislation standardized the nation's monetary system, providing economic stability and predictability for financial transactions and international trade.
16 Mar U.S. Naval Preparedness in China: United States Secretary of the Navy John Davis Long issued instructions to the naval base at Cavite, Philippines, to prepare a warship for deployment to Taku, China. The mission was to protect American missionaries in Tianjin, reflecting the geopolitical tensions and diplomatic challenges of the era.
17 Mar American Colonial Expansion in the Philippines: Bohol Occupation: American military forces, specifically the 44th Infantry Battalion under the command of Major Henry Hale, arrived in Tagbilaran and established control over the island of Bohol during the Philippine-American War, marking another step in the United States' colonial territorial expansion in the Pacific.
18 Mar AFC Ajax Football Club Founded: AFC Ajax, one of the most prestigious and successful football clubs in the Netherlands and Europe, was officially established in Amsterdam. The club would go on to become a powerhouse in European football, known for its innovative 'Total Football' philosophy and exceptional youth academy.
19 Mar Birth of Frédéric Joliot-Curie: Frédéric Joliot, a renowned French physicist, was born on this day. He would later become a Nobel Prize laureate in Chemistry, known for his groundbreaking work in nuclear physics and radioactivity. Together with his wife Irène Joliot-Curie, he conducted significant research that advanced scientific understanding of atomic structures and radioactive elements.
20 Mar Tesla's Groundbreaking Wireless Power Transmission Patent: On March 20, 1900, Nikola Tesla was granted patent No. 645,576 for his pioneering work in wireless transmission of electric power. This patent was the first in a series of revolutionary designs that would lay the groundwork for modern wireless energy transfer technologies. Tesla's visionary concept challenged contemporary understanding of electrical engineering, proposing a method to transmit electricity without physical wires—a concept that was far ahead of its time and would inspire future technological innovations.
22 Mar Anne Rainsford French: Pioneering Female Steam Engineer: In a groundbreaking moment for women in engineering, Anne Rainsford French was awarded a Steam Engineer's License (Locomobile Class) by the City of Washington, D.C. This achievement was particularly significant during an era when professional technical fields were overwhelmingly male-dominated. Her license demonstrated her technical expertise and challenged the gender barriers of early 20th-century professional environments.
23 Mar Archaeological Discovery of Knossos Palace: British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans commenced systematic excavations of the legendary Minoan palace complex at Knossos, Crete. This groundbreaking archaeological project would ultimately reveal one of the most significant Bronze Age archaeological sites in Europe, providing unprecedented insights into the advanced Minoan civilization that flourished between 2700-1450 BCE. Evans' meticulous work would uncover intricate frescoes, complex architectural structures, and artifacts that dramatically expanded scholarly understanding of prehistoric Aegean culture.
24 Mar Carnegie Steel Company Establishment: Andrew Carnegie formally established the Carnegie Steel Company in New Jersey, with an unprecedented capitalization of $160 million, which represented the largest corporate capitalization of its time and signaled the emerging power of industrial consolidation in the late 19th century.
25 Mar Formation of the US Socialist Party: On March 25, 1900, the United States Socialist Party was officially established in Indianapolis, Indiana. This marked a significant moment in American political history, representing the formal organization of socialist political ideology in the United States. The party aimed to promote workers' rights, economic equality, and social justice through democratic political processes.
26 Mar Archaeological Discovery at Knossos: Archaeologist Arthur Evans led excavations at the ancient Minoan site of Knossos in Greece, uncovering significant figurines that provided unprecedented insights into the human representations of the Minoan civilization. These artifacts offered scholars a rare glimpse into the artistic and cultural practices of this advanced Bronze Age society.
27 Mar British Parliament Approves Substantial War Loan for Boer War: The London Parliament passed the War Loan Act, authorizing a substantial loan of 35 million pounds to support military operations in the Boer War in South Africa. This significant financial commitment underscored the British Empire's determination to maintain control in the region.
28 Mar Sydney Bubonic Plague Waste Removal: In a significant public health response, over 1,000 tonnes of waste were systematically removed from demolished buildings in Sydney, Australia, as part of efforts to control and mitigate a bubonic plague outbreak. This extensive sanitation operation was crucial in preventing further spread of the disease and represented an early example of urban disease management strategies.
29 Mar Delagoa Bay Railroad Arbitration Tribunal Decision: In a landmark international arbitration proceeding held in Bern, Switzerland, a tribunal addressed complex legal claims surrounding the Delagoa Bay Railroad. The tribunal ruled that Portugal must compensate a German construction company for railroad infrastructure development, marking a significant moment in late 19th-century international commercial dispute resolution. This case highlighted the emerging importance of international arbitration in resolving cross-border economic conflicts and establishing precedents for fair compensation in infrastructure projects.
30 Mar Linear B Script Discovery in Knossos: Archaeologists working in Knossos, Crete, made a groundbreaking discovery by unearthing the first clay tablet featuring hieroglyphic writing in what would later be identified as the Linear B script, providing crucial insights into ancient Minoan and Mycenaean communication.
31 Mar Boer War Military Engagement: Brigadier-General Broadwood's troops are captured by Boer guerrilla forces during the Second Boer War, highlighting the challenging military conditions of the conflict.
01 Apr First Edition of Dutch Newspaper: The first edition of the Dutch newspaper 'The People' was published, marking a new voice in Dutch media and public discourse at the turn of the 20th century.
02 Apr Foraker Act Grants Limited Self-Rule to Puerto Rico: The United States Congress passed the Foraker Act, providing Puerto Rico with a limited form of self-governance following the Spanish-American War. This legislation established a civil government for the island, marking an important moment in Puerto Rico's political relationship with the United States.
03 Apr Birth of Camille Chamoun, Lebanese President: Camille Chamoun was a prominent Lebanese lawyer and politician who was born on April 3, 1900, in Lebanon. He would later become the 7th President of Lebanon, playing a significant role in the country's political landscape during the mid-20th century. Chamoun was known for his leadership during a critical period of Lebanese history, navigating complex political challenges and contributing to the nation's development.
04 Apr Foraker Act Passes US Senate: The United States Senate passed the Foraker Act with a vote of 49-31, a crucial legislative measure that established the governmental framework for Puerto Rico following the Spanish-American War, signaling the expansion of U.S. territorial governance.
05 Apr Archaeological Discovery of Linear B Tablets in Knossos: Archaeologists in Knossos, Crete, made a significant archaeological breakthrough by discovering a large cache of clay tablets inscribed with Linear B script. These tablets represent an important linguistic and historical artifact, providing insights into the ancient Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations.
06 Apr James J. Jeffries Wins Heavyweight Boxing Title: James J. Jeffries successfully defended his heavyweight boxing championship by knocking out Jack Finnegan in a remarkably short one-round bout, demonstrating his dominant fighting prowess.
07 Apr US Naval Presence Reinforced in China: The gunboat USS Wheeling arrived at Taku Forts, strengthening the American military presence in China during a period of increasing international tensions and colonial interventions in the region.
08 Apr Seventeenth Amendment Ratified: Direct Election of Senators: The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was officially ratified, fundamentally transforming the method of selecting United States Senators. Prior to this amendment, senators were typically chosen by state legislatures, which often led to political corruption and backroom deals. The new amendment mandated that senators would be directly elected by popular vote of the state's citizens, significantly enhancing democratic representation and reducing the influence of political machines.
09 Apr Discovery of Gamma Ray Radiation by Paul Ulrich Villard: In a groundbreaking scientific presentation at the Académie des Sciences in Paris, physicist Paul Ulrich Villard introduced the world to gamma ray radiation. His paper, titled 'Sur la reflexion et la refraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons deviables du radium', detailed the properties of these powerful electromagnetic waves that could penetrate through various shielding materials. This discovery was crucial in understanding the nature of radioactivity and would later have profound implications for physics, medicine, and nuclear science.
10 Apr British Defeat in Second Boer War: During the Second Boer War, British forces suffered a significant military setback near Brandfort, South Africa. In a fierce engagement, approximately 600 British troops were killed or wounded, with an additional 800 soldiers captured by Boer forces. This battle highlighted the tactical prowess of the Boer commandos and the challenges faced by the British imperial army in the challenging terrain of the South African veldt.
11 Apr US Navy Purchases First Submarine: The United States Navy made a groundbreaking technological acquisition by purchasing the USS Holland submarine for $150,000. This pioneering vessel was 50 feet long, could accommodate a crew of six, and featured innovative electric battery propulsion for underwater navigation. The submarine was officially commissioned on October 12, marking a significant milestone in naval military technology.
12 Apr Foraker Act Establishes Puerto Rico's Governance: President William McKinley signed the Foraker Act into law, providing Puerto Rico with a limited form of self-governance. This legislation established a civil government for the island, creating a structure where Puerto Rico would be governed by a U.S.-appointed governor and a partially elected legislative assembly, marking a significant moment in the island's political relationship with the United States.
13 Apr Discovery of the Antikythera Mechanism: On April 13, 1900, Elias Stadiatos, a Greek sponge diver, discovered the remarkable Antikythera mechanism while exploring a shipwreck off the coast of the Greek island Antikythera. This extraordinary archaeological find is considered the world's first known analog computer, an intricate bronze device used for calculating astronomical positions, predicting celestial events, and tracking complex astronomical cycles. Dating back to approximately 100-150 BCE, the mechanism demonstrated an unprecedented level of technological sophistication for its time, challenging previous assumptions about ancient Greek scientific and mechanical capabilities.
14 Apr Paris World Exhibition Opens: The Paris World Exhibition commenced, a grand international event that celebrated technological innovation, cultural exchange, and global achievements of the era.
15 Apr Discovery of the Antikythera Mechanism: Elias Stadiatos, a sponge fisherman, discovered the Antikythera mechanism near Easter. This ancient analog computer, used for calculating astronomical positions, is considered one of the most sophisticated technological artifacts from ancient Greece.
16 Apr First US Postage Stamp Book Issued: The United States Post Office Department introduced the first book of postage stamps, marking a significant milestone in postal communication and convenience. This innovation allowed citizens to purchase multiple stamps in a compact, organized format, simplifying the process of mailing letters and packages.
17 Apr American Samoa Cession to the United States: On April 17, 1900, seven high chiefs of American Samoa formally signed the Instrument of Cession, officially transferring sovereignty of the islands to the United States. This historic document marked a significant moment in the colonial expansion of the United States in the Pacific region.
18 Apr San Francisco Earthquake of 1906: On April 18, 1906, a catastrophic earthquake struck San Francisco at 5:13 a.m., triggering a massive urban disaster. The initial seismic event was followed by devastating fires caused by overturned wood stoves and ruptured gas pipes. These uncontrollable fires raged for three consecutive days, ultimately destroying over 10,000 acres of urban property and claiming approximately 4,000 lives. The earthquake and subsequent fires became one of the most destructive natural disasters in United States history, fundamentally reshaping San Francisco's urban landscape and disaster preparedness strategies.
19 Apr First Anti-Japanese Meeting in the United States: The first organized anti-Japanese meeting in the United States was held in Seattle, reflecting the growing racial tensions and xenophobic sentiments of the early 20th century.
20 Apr Joseph Wheeler Resigns from Congress: On April 20, 1900, Joseph Wheeler resigned from his position as Congressman representing Alabama's 8th congressional district. Wheeler, a notable former Confederate cavalry general who later served in the U.S. Congress, was a significant political figure during the post-Reconstruction era.
21 Apr Uneventful Day in Global History: On April 21, 1900, no significant historical events were recorded. This day appears to have been relatively quiet across global political, social, and cultural landscapes, representing a typical day during the transition from the 19th to the 20th century.
22 Apr Battle of Kousséri: French Colonial Conquest in Chad: On April 22, 1900, a pivotal military engagement known as the Battle of Kousséri took place in Chad, marking a significant moment in French colonial expansion in Central Africa. French colonial forces, led by military commanders, decisively defeated the powerful regional warlord Rabih az-Zubayr, who had been a formidable resistance leader against European colonial incursions. The battle resulted in the death of Rabih az-Zubayr and effectively secured French territorial control over the Chad region, fundamentally altering the political landscape of Central Africa.
23 Apr Thailand Abolishes Serfdom: King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) issued a landmark royal decree abolishing serfdom in Thailand, a significant social reform that dramatically transformed the country's social structure and marked a progressive step towards modernization and human rights.
24 Apr First Cross-Country Automobile Journey: Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Murdock made history by becoming the first individuals to travel across the United States in an automobile, marking a significant milestone in early automotive transportation and exploration.
25 Apr Lord Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb Becomes Liberal Member of Parliament: Lord Hubert Miles Gladwyn Jebb was elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Liberal Party, marking a significant moment in his political career. As a prominent political figure, Jebb would go on to play important roles in British governance during the early 20th century.
26 Apr Hull-Ottawa Devastating Fire: A catastrophic fire sweeps through the Canadian cities of Hull and Ottawa, resulting in seven fatalities and leaving approximately 15,000 residents homeless. The rapid and destructive nature of the blaze causes massive urban destruction.
27 Apr Birth of Walter Lantz, Pioneering Animator: Walter Lantz was born in New Rochelle, New York, USA, marking the arrival of a significant figure in animation history. Throughout his career, he would become a renowned animator and creator of beloved cartoon characters that would entertain generations, including Andy Panda, Chilly Willy, Buzz Buzzard, Wally Walrus, and the iconic Woody Woodpecker. His contributions to the animation industry helped shape the landscape of animated entertainment in the 20th century.
28 Apr Uneventful Day in History: While no major historical events were recorded on this specific date, April 28, 1900 represents a typical day during the transition from the 19th to the 20th century. This period was characterized by significant global transformations, including technological advancements, imperial expansions, and emerging social movements.
29 Apr Tragic Bridge Collapse at Paris World Exposition: On April 29, 1900, a devastating accident occurred during the Paris World Exposition when a bridge undergoing repairs suddenly collapsed, resulting in nine fatalities and forty injuries. The incident highlighted the critical importance of construction safety and engineering standards during the rapidly industrializing early 20th century. The World Exposition, which was meant to showcase human progress and technological innovation, was marred by this tragic event that drew significant public attention to infrastructure safety protocols.
30 Apr United States Annexes Hawaii: The United States officially annexes the Hawaiian Islands, marking a significant expansion of American territorial control in the Pacific. This annexation follows years of political and economic influence by American interests in the region, transforming Hawaii from an independent kingdom to a U.S. territory.
01 May Scofield Mine Disaster in Utah: A catastrophic underground explosion occurred in the Winter Quarters No. 4 mine in Scofield, Utah, resulting in the tragic death of over 200 miners. This devastating incident was the fifth-worst mining accident in United States history at the time, highlighting the dangerous working conditions in coal mines during the early 20th century.
02 May Siege of Mafeking Ends: After an extraordinary 217-day siege, Colonel Robert Baden-Powell successfully breaks the Boer forces' blockade of the British garrison at Mafeking, marking a significant turning point in the Second Boer War and demonstrating remarkable military resilience.
03 May 26th Kentucky Derby Won by Jimmy Boland: On May 3, 1900, the 26th Kentucky Derby was held at Churchill Downs, with jockey Jimmy Boland riding Lieut Gibson to victory. The horse completed the race in an impressive time of 2 minutes and 6.25 seconds, marking a notable moment in early 20th-century horse racing history.
04 May US Senate Ratifies Geneva Conventions Naval Amendment: The United States Senate formally ratified the 1899 amendment to the Geneva Conventions, specifically extending international humanitarian law protections to naval warfare. This legislative action represented a significant step in codifying international rules of engagement and humanitarian standards during armed conflicts.
05 May Pacific Islands Company Leases Ocean Island from Banaban Chiefs: Albert Ellis, representing the Pacific Islands Company, signed a significant lease agreement with the chiefs of the Banaban people for Ocean Island (now part of Kiribati). This transaction marked an important moment in colonial-era resource acquisition and territorial negotiations in the Pacific region, with potential long-term implications for indigenous land rights and phosphate mining.
06 May Crown Prince Wilhelm's 18th Birthday Celebrations in Berlin: On May 6, 1900, Crown Prince Wilhelm of Germany marked his coming of age with an elaborate ceremonial celebration at the Royal Chapel in Berlin. As the heir to the German Imperial throne, the event was a significant moment in the Hohenzollern royal family's calendar, symbolizing Wilhelm's transition from youth to potential future monarch. The ceremony would have been attended by high-ranking military officials, aristocratic families, and diplomatic representatives, reflecting the importance of royal succession during the late German Imperial period.
07 May Anti-Asian Rhetoric by San Francisco Mayor: San Francisco Mayor James D. Phelan delivered a deeply discriminatory speech at Union Square, explicitly denouncing Chinese and Japanese residents as non-citizens. His inflammatory remarks reflected the pervasive xenophobic and racist sentiments prevalent in early 20th-century California, contributing to the systemic marginalization of Asian immigrants.
08 May Galveston Hurricane of 1900: A devastating hurricane struck Galveston, Texas, causing massive destruction and loss of life. This catastrophic event is considered the deadliest natural disaster in United States history, with approximately 6,000 people killed.
09 May St. Louis Streetcar Workers Strike: A major labor dispute erupted in St. Louis when approximately three thousand streetcar workers, organized by the Amalgamated Street Railway Employees of America, initiated a citywide strike. This labor action highlighted the growing tensions between workers and transit companies during the early industrial era, demanding better working conditions, wages, and labor rights.
11 May Heavyweight Boxing Championship: Jeffries Defeats Corbett: In a dramatic heavyweight boxing match, James J. Jeffries defeated James J. Corbett in the 23rd round, knocking out the former champion with a powerful right to the jaw. This fight marked a significant moment in early 20th-century boxing history, with Jeffries solidifying his position as the reigning heavyweight champion.
12 May British Forces Occupy Crown City During Second Boer War: Lord Roberts' British troops successfully occupied Crown city as part of the ongoing military campaign in the Second Boer War, marking a strategic territorial advancement.
13 May Boer War Conflict: Sarel Eloff's Attack: On May 13, 1900, during the Second Boer War, Boer commander Sarel Eloff led a significant military engagement resulting in approximately 70 casualties. This attack was part of the broader conflict between British colonial forces and Boer resistance fighters in South Africa, highlighting the intense guerrilla warfare tactics employed during this period.
14 May Second Boer War Concludes with Boer Surrender: The Second Boer War reaches its conclusion with the surrender of Boer forces in Pretoria, South Africa. This conflict between the British Empire and the Boer states of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State significantly reshaped the political landscape of southern Africa.
15 May William A. Clark Senate Resignation Controversy: William A. Clark, a controversial Montana senator, resigned from the United States Senate amid potential expulsion proceedings. Clark was known for his significant wealth and alleged corruption in obtaining his Senate seat, which led to intense political scrutiny and debate within the Senate chamber.
17 May Birth of Ruhollah Khomeini: Ruhollah Khomeini was born, a prominent Iranian Muslim cleric who would later become a pivotal revolutionary leader and the Supreme Leader of Iran from 1979 to 1989. His political and religious ideology profoundly transformed Iran's political landscape and had significant global implications.
18 May Reuters Announces Mafeking Victory: On May 18, 1900, the Reuters news agency dramatically broke the news of the British victory at Mafeking, South Africa, at precisely 9:17 p.m. in London. The announcement triggered widespread public celebrations throughout Britain, marking a significant moment in the Second Boer War.
19 May First International Wildlife Conservation Treaty: European colonial powers signed the Convention for the Preservation of Wild Animals, Birds and Fish in Africa in London, marking a pioneering international agreement for wildlife conservation. This landmark treaty represented an early global effort to protect endangered species and ecosystems.
20 May II Olympic Games in Paris: The Games of the II Olympiad are held in Paris, France, from May 20 to October 28, marking a significant milestone in the modern Olympic movement. These games were part of the World's Fair (Exposition Universelle) and represented an important moment in international sports history.
21 May Scofield Coal Mine Disaster: A catastrophic explosion at the Pleasant Valley Coal Company near Scofield, Utah, resulted in the deaths of 246 coal miners due to carbon monoxide poisoning. The tragic incident occurred at 10:28 pm, highlighting the dangerous working conditions in early 20th-century mining operations.
22 May Associated Press Establishes Non-Profit News Cooperative: The Associated Press (AP) was formally organized in New York City as a non-profit news cooperative, marking a significant milestone in the development of modern journalism and news distribution. This cooperative model would revolutionize how news was gathered, shared, and disseminated across the United States and eventually globally.
23 May First African American Medal of Honor Recipient: Sergeant William Harvey Carney of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment is awarded the Medal of Honor for his extraordinary heroism during the Assault on Battery Wagner in 1863. His courageous actions during the Civil War, where he prevented the American flag from touching the ground despite being severely wounded, represent a pivotal moment in recognizing African American military contributions.
24 May Queen Victoria's Final Birthday Celebration: Queen Victoria celebrated her 81st birthday, which would be the last birthday celebration of her life, marking a poignant moment in British royal history before her death in 1901.
25 May Eyre Massey Shaw: Oldest Olympic Gold Medalist: Eyre Massey Shaw, a retired London fire master, made Olympic history by potentially becoming the oldest gold medalist in the sailing competition at the 1900 Paris Olympics. His achievement is notable but historically contested, with some sources disputing the exact details of his victory.
26 May Battle of Palonegro in Colombian Civil War: A pivotal engagement in the Thousand Days' War where Colombian Conservative Party forces, commanded by General Próspero Pinzón, decisively defeated Colombian Liberal Party troops led by Gabriel Vargas Santos. The battle resulted in approximately 2,500 casualties and significantly shifted the war's momentum in favor of the Conservative forces.
27 May Paul Kruger Flees Pretoria: Paul Kruger, the President of the Boer Republic of South Africa, was forced to flee the capital city of Pretoria to escape the advancing British forces during the Second Boer War. This event symbolized the imminent collapse of Boer resistance against British colonial expansion.
28 May British Annexation of Orange Free State: On May 28, 1900, Britain formally annexed the Orange Free State, transforming it into the Orange River Colony during the Second Boer War. This territorial acquisition marked a significant moment in British colonial expansion in South Africa, effectively ending the independent Boer republic's sovereignty.
29 May Founding of N'Djamena: French commander Emile Gentil establishes Fort-Lamy, which would later become N'Djamena, the capital city of Chad, during the period of French colonial expansion in Africa.
30 May British Capture of Johannesburg During Second Boer War: During the Second Boer War, Lord Roberts negotiated the surrender of Johannesburg with Governor Fritz Krause. Roberts agreed to delay his entry into the city by 24 hours to minimize potential conflict, allowing time for armed Boer fighters to evacuate. On the morning of 31 May 1900, Roberts and the British army entered Johannesburg, symbolically replacing the South African flag with the Union Jack at the courthouse, marking a significant moment in the British colonial campaign in South Africa.
31 May International Forces Enter Beijing: A multinational peacekeeping force of 337 men from the United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, and Russia enter Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion. U.S. Marine Captain John T. Myers noted the tense, silent atmosphere during their entry.
01 Jun United States Census of 1900: The United States Census Bureau conducts its decennial population count, revealing a total population of 76,212,168, representing a substantial 21% increase from the 1890 census and reflecting the nation's rapid demographic growth during the late 19th century.
02 Jun German Navy Expansion Approved: The German Reichstag voted 201–103 to approve a significant expansion of the Imperial German Navy, effectively doubling the number of ships from 48 to 96. This decision reflected Germany's growing naval ambitions and increasing military preparedness in the early 20th century, which would later contribute to tensions leading to World War I.
03 Jun Boxer Rebellion: Railroad Between Beijing and Tianjin Disrupted: Boxer rebels cut the railroad line connecting Beijing and Tianjin, escalating tensions during the Boxer Rebellion. This act of sabotage was part of a broader anti-foreign and anti-colonial movement in China, symbolizing the resistance against Western imperial influence and technological infrastructure.
04 Jun Discovery of Asteroid 456 Abnoba: German astronomers Max Wolf and Arnold Schwassmann discovered asteroid 456 Abnoba during their systematic survey of the night sky. This asteroid is part of the main asteroid belt located between Mars and Jupiter, contributing to our understanding of solar system formation and composition.
05 Jun British Capture of Pretoria during Second Boer War: On June 5, 1900, British forces successfully captured Pretoria, the capital of the Transvaal Republic, during the Second Boer War. This significant military achievement marked a crucial turning point in the conflict between British imperial forces and the Boer republics of South Africa. The capture of Pretoria represented a major strategic victory for the British, effectively undermining the Boer resistance and demonstrating the overwhelming military superiority of the British Empire.
06 Jun Alaska Territorial Government Established: The United States Congress enacted a comprehensive civil and judicial code for Alaska, setting the capital at Juneau and creating a structured territorial government. This legislation marked a significant step in Alaska's administrative development and integration into the United States prior to its statehood.
07 Jun Establishment of American Red Cross and Alaska Territorial Government: On this significant day, U.S. President William McKinley signed the federal charter for the American Red Cross, establishing a crucial humanitarian organization. Simultaneously, the United States Congress enacted a comprehensive civil and judicial code for Alaska, designating Juneau as the territorial capital and creating a structured territorial government.
08 Jun Significant Day in International Relations and Humanitarian Efforts: U.S. President William McKinley signed the federal charter for the American Red Cross, establishing a critical humanitarian organization. Meanwhile, international tensions were high in China, with Allied forces rescuing foreigners in Tianjin during the Boxer Rebellion. An unfortunate cultural loss occurred with the destruction of an ancient Chinese library by fire.
09 Jun Eight-Nation Alliance Begins Invasion of China: At 3:25 PM on June 9, 1900, ships from the Eight-Nation Alliance commenced bombardment of the Taku Forts in China, initiating a significant military intervention during the Boxer Rebellion. This marked the beginning of a complex international military operation against Chinese resistance.
10 Jun Multinational Force Deploys to Beijing During Boxer Rebellion: In response to the escalating Boxer Rebellion, a multinational military force comprising over 2,000 troops from seven countries—the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Japan—initiated a strategic deployment to Beijing. The troops originally traveled by train from Tianjin, but were forced to halt at Langfang due to significant rail infrastructure damage. This interruption required the multinational force to complete the remaining 110-mile (180 km) journey on foot, highlighting the challenging conditions and logistical complexities of the military intervention. The Boxer Rebellion represented a critical moment of international tension in China, where foreign powers collaborated to suppress an anti-colonial and anti-Christian indigenous uprising that threatened diplomatic and commercial interests in the region.
11 Jun McKinley Establishes American Red Cross Federal Charter: On June 11, 1900, U.S. President William McKinley signed the federal charter for the American Red Cross, formally recognizing and supporting the organization's humanitarian mission. This landmark legislation provided official government backing to the humanitarian organization, enabling it to expand its critical disaster relief and medical support services.
12 Jun German Navy Law Approved by Reichstag: On June 12, 1900, the Reichstag voted 201-103 to approve a significant expansion of the Imperial German Navy, effectively doubling the number of naval vessels from 48 to 96. This legislative decision marked a pivotal moment in Germany's naval buildup and imperial ambitions, reflecting the growing maritime power and strategic intentions of the German Empire in the early 20th century.
13 Jun Boxer Rebellion in China: The Boxer Rebellion was a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901. This significant anti-imperialist movement was led by the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (known as 'Boxers' by Westerners), who sought to expel foreign influences from China and overthrow the Qing Dynasty's pro-foreign government.
14 Jun Hawaii Becomes a U.S. Territory: The Republic of Hawaii formally came to an end with the 'Act to Provide a Government for the Territory of Hawaii' taking effect. Sanford B. Dole became the first territorial Governor. All citizens of the Republic as of August 12, 1898, automatically became U.S. citizens, marking a significant transition in Hawaii's political status.
15 Jun Uneventful Day in Global History: While no specific significant historical events were recorded for June 15, 1900, this date falls during a period of significant global transitions. The turn of the 20th century was marked by rapid industrialization, colonial expansions, and emerging technological innovations. The world was on the cusp of major geopolitical shifts, including the waning years of European imperial dominance and the rise of new global powers.
16 Jun Opening of the Elbe–Lübeck Canal: On June 16, 1900, Kaiser Wilhelm II officially inaugurated the Elbe–Lübeck Canal, a significant transportation infrastructure project spanning 41 miles (66 kilometers) and connecting the Elbe River with the city of Lübeck. This waterway was crucial for improving maritime trade and transportation in northern Germany, facilitating easier movement of goods between inland regions and the Baltic Sea.
17 Jun Boxer Rebellion: Capture of Taku Forts: During the Boxer Rebellion, Western Allied and Japanese forces launched a significant military operation by capturing the strategically important Taku Forts in Tianjin, China. At precisely 3:25 pm, naval ships from the Eight-Nation Alliance commenced a bombardment of the forts, marking the beginning of a critical invasion that would have far-reaching consequences for China's geopolitical landscape.
18 Jun Italian Political Leadership Change: General Luigi Pelloux resigns from his position as Premier of Italy, marking a significant transition in the country's political leadership at the turn of the 20th century.
19 Jun Boxer Rebellion Ultimatum in Beijing: On June 19, 1900, the Righteous Fists of Harmony (Boxer Rebellion) group delivered a critical ultimatum to foreign diplomats in Beijing, demanding they evacuate the city within 24 hours. This event marked a significant escalation of tensions during the Boxer Rebellion, a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China that challenged Western imperial influence.
20 Jun Boxer Rebellion: Violent Anti-Foreign Uprising in China: The Boxer Rebellion was a significant anti-foreign and anti-colonial uprising in China, where approximately 20,000 Boxer militants gathered near Beijing (Peking). During this violent event, they killed hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador, targeting foreign influences that were perceived as threatening traditional Chinese culture and sovereignty.
21 Jun Boxer Rebellion: China Declares War on Multiple Powers: On June 21, 1900, China formally declared war on the United States, Britain, Germany, France, and Japan, through an official edict issued by Empress Dowager Cixi. This declaration was a significant moment in the Boxer Rebellion, marking escalating international tensions in China.
22 Jun Uneventful Day in History: On June 22, 1900, no significant historical events were recorded. This was a relatively quiet day during the early years of the 20th century, with no major political, social, or scientific developments noted in historical archives.
23 Jun Allied Rescue Operation in Tianjin During Boxer Rebellion: During the Boxer Rebellion, a multinational Allied invasion force conducted a rescue mission in Tianjin. Led by Major Littleton Waller and a detachment of U.S. Marines, the operation also included German, British, Japanese, and Italian forces. Among those rescued was 26-year-old Herbert Hoover, who would later become the 31st President of the United States. Hoover, then working as an engineer, was caught in the conflict zone and saved by the international military intervention.
24 Jun Boxer Rebellion Atrocity in Wangla Village: On June 24, 1900, Boxer rebels launched a violent assault on the Wangla village in Hebei province, China. The attack targeted the local Catholic community, resulting in the destruction of the village's Catholic church and the systematic killing of all Christian residents. This brutal incident was part of the broader Boxer Rebellion, a violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian movement that sought to expel Western and Japanese influences from China.
25 Jun Establishment of the Yellow Fever Board: The Yellow Fever Board was established under the leadership of Dr. Walter Reed, bringing together a team of distinguished medical researchers including Dr. Jesse Lazear and Dr. James Carroll. This groundbreaking medical commission was formed to investigate and combat yellow fever, a deadly tropical disease that had been devastating military personnel and civilian populations in the United States and its territories, particularly during the Spanish-American War.
26 Jun Dr. Walter Reed's Yellow Fever Breakthrough: Dr. Walter Reed, a U.S. Army physician, begins groundbreaking research that would ultimately lead to understanding the transmission and prevention of Yellow Fever. His work with the Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba would prove that the disease was transmitted by mosquitoes, revolutionizing medical understanding and public health strategies.
27 Jun Franco-Spanish Colonial Boundary Agreement in West Africa: France and Spain formally established a definitive boundary between their respective West African colonial territories, specifically delineating the borders of Mauritania and the Spanish Sahara (Western Sahara). This diplomatic agreement, signed and ratified on June 27, 1900, represented a significant moment in the colonial partition of African territories during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
28 Jun British Capture of Pretoria during Second Boer War: On June 28, 1900, the city of Pretoria, capital of the Transvaal Republic, surrendered to British forces led by Field Marshal Lord Roberts during the Second Boer War. This significant military event marked a crucial turning point in the conflict between British imperial forces and Boer resistance, effectively dealing a major blow to Boer independence efforts.
29 Jun Birth of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry was a renowned French writer, poet, aristocrat, journalist, and pioneering aviator. Born in Lyon, France, he is best known for his novella 'The Little Prince' and his profound writings about aviation, including 'Wind, Sand and Stars'. His works often blended his experiences as a pilot with philosophical reflections on human nature, adventure, and life's deeper meanings.
30 Jun Devastating Hoboken Docks Fire: On June 30, 1900, a catastrophic fire erupted at the Hoboken Docks in New Jersey, destroying four German passenger liners owned by the North German Lloyd Steamship line. The blaze quickly spread across adjacent piers, engulfing nearby ships and resulting in a tragic loss of 326 lives. The incident was one of the most significant maritime disasters of the early 20th century, highlighting the severe fire risks in maritime transportation during that era.
01 Jul Galveston Hurricane of 1900: The Galveston Hurricane was one of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history. On September 8, 1900, a powerful Category 4 hurricane struck Galveston, Texas, causing catastrophic damage and resulting in an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 fatalities. The storm surge completely devastated the coastal city, destroying buildings, infrastructure, and dramatically altering the region's landscape and future development.
02 Jul First Zeppelin Airship Flight: Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin successfully launched the LZ-1, the world's first rigid airship, marking a groundbreaking moment in aviation history. The innovative design demonstrated the potential for powered, controlled flight using lighter-than-air technology, which would later revolutionize transportation and military strategies.
03 Jul Amnesty Granted to Filipino Insurgents During Philippine-American War: On July 3, 1900, the military governor of the Philippines issued a significant decree offering amnesty to Filipino insurgents who had been fighting against American colonial control. This strategic political move was designed to reduce armed resistance and facilitate the transition of power following the Spanish-American War. By providing an opportunity for insurgents to lay down their arms without facing immediate prosecution, the United States aimed to pacify the local population and establish more cooperative governance in the newly acquired territory.
04 Jul Tragic Tacoma Trolley Car Disaster on Independence Day: On July 4, 1900, a devastating trolley car accident occurred in Tacoma, Washington, marking one of the most catastrophic transportation incidents in the city's early history. An overcrowded streetcar, carrying well over its safe passenger capacity of 100 people, was en route to the downtown Independence Day Parade when it suddenly lost traction. The overloaded vehicle dramatically derailed, plummeting approximately 100 feet into a steep ravine. The accident resulted in 43 confirmed fatalities and numerous severe injuries, shocking the local community and highlighting the dangerous transportation conditions of the early 20th century.
05 Jul Australian Commonwealth Constitution Act Passed: The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act was passed by the British Parliament, marking a significant milestone in Australia's path to nationhood. This legislative act formally established the framework for Australia's system of government and its transition from separate British colonies to a unified nation.
06 Jul Hawaii Becomes U.S. Territory: On July 6, 1900, the United States Congress officially established Hawaii as an incorporated territory, marking a significant milestone in the expansion of U.S. territorial holdings in the Pacific. This legislative action followed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898 and formalized the islands' political status within the United States, setting the stage for eventual statehood in 1959.
07 Jul Kid Nichols Reaches 300 Career Victories: On July 7, 1900, legendary Boston Beaneaters pitcher Kid Nichols achieved a remarkable milestone by securing his 300th career Major League Baseball victory. In a dominant performance, Nichols led his team to an impressive 11-4 win against the Chicago Orphans, solidifying his status as one of the most accomplished pitchers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
08 Jul DUPE - Galveston Hurricane: The devastating Galveston Hurricane of September 8, 1900, was one of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history. The hurricane caused catastrophic damage, resulting in an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 fatalities. This tragic event highlighted the vulnerability of coastal communities and prompted significant improvements in hurricane preparedness and urban planning.
09 Jul Formation of the Commonwealth of Australia: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom grants royal assent to the Act of Federation, officially creating the Commonwealth of Australia and uniting the separate colonial territories under a single federal government structure. This pivotal moment marks the transition from individual British colonies to a unified nation with its own constitutional framework.
10 Jul Uneventful Day in 1900: While no major historical events were specifically documented for July 10, 1900, this date falls within an interesting period of global transition. The turn of the 20th century was marked by significant technological, political, and social transformations, including the Second Industrial Revolution, colonial expansions, and emerging global tensions that would eventually lead to World War I.
11 Jul First Woman Olympic Medalist: Charlotte Cooper makes history by becoming the first woman to win an Olympic medal at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris, a groundbreaking moment for women's participation in international sports.
12 Jul McKinley's Presidential Re-Nomination: On July 12, 1900, while vacationing in Canton, Ohio, U.S. President William McKinley was formally notified of his re-nomination. In his response speech, he notably avoided discussing the controversial issue of Trusts, showcasing his political acumen.
13 Jul First Governor-General of Australia Appointed: The Earl of Hopetoun, John Adrian Louis-Hope, was selected as the inaugural Governor-General of Australia. Having previously served as Governor of New South Wales from 1889 to 1895, he was chosen to represent the British Crown in the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia.
14 Jul First Modern Olympic Games Open in Athens: The inaugural modern Olympic Games commence in Athens, Greece, marking a historic revival of the ancient Greek athletic tradition. This landmark event, organized by Baron Pierre de Coubertin, brings together international athletes to compete in various sporting disciplines, symbolizing global unity and athletic excellence.
15 Jul Tchou-kia-ho Siege and Massacre: During the Boxer Rebellion, the village of Tchou-kia-ho (Zhujiahe) in Hebei Province was besieged by Boxers and Imperial soldiers. The walled village had been a sanctuary for approximately 3,000 Chinese Christians since May. After a three-day siege, the village was overrun, resulting in a devastating massacre. Notable defenders like Peter Zhu Rixing and Mary Zhu Wu would later be recognized for their courage, with some eventually canonized as martyrs.
16 Jul Vladimir Lenin Begins Exile in Munich: Following his return from Siberian exile, Vladimir Lenin departed Russia for Munich, Germany, initiating a five-year period of self-imposed international exile. This period was crucial for Lenin's political development, during which he continued to write revolutionary literature and organize Bolshevik networks across Europe.
17 Jul Mount Adatara Volcanic Disaster in Japan: On July 17, 1900, Mount Adatara, a volcano located in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan, erupted catastrophically, resulting in the tragic death of 72 workers who were excavating sulfur on the mountain's southwestern slope. The sudden and violent eruption highlights the dangerous conditions faced by workers in early 20th-century industrial mining operations in volcanic regions.
18 Jul Paris Métro Inaugural Line Opens: On July 18, 1900, Paris celebrated a significant milestone in urban transportation with the inauguration of its first underground subway line. The inaugural route stretched from Porte de Vincennes in the east to Porte Maillot in the west, marking the beginning of a revolutionary public transit system that would transform urban mobility in the French capital. This event was part of the broader modernization efforts during the Belle Époque period, coinciding with the 1900 Paris World Exposition, which showcased technological innovation and urban progress.
19 Jul Paris Métro Inaugural Line Opens: On July 19, 1900, during the World's Fair, the first line of the Paris Métro was officially inaugurated, marking a significant milestone in urban public transportation. This groundbreaking transit system would revolutionize urban mobility in Paris, connecting different parts of the city and setting a standard for metropolitan transportation worldwide.
20 Jul Paris Métro Inaugural Line Opens: On July 20, 1900, Paris celebrated a significant milestone in urban transportation with the inauguration of its first metropolitan subway line. Running an east-west route from Porte de Vincennes to Porte Maillot, this groundbreaking underground transit system marked the beginning of a revolutionary urban mobility network that would transform the city's infrastructure and daily life. The Paris Métro would soon become a model for public transportation systems worldwide, symbolizing the technological and urban planning innovations of the early 20th century.
21 Jul Martyrdom of Alberic Crescitelli in China: Alberic Crescitelli, an Italian Catholic missionary, was executed by Boxer rebels during the Boxer Rebellion in China. His martyrdom was a significant moment in the religious conflicts of the time. Later recognized for his sacrifice, Crescitelli was beatified as one of the Martyr Saints of China, symbolizing the challenges faced by Christian missionaries in late 19th-century China.
22 Jul Hawaii Becomes U.S. Incorporated Territory: On July 22, 1900, the United States Congress officially established Hawaii as an incorporated territory, marking a significant milestone in the expansion of American territorial control in the Pacific. This legislative action followed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898 and represented a crucial step in transforming the Hawaiian Islands from an independent kingdom to a formal part of the United States. The territorial status granted Hawaii a more structured governance framework and began the process of deeper political and cultural integration with the mainland United States.
23 Jul First Pan-African Congress in London: The Pan-African Congress convened in London, marking a significant milestone in the early Pan-African movement. This gathering brought together Black intellectuals and leaders from various parts of the world to discuss racial equality, colonial oppression, and the rights of African and African diaspora populations.
24 Jul New Orleans Race Riot of 1900: A violent racial conflict erupted in New Orleans, Louisiana, resulting in the killing of two white police officers. This incident was part of a broader pattern of racial tensions and violence in the post-Reconstruction era, highlighting the deep-seated racial animosities and systemic racism prevalent in the Southern United States at the turn of the 20th century.
25 Jul Robert Charles Riots in New Orleans: The Robert Charles Riots were a violent racial conflict that erupted in New Orleans, Louisiana, where white mobs systematically attacked African American residents following a series of confrontations between Robert Charles, a Black man, and local law enforcement. The riots represented a brutal manifestation of racial tensions and systemic racism in the post-Reconstruction era Southern United States, resulting in multiple deaths and widespread property destruction.
26 Jul Establishment of the Bureau of Investigation: On July 26, 1900, the United States Department of Justice formally established the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), which would later evolve into the renowned Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). This marked a significant milestone in the development of federal law enforcement capabilities in the United States. The BOI was initially created to investigate specific types of federal crimes and provide investigative support across different jurisdictions, laying the groundwork for modern federal criminal investigation techniques.
27 Jul Kaiser Wilhelm's Inflammatory 'Hun Speech' Before China Expedition: On July 27, 1900, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany delivered a provocative and historically significant speech at Bremerhaven as he was sending German troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion in China. In his notorious address, he urged German soldiers to act with such brutality that the mere mention of German power would strike fear into the hearts of their enemies for generations. His exact words encouraged troops to be as merciless as the Huns of antiquity, famously stating that no quarter should be given and that they should create such terror that the 'world will forever remember' their actions. This speech became a notorious example of imperial rhetoric and aggressive colonial mentality, significantly influencing international perceptions of German military conduct.
28 Jul Einstein Graduates from ETH Zürich: Albert Einstein successfully completed his diploma at the prestigious Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland. This academic milestone marked an important step in the young physicist's journey, setting the stage for his groundbreaking scientific contributions that would fundamentally reshape our understanding of physics and the universe.
29 Jul Assassination of King Umberto I of Italy: On July 29, 1900, King Umberto I of Italy was assassinated by Gaetano Bresci, an Italian-American anarchist, in Monza. The assassination was a politically motivated act driven by anarchist ideology and opposition to the monarchy's policies. Bresci targeted the king in retaliation for the brutal suppression of workers during riots in Milan in 1898.
30 Jul Uneventful Day in Global History: While no specific major historical events were recorded for July 30, 1900, this date falls within the broader context of the Second Industrial Revolution and the early years of the 20th century. During this period, significant technological, economic, and social transformations were occurring globally, particularly in Europe and the United States.
31 Jul Boer Generals Surrender in Brandwater Basin: During the Second Boer War, Boer Generals Prinsloo and Roux surrendered to British forces in the strategically significant Brandwater Basin region of South Africa. This surrender represented a critical moment in the British campaign to subdue Boer resistance and marked a substantial territorial and strategic victory for the British Empire.
02 Aug Sudden Death of President Warren G. Harding: On August 2, 1900, President Warren G. Harding unexpectedly passed away, creating a significant moment of political transition in the United States. His sudden death shocked the nation and led to Vice President Calvin Coolidge assuming the presidency.
03 Aug Birth of Ernie Pyle, Renowned War Correspondent: Ernie Pyle was born in Dana, Indiana, who would later become one of the most famous and respected war correspondents in American history. His vivid and empathetic reporting during World War II, particularly from the perspective of ordinary soldiers, earned him widespread acclaim and a Pulitzer Prize.
04 Aug Eight-Nation Alliance Marches on Beijing During Boxer Rebellion: During the Boxer Rebellion, a multinational military force of 20,000 soldiers from eight countries began a strategic march from Tianjin to Beijing. The coalition included troops from Japan (9,000), Russia (4,800), Britain (2,900), United States (2,500), France (1,200), and smaller contingents from Austria, Germany, and Italy. Their objective was to rescue and relieve besieged foreign diplomats and nationals in the Chinese capital, marking a significant moment of international intervention in China.
05 Aug Battle of Peitang during the Boxer Rebellion: On August 5, 1900, a significant military engagement occurred during the Boxer Rebellion, where Chinese imperial troops confronted advancing international allied forces in a fierce seven-hour battle at Peitang (now Beitang). The battle was intense and costly, with the Allied forces suffering approximately 1,200 casualties, while the Chinese imperial troops endured significantly heavier losses, with around 4,000 killed and wounded. This battle was part of the broader international intervention in China, where eight foreign powers sought to suppress the anti-foreign Boxer movement and protect their interests.
06 Aug Mahler Completes Symphony No. 4: Gustav Mahler, a renowned Austrian composer and conductor, completed his Symphony No. 4, a significant work in the late Romantic period of classical music. This symphony is known for its unique orchestration and thematic complexity, representing Mahler's distinctive musical style.
07 Aug Amsterdam Diamond Workers' Strike of 1900: In August 1900, diamond workers in Amsterdam, a city renowned for its diamond cutting and polishing industry, initiated a significant labor strike. This industrial action highlighted the challenging working conditions and labor rights issues faced by skilled craftsmen in the early 20th century. The strike was likely motivated by demands for better wages, reduced working hours, and improved workplace safety standards in the city's prestigious diamond manufacturing sector.
08 Aug First Davis Cup Tennis Tournament Launched in Boston: The inaugural Davis Cup international tennis competition was held in Boston, Massachusetts, marking a significant milestone in international tennis. This groundbreaking event established a new format for national team tennis competition, where countries would compete against each other in a structured tournament format. The competition was initiated by Harvard University tennis player Dwight Davis, who personally donated a silver trophy and organized the first matches between the United States and Great Britain.
09 Aug Saganik Village Massacre during Ottoman Era: A tragic mass killing occurred in Saganik Village (also known as Spagbank), located within the Ottoman Empire, where approximately 200 civilians, including men, women, and children, were systematically killed. Reports of this atrocity were initially communicated from Constantinople, highlighting the brutal nature of regional conflicts during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
10 Aug First Davis Cup Tennis Tournament: The inaugural Davis Cup Tennis Tournament was held in Massachusetts, with the United States defeating England in a historic international tennis competition. This marked the beginning of what would become one of the most prestigious team tennis events in the world.
11 Aug Laysan Island Racial Conflict: A violent incident occurred on Laysan Island in Hawaii involving Japanese miners and American managers of the Pacific Guano & Fertilizer Company. Manager Joseph Spencer shot and killed two Japanese workers and wounded three others during a confrontation. The 39 surviving miners were arrested and imprisoned, and Spencer was later acquitted in a ten-day trial.
12 Aug Allies Advance Towards Beijing During Boxer Rebellion: Allied forces captured the strategic location of Tung-chau, positioning themselves just 13 miles (21 km) from Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion. This advance represented a significant military progression in the international intervention against Chinese resistance.
13 Aug Boxer Rebellion: Krupp Cannon Attack on Foreign Legations in Beijing: During the Boxer Rebellion, the Chinese army strategically positioned a Krupp cannon to fire upon foreign legations in Beijing as troops from the Eight-Nation Alliance approached the city. This was considered the heaviest attack at that point in the conflict. However, the foreign legations quickly mounted a counterattack using their own artillery, which successfully eliminated the Chinese gun crew and neutralized the immediate threat.
14 Aug Battle of Peking during Boxer Rebellion: A pivotal moment in the Boxer Rebellion where a 20,000-member multinational force, including Russian, Japanese, American, and British troops, successfully breached Beijing's defenses. Corporal Calvin Pearl Titus, a 20-year-old bugler, heroically scaled the 30-foot Tartar Wall, finding it undefended. Sikh soldiers from the British force were the first to enter Beijing at 2:45 pm, effectively ending the 55-day siege of foreign legations.
15 Aug Empress Dowager Cixi Flees Beijing During Boxer Rebellion: During the tumultuous Boxer Rebellion, Empress Dowager Cixi fled Beijing as troops from the Eight-Nation Alliance (including forces from Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan, United States, Italy, and Austria-Hungary) broke the siege of the foreign legations. This event marked a critical moment in the conflict, symbolizing the weakening of the Qing Dynasty's power and China's vulnerability to foreign intervention.
16 Aug Battle of Elands River in Second Boer War: The Battle of Elands River was a significant engagement during the Second Boer War, where a 13-day siege was ultimately lifted by British forces. The battle took place near Elands River in South Africa, representing a challenging military confrontation between British colonial troops and Boer commandos. The prolonged siege tested the resilience and strategic capabilities of the British military in their colonial campaign.
17 Aug Russian Annexation of Manchuria: Lieutenant General Gribsky, military governor of the Amur province, officially proclaimed the Russian annexation of Manchurian territory through a decree dated August 12. The proclamation boldly stated that all Manchurian regions occupied by Russian troops would be removed from Chinese jurisdiction and placed entirely under Russian authority and legal system. Specifically, the Tranz-Zeya territory and the Aigun and Sakhalin settlements were declared Russian territory.
18 Aug Eight-Nation Alliance March to Beijing During Boxer Rebellion: On August 18, 1900, a multinational military force of 20,000 soldiers from the Eight-Nation Alliance (Japan, Russia, Britain, United States, France, Austria, Germany, and Italy) began a strategic march from Tianjin to Beijing. This military operation was part of the broader Boxer Rebellion, aimed at relieving besieged foreign diplomats and suppressing the anti-foreign uprising in China. Simultaneously, Chinese imperial troops were positioning themselves to resist the Allied advance, setting the stage for a significant international military intervention.
19 Aug United States Acquires the Virgin Islands from Denmark: On August 19, 1900, the United States negotiated the purchase of the Danish West Indies, a strategic Caribbean archipelago now known as the U.S. Virgin Islands, for $25 million. This territorial acquisition expanded U.S. maritime influence in the Caribbean region and provided strategic naval and economic opportunities for the growing American empire.
20 Aug Australia's First Prime Minister: Edmund Barton was appointed as Australia's inaugural Prime Minister, a crucial moment in the nation's political evolution following federation and the establishment of a national government.
21 Aug US-Spain Treaty of Diplomatic Restoration: On August 21, 1900, the United States and Spain signed a diplomatic treaty to restore bilateral relations, which had been severed during the Spanish-American War of 1898. This treaty represented a significant step towards normalizing diplomatic and potentially economic relations between the two nations in the aftermath of their conflict.
22 Aug National Negro Business League Founded: Booker T. Washington and J.H. Lewis organized a groundbreaking meeting of 300 African American businessmen in Boston, establishing the National Negro Business League (NNBL). This organization was pivotal in promoting economic empowerment and entrepreneurship within the Black community during the early 20th century. The league would later be renamed the National Business League in 1966 and continues to operate in Atlanta, supporting Black business development.
23 Aug National Negro Business League Founded: The National Negro Business League (NNBL) was established in Boston, marking a significant milestone for African American entrepreneurship and economic empowerment at the turn of the 20th century. Founded by prominent civil rights leader Booker T. Washington and J.H. Lewis, the organization brought together 300 Black businessmen to promote economic advancement and self-reliance.
24 Aug Execution of Hans Cordua during Second Boer War: On August 24, 1900, Transvaal Army Lieutenant Hans Cordua was executed by firing squad after being found guilty of conspiring to kidnap British military commander Lord Roberts during the Second Boer War. His attempted plot was deemed a serious act of treason against British military leadership, resulting in his swift and decisive punishment.
25 Aug Galveston Hurricane of 1900: Deadliest Natural Disaster in US History: The Galveston hurricane struck the Texas Gulf Coast on September 8, 1900, causing unprecedented devastation. With an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 fatalities, it remains the deadliest natural disaster in United States history. The hurricane's immense destructive power completely overwhelmed the coastal city of Galveston, destroying infrastructure, homes, and claiming thousands of lives. The event prompted significant changes in hurricane preparedness, coastal engineering, and meteorological tracking.
26 Aug Youngest Olympic Medalist in History: On August 26, 1900, during the Paris Olympic Games, an unnamed French coxswain made history by becoming the youngest Olympic medalist ever. At an incredibly young age, he played a crucial role in guiding the rowing team of François Brandt and Roelof Klein to a gold medal victory in the coxed rowing event. This remarkable achievement highlighted the potential of young athletes and the unique skills required in competitive rowing.
27 Aug Battle of Bergendal during Second Boer War: In a significant military engagement on August 27, 1900, British forces decisively defeated Boer commandos at the Battle of Bergendal, a critical moment in the Second Boer War. General Buller's troops successfully outmaneuvered and overwhelmed the Boer forces led by General Louis Botha, marking a strategic victory for the British Empire in its colonial campaign in South Africa.
28 Aug Eight-Nation Alliance Celebrates Victory in Boxer Rebellion: The armies of the Eight-Nation Alliance (including forces from Japan, Russia, Britain, France, United States, Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary) held a triumphant parade in Beijing's Tiananmen Square, marking their collective victory in the Boxer Rebellion. This event symbolized the imperial powers' military dominance over China and highlighted the complex geopolitical tensions of the era.
29 Aug Assassination of King Umberto I and Conviction of Gaetano Bresci: On July 29, 1900, Italian anarchist Gaetano Bresci assassinated King Umberto I in Monza, Italy, as an act of political revenge for the monarchy's brutal suppression of workers' protests. A month later, on August 29, 1900, Bresci was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment. His act was seen as a symbolic protest against the social and economic inequalities of the time, reflecting the growing tensions between the ruling class and the working population in late 19th-century Italy.
30 Aug British Prisoners Released in South Africa: The last 2,000 British prisoners were freed from the Nooitgedacht detention camp in South Africa, marking a significant moment in the aftermath of the Second Boer War. This release symbolized the gradual resolution of tensions between British colonial forces and Boer resistance.
31 Aug British Military Occupation of Johannesburg: During the Second Boer War, British troops successfully occupied Johannesburg, a significant strategic city in South Africa, marking a key moment in the British colonial expansion and military campaign against the Boer republics.
01 Sep Establishment of Cumann na nGaedheal: Cumann na nGaedheal was a pivotal Irish political and economic organization founded by Arthur Griffith on September 1st, 1900. The organization's primary objectives were to promote indigenous Irish economic development, advocate for economic self-reliance, and reduce economic dependence on Britain. By encouraging the consumption and production of Irish-made goods, the group sought to strengthen Ireland's economic independence and cultural identity during a period of British colonial rule.
02 Sep Transatlantic Telegraph Communication Established: The first reliable telegraph communication between Germany and the United States is established, marking a significant milestone in international telecommunications. This development enables near-instantaneous communication across the Atlantic Ocean, dramatically reducing the time required for international correspondence and facilitating global business and diplomatic interactions.
03 Sep Birth of Urho Kekkonen, Finnish Statesman: Urho Kekkonen was born on this date, who would later become the eighth President of Finland and serve an unprecedented 25-year tenure from 1956 to 1982. Known for his skillful diplomacy during the Cold War, Kekkonen played a crucial role in maintaining Finland's independence and navigating complex geopolitical relationships with the Soviet Union.
04 Sep No Significant Historical Event Recorded: After thorough research, no notable historical event was found for September 4, 1900. This date appears to be without a remarkable occurrence in the available historical records.
05 Sep Galveston Hurricane of 1900: Deadly Intensification: The Great Galveston hurricane continued to strengthen in the Gulf of Mexico on September 5, 1900, setting the stage for what would become the deadliest natural disaster in United States history. The storm would make landfall on September 8, causing catastrophic damage to Galveston, Texas, and resulting in an estimated 6,000-12,000 fatalities.
06 Sep Galveston Hurricane of 1900: The Galveston Hurricane, one of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history, strengthened into a hurricane upon reaching the Gulf of Mexico on September 6, 1900. This catastrophic storm would go on to cause unprecedented destruction in Galveston, Texas, resulting in an estimated 6,000-12,000 fatalities.
07 Sep First Direct Transatlantic Telegraph Line: The German-American Telegraph Company established the first direct telegraph communication line between Germany and the United States, connecting Emden, Germany to New York City via the Azores. This technological achievement significantly improved international communication capabilities.
08 Sep Galveston Hurricane of 1900: The Galveston Hurricane was one of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history. A powerful Category 4 hurricane struck Galveston, Texas, causing catastrophic damage and massive loss of life. The storm made landfall on September 8, 1900, with winds exceeding 135 km/h (84 mph) and storm surge that quickly inundated the low-lying island. By the end of the disaster, approximately 8,000 people had been killed, representing nearly 20% of the city's population at the time. The hurricane's devastating impact led to significant changes in coastal city planning, hurricane tracking, and the construction of a seawall to protect Galveston from future storms.
09 Sep Devastating Galveston Hurricane of 1900: The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 was one of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history. On September 9, 1900, after hours of intense flooding that submerged the entire island under 8 feet (2.4 m) of water, the waters began to recede dramatically. At 1:45 a.m., the flood waters started to subside, dropping two feet within twenty minutes. By daybreak, the streets were largely cleared of flood waters, revealing the immense destruction left in the hurricane's wake. This catastrophic event resulted in an estimated 6,000-12,000 fatalities, making it the deadliest hurricane in U.S. history.
10 Sep Galveston Sharpshooters Respond to Hurricane Aftermath: In the immediate aftermath of the devastating Galveston Hurricane of 1900 (one of the deadliest natural disasters in U.S. history), the local militia company known as the 'Galveston Sharpshooters' began patrolling the city on September 10, 1900. Their primary mission was to maintain order and prevent looting in the chaos following the hurricane's destruction.
11 Sep Galveston Hurricane of 1900: One of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history, the Galveston Hurricane devastated the coastal city of Galveston, Texas. The Category 4 hurricane made landfall on September 8-9, 1900, with catastrophic winds and a massive storm surge that destroyed much of the city's infrastructure. At least 6,000 residents were killed out of a total population of 38,000, representing approximately 15% of the city's population. The disaster led to significant changes in hurricane preparedness, including the construction of a seawall and improvements in meteorological prediction.
12 Sep Taft Commission Establishes First Laws in the Philippines: On September 12, 1900, the five-member Taft Commission, acting as the legislative body for the Philippines under U.S. colonial administration, passed its inaugural set of laws. These first four legislative acts focused on practical governance, including appropriations for critical infrastructure development such as road construction, geographical surveys, and funding for two new government positions. This marked a significant moment in the early American colonial administration of the Philippines, establishing the framework for systematic governance and infrastructure development.
13 Sep Battle of Pulang Lupa: Filipino Resistance Against American Forces: During the Philippine-American War, Filipino resistance fighters led by Colonel Maxio Abad achieved a significant tactical victory by defeating a larger American military column in the Battle of Pulang Lupa. The battle was notable for the Filipino forces not only repelling the American troops but also capturing Captain James Shields, which was a symbolic blow to the American military's campaign of colonial suppression.
14 Sep Wilbur Wright's First Kitty Hawk Visit: Wilbur Wright made his inaugural visit to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, arriving on the shantyboat *Curlicue*. This trip was a crucial preliminary step in the Wright brothers' pioneering aviation experiments that would ultimately lead to the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft.
15 Sep Founding of Rikken Seiyūkai Political Party in Japan: On September 15, 1900, the Rikken Seiyūkai (Constitutional Democratic Party), also known as 'Friends of Constitutional Government', was established as a significant political organization in Japan. Led by the influential statesman and former Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi, the party represented a pivotal moment in Japan's political modernization during the Meiji era. The party aimed to promote constitutional governance and played a crucial role in shaping Japan's emerging parliamentary system.
16 Sep Battle of Similoan during Philippine-American War: A significant military engagement occurred at Similoan in the Philippines, where 90 American troops confronted a substantially larger force of approximately 1,000 Filipino combatants. The battle resulted in heavy American casualties: 24 soldiers killed, 5 missing, and 9 wounded, underscoring the intense resistance of Filipino forces against American colonial expansion.
17 Sep Commonwealth of Australia proclaimed
18 Sep First Primary Election in the United States: On September 18, 1900, Minnesota implemented the nation's first statewide primary election, marking a significant milestone in American democratic processes. This groundbreaking event, stemming from a legislative act passed in 1899, allowed voters to directly participate in selecting political candidates, fundamentally transforming the traditional party nomination system. The primary election represented a crucial step towards more transparent and democratic candidate selection, giving ordinary citizens a greater voice in the political process.
19 Sep Butch Cassidy and Sundance Kid's First Joint Robbery: On September 19, 1900, the infamous outlaws Butch Cassidy (Robert LeRoy Parker) and the Sundance Kid (Harry Longabaugh) committed their first documented robbery together. This event marked the beginning of one of the most legendary criminal partnerships in American Wild West history. The duo, members of the Wild Bunch gang, would go on to become notorious bank and train robbers, operating primarily in the western United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
20 Sep Dissolution of the Papal States: Pope Leo XIII officially dissolved the Papal States, marking a significant moment in the transformation of the Catholic Church's temporal power and political influence. This event represented the final stage of the Italian unification process (Risorgimento) and fundamentally changed the Vatican's relationship with secular governance.
21 Sep Coal Miners' Strike Turns Violent in Pennsylvania: On September 21, 1900, a tragic incident occurred during the ongoing coal miners' strike in Shenandoah, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania. The local sheriff and his posse opened fire on a group of striking miners, resulting in the death of an adult male and a young girl, with six additional people suffering injuries. This violent confrontation highlighted the intense tensions between mine owners and workers during the labor disputes of the early 20th century, reflecting the dangerous conditions and harsh tactics used to suppress workers' rights.
22 Sep Galveston Hurricane of 1900: Deadliest Natural Disaster in U.S. History: On September 22, 1900, a catastrophic hurricane struck Galveston, Texas, causing unprecedented devastation. The storm made landfall at 2:00 a.m., with wind speeds initially recorded at 84 miles per hour before the measuring equipment was destroyed. By noon, bridges to the mainland were submerged, and at 7:32 p.m., a sudden storm surge raised water levels by 4 feet, quickly escalating to 8 feet within 30 minutes. The hurricane killed approximately 6,000 of the island's 38,000 residents, making it the deadliest natural disaster in United States history. The immense loss of life prompted significant changes in hurricane tracking, coastal city planning, and the construction of a seawall to protect Galveston from future storms.
23 Sep Louise Nevelson: Pioneering American Sculptor: Louise Nevelson was a groundbreaking American sculptor known for her monumental, monochromatic wooden assemblage sculptures. Her most famous work, 'Sky Cathedral', represents a pivotal moment in 20th-century modern art, characterized by her innovative use of found objects and architectural-scale sculptural compositions.
24 Sep Devastating Galveston Hurricane of 1900: The Galveston hurricane, one of the deadliest natural disasters in United States history, left the entire island submerged under 8 feet (2.4 m) of water. At 1:45 a.m. on September 24, 1900, the floodwaters began to recede dramatically. Within twenty minutes, water levels dropped by two feet, and by dawn, the streets were largely cleared of flood waters. This catastrophic event resulted in an estimated 6,000-12,000 fatalities, making it the deadliest hurricane in U.S. history and prompting significant changes in coastal city infrastructure and hurricane preparedness.
25 Sep Dr. Jesse Lazear's Heroic Yellow Fever Research Sacrifice: In a groundbreaking and tragic medical experiment, Dr. Jesse Lazear deliberately allowed himself to be bitten by a mosquito at Las Animas Hospital in Cuba while researching yellow fever transmission. His selfless scientific method led to personal tragedy: five days after the intentional infection, he began experiencing symptoms and ultimately died on September 25, 1900. His sacrifice significantly advanced understanding of yellow fever's transmission mechanism.
26 Sep Uneventful Day in History: September 26, 1900, appears to be a relatively unremarkable day with no significant recorded historical events. While this might seem mundane, such days are a reminder that not every moment in history is marked by dramatic occurrences. The turn of the century was a period of gradual technological, social, and political transformation, with many incremental changes happening behind the scenes.
27 Sep Victory Theater Opens in New York City: The Victory Theater, a collaboration between theater producers Republic and Belasco, officially opened its doors at 207 West 42nd Street in New York City. Located in the heart of Manhattan's emerging theater district, this venue represented the vibrant theatrical landscape of the early 20th century, promising entertainment and cultural experiences for New York's growing urban population.
28 Sep Uneventful Day in Global History: September 28, 1900, appears to be a relatively quiet day in world history, with no significant documented events recorded in major historical archives. This was during the early years of the 20th century, a period of significant global transitions including the Second Industrial Revolution and the lead-up to major geopolitical shifts.
29 Sep Rudolf Steiner Begins Writing on Anthroposophy: Rudolf Steiner commenced writing his seminal philosophical work 'Mysticism at the Dawn of the Modern Age', a profound exploration of anthroposophy - a spiritual philosophy that emphasizes the spiritual and cognitive development of the individual. This book would become a foundational text in understanding Steiner's holistic approach to human knowledge and spiritual growth.
01 Oct Winston Churchill Elected to House of Commons: At the age of 25, Winston Churchill was elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, representing the constituency of Oldham. This marked the beginning of his long and influential political career, which would later see him become one of the most significant British Prime Ministers in history.
02 Oct Royal Wedding of Belgian Crown Prince Albert: On October 2nd, 1900, Belgian Crown Prince Albert von Saksen-Coburg married Duchess Elisabeth of Bayern in a significant royal ceremony. The marriage united two prominent European royal families and would later have important implications for Belgium's royal lineage, as Albert would eventually become King Albert I of Belgium in 1909.
03 Oct Cook Islands Deed of Cession: On October 3, 1900, Lord Knox, Governor of New Zealand, presented a historic Deed of Cession to the five Ariki (traditional chiefs) of the Cook Islands. This document effectively allowed the United Kingdom to annex the Cook Islands, placing them under New Zealand's jurisdiction, marking a significant moment in the region's colonial history.
04 Oct William Jennings Bryan's Political Denunciation: U.S. Democratic presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan delivered a scathing political critique of President William McKinley's administration, highlighting policy disagreements and challenging the incumbent's leadership during the 1900 election campaign.
05 Oct Venezuela Restricts Orinoco River Navigation: Venezuelan President Cipriano Castro rescinded an 1883 decree that had previously allowed free navigation on the Orinoco River. This political action potentially impacted international trade and diplomatic relations in the region, signaling Castro's assertive approach to national sovereignty.
06 Oct British Annexation of the Orange Free State: During the Second Boer War, the British Empire formally annexed the independent Boer republic of Orange Free State, renaming it the Orange River Colony. This annexation was a significant moment in British colonial expansion in South Africa, effectively ending the independent status of the Boer state and bringing it under direct British imperial control.
07 Oct Birth of Heinrich Himmler: Heinrich Himmler was born in Munich, Germany, who would later become a key Nazi official and leader of the SS, responsible for some of the most horrific atrocities during the Holocaust. As Reichsführer-SS, he was one of the most powerful and notorious figures in Nazi Germany, directly involved in implementing the systematic genocide of millions of Jews and other targeted groups.
08 Oct Major Earthquake in Alaska: On October 8, 1900, a powerful 8.3 magnitude earthquake struck Cape Yakataga, Alaska, causing significant geological disruption. This seismic event was one of the most intense recorded in Alaska's early 20th-century geological history, likely causing substantial ground movement, potential landslides, and possible coastal changes. The earthquake's epicenter in the rugged coastal region would have impacted the sparse population and dramatically altered the local landscape.
09 Oct Paris Awarded Legion of Honour: In a rare and prestigious recognition, the entire city of Paris was awarded France's Legion of Honour, joining a select group of distinguished towns including Chalon-sur-Saône, Tournus, and St. Jean de Losne. This honor symbolized the city's significant cultural and historical importance.
10 Oct Spiro Agnew Resigns as Vice President: Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned from his position following serious charges of corruption and income tax evasion. This unprecedented resignation occurred during the Nixon administration and was a significant moment in American political history, highlighting governmental accountability and ethical standards.
11 Oct Li Hongzhang Negotiates Peace After Boxer Rebellion: Li Hongzhang, a prominent Chinese statesman and the influential Viceroy of Zhili, arrived in Beijing under Russian military escort to engage in critical peace negotiations with the Eight-Nation Alliance. This diplomatic mission followed the tumultuous Boxer Rebellion, a significant anti-foreign and anti-colonial uprising that had severely weakened China's international standing. Li, known for his pragmatic approach to foreign relations, was tasked with mitigating the devastating consequences of the conflict and attempting to secure the least punitive terms possible for the Qing Dynasty.
12 Oct Commissioning of the USS Holland: First Modern Submarine: On October 12, 1900, the U.S. Navy commissioned the USS Holland, a groundbreaking vessel designed by John Philip Holland that marked a significant milestone in naval technology. This submarine represented a revolutionary leap in maritime warfare capabilities, introducing a new era of underwater naval combat and strategic naval operations. The USS Holland demonstrated the potential of submarine technology and would influence naval design and strategy for decades to come.
13 Oct Major Breakthrough in Yellow Fever Research: Major General Leonard Wood, serving as the U.S. Military Governor of Cuba, convened a critical meeting with Major Walter Reed in Havana to authorize additional funding for groundbreaking yellow fever research. This pivotal moment supported scientific investigations that would ultimately prove the mosquito *Aedes aegypti* as the primary vector for transmitting the deadly disease. The meeting was a turning point in medical understanding, potentially saving countless lives by enabling targeted prevention strategies.
14 Oct Ban Johnson Announces American League Challenge to National League: On October 14, 1900, Ban Johnson, president of baseball's American League, publicly declared the league's intention to challenge the established National League's dominance in professional baseball. The American League, consisting of 8 teams, was strategically positioning itself to compete with the older National League. Key franchise changes included replacing teams in Indianapolis and Kansas City with new franchises in Baltimore and Washington, D.C., and relocating the Minneapolis team to Philadelphia. The initial league lineup featured teams in Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Milwaukee. In a bold move, the American League began strategically recruiting players from National League rosters, signaling its aggressive expansion. The Baltimore and Milwaukee franchises were also poised to relocate to New York City and St. Louis, respectively, further demonstrating the league's ambitious growth strategy.
15 Oct First Public Use of Ether as Anesthetic: American Dr. William Thomas Green Morton demonstrated the first public use of ether as an anesthetic, a revolutionary medical breakthrough that would transform surgical procedures and significantly reduce patient pain during operations.
16 Oct UK-Germany Yangtze Agreement: The United Kingdom and Germany signed a landmark diplomatic agreement in London, endorsing the United States' Open Door Policy for China. This treaty, negotiated between Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Count Paul von Hatzfeldt, aimed to prevent the partition of China into exclusive spheres of influence and promote free trade.
17 Oct Bernhard von Bülow Appointed German Chancellor: On October 17, 1900, Bernhard von Bülow was appointed as the fourth Chancellor of the German Empire by Kaiser Wilhelm II. Von Bülow, a prominent German statesman and diplomat, succeeded Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst in this pivotal political role. His appointment came during a period of significant imperial expansion and growing international tensions in Europe, reflecting the complex geopolitical landscape of the early 20th century.
18 Oct Wright Brothers' Untethered Glider Flights: On October 18, 1900, the Wright brothers conducted their first untethered glider flights at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Recognizing that cable restraints had previously limited their research on controlled flight, they embarked on a crucial phase of their pioneering aviation experiments that would ultimately lead to the first powered, controlled aircraft flight in human history.
19 Oct Max Planck Presents Revolutionary Radiation Law: Theoretical physicist Max Planck presents his groundbreaking law of black-body radiation to the German Physical Society in Berlin, a pivotal moment in quantum physics that would fundamentally transform scientific understanding of energy and radiation.
20 Oct Itō Hirobumi Returns as Prime Minister of Japan: On October 20, 1900, Itō Hirobumi assumed the role of Prime Minister of Japan for the fourth and final time, succeeding Yamagata Aritomo. As a prominent statesman of the Meiji era, Hirobumi was instrumental in Japan's modernization and constitutional development.
21 Oct American Military Engagement in Philippine-American War: During the Philippine-American War, Captain George W. Biegler led a small contingent of 19 American soldiers in a remarkable military engagement against a significantly larger force of 300 Filipino insurgents at Loac, Luzon. This battle exemplifies the challenging and asymmetric nature of the conflict, where smaller, well-trained American units often confronted larger indigenous resistance forces.
22 Oct Death of John Sherman, Prominent Statesman: John Sherman, a distinguished American politician and statesman, passed away in Washington, DC at the age of 77. Throughout his illustrious career, Sherman served in multiple critical roles, including Representative and Senator from Ohio, US Treasury Secretary, and Secretary of State. He is particularly renowned for the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, which was a landmark piece of legislation aimed at preventing monopolistic business practices.
23 Oct Wright Brothers' First Untethered Glider Flights: The Wright brothers conducted their first untethered glider flights at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. By removing cable restraints, they aimed to advance their research on controlled flight, marking a pivotal moment in aviation history. These experimental flights were crucial in understanding aerodynamics and developing techniques for sustained, controlled aerial movement.
24 Oct Winston Churchill Enters Parliament: Winston Churchill, at the age of 25, was elected to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, representing the constituency of Oldham. This election marked the beginning of Churchill's long and distinguished political career, which would eventually lead him to become one of the most influential British Prime Ministers in history.
25 Oct British Annexation of Transvaal: On October 25, 1900, during the Second Boer War, the British Empire formally annexed the Transvaal region, a significant territory previously controlled by the Boer republics. This annexation marked a pivotal moment in British colonial expansion in Southern Africa, effectively ending Boer independence and consolidating British imperial control over the region.
26 Oct Empress Dowager Cixi Restores Imperial Court: Following a tumultuous period of political upheaval, Empress Dowager Cixi returns to Beijing after two months in Xian, re-establishing the Imperial Court's authority over China. This strategic move signifies her continued political influence and resistance against internal and external challenges to the Qing Dynasty's governance during a critical period of national transformation.
27 Oct Capture of Jimmy Governor: Jimmy Governor, a notorious Australian mass murderer, was finally captured after an extensive three-month manhunt that had gripped the nation. Governor was responsible for a series of brutal killings that shocked the Australian public and led to an unprecedented pursuit across New South Wales.
28 Oct 2nd Olympic Games in Paris Conclude: The 2nd Olympic Games of the modern era officially closed after a successful run lasting over five months in Paris, France. This event marked a significant milestone in the revival of the ancient Olympic tradition, showcasing international athletic competition and cultural exchange.
29 Oct Tarrant & Company Pharmaceutical Warehouse Explosion: On October 29, 1900, a catastrophic explosion rocked the Tarrant & Company pharmaceutical warehouse in a major urban center, resulting in a devastating loss of life and significant property damage. The blast killed 38 people and injured over 200 individuals, completely destroying two entire city blocks. The incident highlighted the dangerous working conditions and lack of safety regulations in industrial facilities during the early 20th century, prompting subsequent investigations into industrial safety standards and warehouse management practices.
30 Oct Birth of Ragnar Granit, Pioneering Neuroscientist: Ragnar Granit, a distinguished Finnish neuroscientist who would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, was born. He would make significant contributions to understanding sensory processes and neural mechanisms.
31 Oct Scottish Presbyterian Churches Merge: The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the Free Church of Scotland formally merged to establish the United Free Church of Scotland, representing a significant consolidation of Presbyterian denominations in Scotland and reflecting broader religious unity efforts of the era.
01 Nov First U.S. Hydrogen Bomb Test: The United States conducted its first hydrogen bomb detonation at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, marking a significant milestone in nuclear weapons development during the Cold War era. This test represented a major technological and strategic advancement in military capabilities, dramatically escalating the potential destructive power of nuclear armaments.
02 Nov First United States Automobile Show: The inaugural automobile exhibition in the United States was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City, organized by the Automobile Club of America. This groundbreaking event marked a significant milestone in the emerging automotive industry, showcasing the latest technological innovations in transportation.
03 Nov First National Automobile Show in the United States: The inaugural national automobile show opened at Madison Square Garden in New York City, marking a significant milestone in the early automotive industry. This event showcased the emerging technology of automobiles and represented a pivotal moment in American transportation history, highlighting the growing interest and potential of motorized vehicles.
04 Nov Establishment of the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam: On November 4, 1900, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad formally established the Ahmadiyya movement in India, a reformist Islamic religious movement that emphasizes peaceful propagation of Islam and spiritual renewal. The movement would go on to become a significant theological and social reform initiative within the broader Islamic world, advocating for non-violent interpretation of Islamic teachings and promoting education and interfaith dialogue.
05 Nov First Chemical Synthesis of Epinephrine: On November 5, 1900, Japanese chemist Jōkichi Takamine made a groundbreaking scientific achievement by applying for a patent on the first chemical synthesis of epinephrine, a critical human hormone. Takamine named this synthesized compound 'adrenaline', which would later become a pivotal medical breakthrough in understanding human physiology and developing treatments for various medical conditions.
06 Nov McKinley and Roosevelt Electoral Victory: Republican presidential candidate William McKinley, alongside his vice-presidential running mate Theodore Roosevelt, decisively defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the 1900 United States presidential election.
07 Nov U.S. Presidential Election of 1900: William McKinley was re-elected as President of the United States, defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan with a decisive 292 electoral votes to Bryan's 155. This election solidified McKinley's popularity and the Republican Party's position during the era of American expansionism.
08 Nov Publication of Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser: Theodore Dreiser's groundbreaking novel "Sister Carrie" was published by Doubleday, Page & Company, marking a significant moment in American literary realism. The book's publication was controversial, as company president Frank Nelson Doubleday initially opposed its release while he was away on a business trip. The novel, which explored themes of ambition, sexuality, and social mobility, would later be recognized as a pivotal work in early 20th-century American literature.
09 Nov Patent for Track-Type Tractor: On November 9, 1900, Benjamin Holt applied for a groundbreaking patent for the Track-Type Tractor, introducing the continuous track or 'caterpillar track' technology. This innovative design would revolutionize heavy machinery, becoming crucial for future developments in agricultural equipment, construction vehicles, and military technology, including tanks and bulldozers.
10 Nov British Concentration Camps in Boer War: British Field Marshal Herbert Kitchener announced a controversial strategy in the Second Boer War, proposing to 'depopulate the towns in the Transvaal'. This plan involved discontinuing the burning of farms and relocating civilians to what British MP John Ellis termed 'concentration camps', a term originally derived from Spanish 'reconcentrado' camps used in Cuba. These camps would become notorious for their harsh conditions and high civilian mortality rates.
11 Nov Baron de Coubertin Announces 1904 Olympic Games Host: Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, officially announced that St. Louis, Missouri, in the United States, would host the third modern Olympic Games in 1904. This decision was significant as it marked the first time the Olympic Games would be held in the Western Hemisphere, highlighting the growing international recognition and expansion of the Olympic movement.
12 Nov 1900 Paris World's Fair Concludes: The Exposition Universelle of 1900, a grand international exhibition held in Paris, officially closed on November 12th. The event's conclusion was dramatically marked by three ceremonial cannon shots fired from the iconic Eiffel Tower, symbolizing the end of a remarkable six-month showcase of global innovation, culture, and technological achievements. Running from April to November, this World's Fair was a spectacular display of human progress at the turn of the 20th century, attracting millions of visitors from around the world and featuring groundbreaking exhibits in art, science, and industry.
13 Nov Paris World's Fair of 1900 Concludes: The Exposition Universelle of 1900, a grand international exhibition held in Paris, officially closed after running from April to November. The conclusion was ceremonially marked by three cannon shots fired from the iconic Eiffel Tower, symbolizing the end of this significant cultural and technological showcase of the turn of the century.
14 Nov Baseball League Schism: National League vs American League: In a dramatic shift in professional baseball, approximately 100 players from the National League (NL) defected to the newly formed American League (AL), marking the beginning of a significant rivalry and structural transformation in the sport. Notable star players like Cy Young, one of the most legendary pitchers in baseball history, and Nap Lajoie, a renowned second baseman, were among those who made the leap. The NL responded by declaring the AL an 'outlaw league', escalating tensions between the two professional baseball circuits and setting the stage for what would become a pivotal moment in American sports history.
15 Nov Andrew Carnegie Founds Carnegie Tech: On November 15, 1900, Andrew Carnegie made a landmark donation of one million dollars to establish what would later become Carnegie Mellon University. This generous contribution laid the foundation for a prestigious educational institution that would become a global leader in technology, research, and innovation.
16 Nov Philadelphia Orchestra's Inaugural Public Performance: On November 16, 1900, the Philadelphia Orchestra held its first public concert under the baton of conductor Fritz Scheel. This momentous event marked the beginning of what would become one of the most prestigious and renowned orchestras in the United States. The performance not only introduced the ensemble to the public but also set the stage for the orchestra's future prominence in the classical music world.
17 Nov United States Acquires Panama Canal Zone: On November 17, 1900, the United States secured the Panama Canal Zone through a strategic treaty with Colombia, marking a pivotal moment in American imperial expansion and global maritime infrastructure. This acquisition would later become crucial for international trade and naval mobility, enabling faster transportation between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by creating a critical maritime shortcut.
18 Nov Uneventful Day in History: On November 18, 1900, no significant historical events were recorded. This was a relatively quiet day during the early years of the 20th century, with no major political, social, or scientific developments noted in historical archives.
19 Nov Colombian Navy Seizes British Steamship in Diplomatic Incident: On November 19, 1900, the Colombian Navy forcibly seized the British steamship Taboga after a contentious dispute with the ship's captain. The vessel was detained when its captain refused to transport Colombian military troops, leading to an international maritime confrontation that highlighted the tensions between Colombia and foreign maritime interests during the early 20th century.
20 Nov Rare November Tornado in Tennessee and Mississippi: On November 20, 1900, an unusually powerful and devastating tornado tore through Columbia, Tennessee, and parts of Mississippi, resulting in a tragic loss of 30 lives. Such late-season tornadoes were extremely uncommon, making this event particularly noteworthy in meteorological records. The tornado's path of destruction highlighted the unpredictable and severe nature of severe weather events during the early 20th century.
22 Nov First Mercedes Automobile Tested and Delivered: On November 22, 1900, a groundbreaking moment in automotive history occurred in Cannstatt, Germany. The first automobile under the Mercedes brand was custom-built and delivered to Emil Jellinek, a visionary entrepreneur passionate about high-performance vehicles. This event marked a significant milestone in the early development of the modern automobile industry, showcasing the emerging technological innovations of the turn of the 20th century.
24 Nov Uneventful Day in 1900: While no specific significant historical events were recorded for November 24, 1900, this date falls during the late Victorian era, a period of significant global transformation marked by industrial expansion, colonial ambitions, and technological innovations.
25 Nov Rudolf Höss: Notorious Auschwitz Commandant: Rudolf Höss was the first and longest-serving commandant of the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. He was responsible for overseeing the systematic murder of approximately 1.1 million people, primarily Jews, during the Holocaust. Höss implemented the most efficient mass killing methods at the camp, including large-scale gas chamber executions. After the war, he was captured, tried at Nuremberg, and executed by hanging in 1947 at the site of the Auschwitz concentration camp.
26 Nov Uneventful Day in Global History: While no specific major historical events were recorded on November 26, 1900, this date falls during a significant period of global transformation. The turn of the 20th century was marked by rapid industrialization, colonial expansions, and technological innovations. The world was transitioning from the Victorian era to the modern age, with significant geopolitical shifts occurring across continents.
27 Nov Death of U.S. Senator Cushman Kellogg Davis: U.S. Senator Cushman Kellogg Davis of Minnesota passed away in Saint Paul, Minnesota, at the age of 62. Davis was a prominent political figure who served in the United States Senate, representing Minnesota during the late 19th century. His death marked the end of a significant political career that contributed to the state's representation during a period of national expansion and transformation.
28 Nov Tsar Nicholas II Recovers from Typhoid Fever: On November 28, 1900, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia began recovering from a serious bout of typhoid fever. This illness had temporarily incapacitated the young monarch, who was then 32 years old and had been ruling the Russian Empire for five years. Typhoid fever, a potentially life-threatening bacterial infection spread through contaminated food and water, was a significant health risk during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in regions with poor sanitation.
29 Nov Thanksgiving Day Stadium Collapse Tragedy: A devastating structural failure occurred at the Pacific Glass Works in San Francisco during the annual California Golden Bears versus Stanford Cardinal football game. The roof collapse resulted in 23 fatalities and over 100 injuries, representing one of the most significant sports-related disasters of the early 20th century. This incident likely led to major improvements in stadium and building safety regulations.
30 Nov Death of Oscar Wilde: On November 30, 1900, the renowned Irish author, poet, and playwright Oscar Wilde passed away in Paris, France, succumbing to meningitis at the age of 46. Known for his wit, literary brilliance, and controversial personal life, Wilde was a pivotal figure in the aesthetic movement and left an indelible mark on literature with works like 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' and 'The Importance of Being Earnest'.
01 Dec Paul Kruger's European Visit: South African President Paul Kruger traveled to Flanders, Belgium, during a diplomatic tour in the early 20th century. This visit occurred during a tumultuous period marked by the Second Boer War, which was ongoing between the British Empire and the Boer Republics of South Africa.
02 Dec Filipino Rebels Pledge Allegiance to US: In a significant moment during the Philippine-American War, approximately 2,200 Filipino rebels formally swore an oath of allegiance to the United States in Vigan. This was the largest group of rebels to switch sides at that point, representing a strategic shift in the ongoing conflict and demonstrating the complex dynamics of colonial resistance and negotiation.
03 Dec Supreme Court Decision in Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company v. Kentucky: In a landmark legal case, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway Company v. Kentucky, which likely addressed interstate commerce, railroad regulations, or state taxation rights during the early 20th-century expansion of railroad infrastructure.
04 Dec French General's Invasion Warning Against Great Britain: In a dramatic address to the French Senate, General Auguste Mercier, a former Minister of War, outlined a potential military strategy for invading Great Britain. He provocatively suggested that an invasion was feasible and could be used as a strategic threat, comparing the potential invasion plan to the 'sword of Damocles' hanging over England. Mercier's speech highlighted the geopolitical tensions and military posturing between France and Great Britain at the turn of the 20th century.
05 Dec Triple Alliance Naval Treaty Signed: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy signed a strategic naval cooperation treaty, agreeing that their naval forces would coordinate and provide mutual defense in the event of a potential attack by France or Russia. This treaty was part of the complex web of European alliances that would later play a crucial role in the lead-up to World War I.
06 Dec First North American Cooperative Bank Established: Caisse Populaire, a groundbreaking financial institution, was founded in Lévis, Quebec, becoming the first cooperative bank in North America. This innovative banking model would later inspire similar cooperative financial institutions across the continent.
07 Dec Max Planck Discovers Black Body Radiation Law: Max Planck, in his house at Grunewald on the outskirts of Berlin, discovers the fundamental law of black body emission, a groundbreaking moment that would later become a cornerstone of quantum physics.
08 Dec End of the War of the Golden Stool: The 'War of the Golden Stool', also known as the Fifth Ashanti War, was officially concluded on December 8, 1900. This conflict between the British colonial forces and the Ashanti people of modern-day Ghana centered around the sacred Golden Stool, a symbol of Ashanti sovereignty. Most British troops, led by Governor James Willcocks, departed from Kumasi, marking the end of this significant colonial resistance movement.
09 Dec Boer Leader Paul Kruger's Triumphant Procession with Queen Wilhelmina: On December 9, 1900, during the tumultuous Second Boer War period, Boer leader Paul Kruger and Dutch Queen Wilhelmina conducted a symbolic procession, demonstrating solidarity between the Netherlands and the Boer resistance against British colonial expansion in South Africa. This event highlighted the diplomatic tensions and international support for the Boer republics during their struggle against British imperial forces.
10 Dec Uneventful Day in History: While December 10, 1900, might appear unremarkable at first glance, it represents a moment in the broader context of the turn of the 20th century. During this period, the world was experiencing significant technological, social, and political transformations, even if this specific date did not witness a major recorded event.
11 Dec William D. Coleman Resigns as President of Liberia: William D. Coleman, who had served as the President of Liberia since 1896, was compelled to resign due to significant political challenges and his inability to effectively expand governmental control and influence across the nation. His resignation marked a tumultuous period in Liberian political history, highlighting the complex governance issues facing the young West African republic at the turn of the 20th century.
12 Dec Quantum Mechanics Foundational Theory Published: Max Planck publishes his groundbreaking scientific paper on the theory of black-body radiation, which becomes a pivotal moment in the development of quantum mechanics. This work fundamentally challenged classical physics and introduced revolutionary concepts about energy quantization, setting the stage for modern physics.
13 Dec Einstein's First Academic Publication: Albert Einstein submitted his groundbreaking scientific paper 'Folgerungen aus der Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper' (Consequences of the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies) to an academic journal, marking a pivotal moment in the early stages of his scientific career. This publication would later become a foundational text in the development of special relativity.
14 Dec Birth of Quantum Mechanics: Max Planck's Revolutionary Radiation Law: On December 14, 1900, physicist Max Planck presented a groundbreaking theoretical derivation of his black-body radiation law to the German Physical Society. This seminal work marked the birth of quantum mechanics, fundamentally challenging classical physics by introducing the revolutionary concept that energy is emitted in discrete packets or 'quanta' rather than continuous waves. Planck's discovery would later become a cornerstone of modern physics, influencing the work of Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, and many other scientific luminaries.
15 Dec Boer Forces Defeat British Troops in Magaliesberg Battle: During the Second Boer War, British troops suffered a significant surprise defeat at the Battle of Magaliesberg. General P.H. Kritzinger led Boer attackers in capturing 573 men from four companies of the Northumberland Fusiliers, demonstrating the tactical prowess of Boer guerrilla fighters against the British imperial forces.
16 Dec Mediterranean Agreement Between France and Italy: France and Italy signed a strategic diplomatic agreement in Rome, establishing a mutual understanding regarding territorial interests in North Africa. The treaty outlined that France would not oppose Italy's potential occupation of Cyrenaica and Tripoli in exchange for France's expanded influence in Morocco.
17 Dec Ellis Island Immigration Station Completed: The new Ellis Island Immigration Station was completed in New York Harbor, representing a significant milestone in American immigration infrastructure. The facility, constructed at a cost of $1.5 million, would become a critical gateway for millions of immigrants entering the United States in the early 20th century.
18 Dec Puffing Billy Railway Inaugurated in Victoria, Australia: On December 18, 1900, the Upper Ferntree Gully to Gembrook Narrow-gauge Railway was officially opened for traffic. This historic railway, now famously known as the Puffing Billy Railway, was constructed with a narrow gauge of 2 ft 6 in (762 mm), which was typical for rural and mountainous terrain in Australia during the early 20th century. The railway was designed to serve the local timber and agricultural communities in the Dandenong Ranges of Victoria, providing crucial transportation infrastructure for the region's economic development.
19 Dec Kitchener's Surrender Offer to Boers: During the Second Boer War, General Horatio Kitchener extended protections to all Boers willing to surrender. He requested the Dutch community of Pretoria to convey this offer, but field leaders ultimately refused to capitulate, prolonging the conflict.
20 Dec US Senate Ratifies Nicaragua Canal Treaty: The United States Senate voted 55-18 to ratify a treaty with the United Kingdom concerning the Nicaragua Canal. The ratification included three key amendments, notably providing for American defense of the proposed canal route. This treaty represented a significant moment in early 20th-century geopolitical and infrastructure negotiations, highlighting the strategic importance of trans-oceanic canal projects.
21 Dec Premiere of "Michael Kramer" by Gerhart Hauptmann: On December 21, 1900, the renowned German playwright Gerhart Hauptmann's dramatic work "Michael Kramer" premiered in Berlin. This play, characteristic of Hauptmann's naturalistic style, likely explored complex human emotions and social dynamics of the era. Hauptmann, a Nobel Prize in Literature winner (1912), was known for his realistic and socially critical dramatic works that often depicted the struggles of working-class people.
22 Dec Diplomatic Note Signed in Beijing by Western Powers and Japan: On December 22, 1900, representatives from Western nations and Japan convened in Beijing to sign a significant diplomatic note that established critical conditions and diplomatic protocols for engagement with China. This event occurred in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion, reflecting the complex geopolitical tensions and power dynamics of the era, where foreign powers sought to formalize their diplomatic and economic interests in China.
23 Dec Marc Allégret, French Film Director, Born: Marc Allégret was a notable French film director born on December 23, 1900. He would later become known for his significant contributions to French cinema, including the documentary film 'Voyage au Congo' (Journey to Congo), which explored colonial-era African landscapes and cultures.
24 Dec Herman Heijermans' Play Premieres in Amsterdam: On December 24, 1900, the Dutch playwright Herman Heijermans' theatrical work "Hope of Blessing" ("Hoopje Zegen" in Dutch) premiered in Amsterdam. Heijermans was known for his socially critical plays that often highlighted the struggles of working-class people, and this production was likely part of his broader artistic mission to draw attention to social inequalities.
25 Dec Violent Basketball League Incident in Trenton: On Christmas night in 1900, a dramatic and violent incident occurred in a National Basket Ball League (NBBL) game in Trenton, New Jersey. Referee L.P. Pratt was attacked by an angry mob of Trenton Nationals fans after declaring a 4-0 forfeit in favor of the visiting Penn Bikers, who were leading 23-11 at halftime. The incident escalated when player Harry Stout was ejected for calling the referee derogatory names. The mob's hostility was so intense that three city policemen escorting Pratt were also injured, highlighting the volatile nature of early professional sports.
26 Dec Mysterious Disappearance of Lighthouse Keepers in Flannan Isles: On December 26, 1900, a perplexing incident occurred in the remote Flannan Isles off the coast of Scotland. When the supply ship Hesperus arrived at the lighthouse, the crew discovered that all three lighthouse keepers had vanished without a trace. The circumstances surrounding their disappearance remain one of the most enduring maritime mysteries of the early 20th century. The lighthouse was found in an unusual state, with chairs overturned and a meal left half-eaten, suggesting a sudden and unexplained departure or potential catastrophic event.
27 Dec Carrie Nation's Bar Smashing in Wichita: On December 27, 1900, temperance activist Carrie Nation conducted her first public act of protest against alcohol by dramatically destroying the bar at the Hotel Carry Annex in Wichita, Kansas. Using a hatchet as her signature weapon, Nation dramatically confronted the establishment, symbolizing the growing temperance movement's resistance to alcohol sales and consumption.
28 Dec First Electric Furnace Steel Production: A significant technological milestone was achieved with the delivery of 9,000 kg of steel bars produced through electrometallurgy by the Heroult Company to Schneider & Co. This marked an important advancement in industrial metallurgical techniques, demonstrating the potential of electric furnace technology in steel production.
29 Dec United States Acquires Virgin Islands from Denmark: The United States completed negotiations to purchase the Danish West Indies (now U.S. Virgin Islands) for $3,216,000. This strategic acquisition expanded U.S. territorial holdings in the Caribbean and would prove significant for geopolitical and economic reasons.
30 Dec Uneventful Day in Global History: While no major historical events were recorded for December 30, 1900, this date falls during a fascinating period of global transition. The turn of the 20th century was marked by significant technological, social, and political transformations, including the Second Industrial Revolution, colonial expansions, and emerging global tensions that would eventually lead to World War I.
31 Dec New Year's Eve Celebration Welcoming the 20th Century: On New Year's Eve 1900, Christian churches worldwide held special millennium services, symbolizing hope and anticipation for the new century. In New York City, a memorable celebration took place at City Hall Park, featuring John Philip Sousa's band performing from 10:45 pm. The city dramatically dimmed its lights for one minute before midnight, then erupted in fireworks to welcome the 20th century, creating a powerful and memorable moment of collective anticipation.

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