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Major Events of 1985: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll explore the most significant occurrences from 1985, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

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Major Events of 1985 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

  • 01 Jan Internet Domain Name System Created: A pivotal moment in internet history: the Domain Name System (DNS) is established, revolutionizing how internet addresses are organized and accessed.
  • 02 Jan Mubarak Reappoints Coptic Pope Shenuda III: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak officially reappointed Pope Shenuda III as the head of the Coptic Christian Church, reinforcing religious tolerance and political stability in Egypt during this period.
  • 03 Jan Israeli Government Confirms Ethiopian Jewish Resettlement: The Israeli government officially confirms plans to resettle 10,000 Ethiopian Jews, marking a significant humanitarian and migration effort to bring the Jewish community from Ethiopia to Israel.
  • 04 Jan First British Mobile Phone Call: A historic moment in telecommunications occurred when Ernie Wise made the first mobile phone call in Britain using a Vodafone network, marking the beginning of mobile communication in the United Kingdom.
  • 05 Jan Operation Moses: Jewish Refugee Airlift from Sudan to Israel: In a significant humanitarian operation, thousands of Ethiopian Jewish refugees were airlifted from Sudan to Israel, marking a critical moment in the rescue and resettlement of the Beta Israel community. This covert mission, part of a larger effort to bring Ethiopian Jews to Israel, represented a complex geopolitical and humanitarian undertaking during a turbulent period in the region.
  • 06 Jan AFC Championship: Miami Dolphins Triumph: At the Miami Orange Bowl, the Miami Dolphins decisively defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 45-28 in the AFC Championship game, showcasing their offensive prowess and advancing in the NFL playoffs.
  • 07 Jan Japan's First Deep Space Probe: The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency launches Sakigake, marking a historic milestone as Japan's first interplanetary spacecraft and the first deep space probe launched by a country other than the United States or the Soviet Union.
  • 08 Jan ANC's 73rd Anniversary Statement Highlighting Anti-Apartheid Struggle: On January 8th, 1985, the African National Congress (ANC) commemorated its 73rd year of existence with a powerful annual message from its National Executive Committee. The statement emphasized the ongoing struggle against apartheid and celebrated the unity of Black South Africans in their collective pursuit of freedom and equality. This annual address was a critical moment of solidarity and resistance during the height of the apartheid era, reaffirming the ANC's commitment to dismantling systemic racial oppression and achieving social justice.
  • 09 Jan First British Mobile Phone Call: Comedian Ernie Wise made history by making the first mobile phone call in Britain, connecting through the Vodafone network and marking a significant moment in telecommunications technology.
  • 10 Jan Daniel Ortega Becomes President of Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) was inaugurated as President of Nicaragua, pledging to continue the country's socialist transformation and maintain close diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union and Cuba. His presidency was marked by significant geopolitical tension, as the United States continued to support the Contras, a right-wing rebel group opposing the Sandinista government.
  • 11 Jan Rock in Rio: Landmark Music Festival Debuts: The inaugural Rock in Rio music festival takes place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, drawing an unprecedented crowd of 1.5 million attendees. This groundbreaking event would become one of the most significant music festivals globally, featuring international rock and pop artists and setting a new standard for large-scale music events.
  • 12 Jan Historic San Antonio Snowstorm: An unprecedented winter weather event struck San Antonio, Texas, with an extraordinary 13.5 inches of snowfall. The massive snowstorm effectively paralyzed the city's infrastructure, with nearby Del Rio also experiencing substantial snowfall of 8.6 inches. This rare meteorological occurrence was highly unusual for the typically mild South Texas region.
  • 13 Jan Devastating Train Disaster in Ethiopia: A catastrophic train derailment occurred in Ethiopia, resulting in the deaths of at least 428 people, marking the worst railroad disaster in African history. The express train plunged into a ravine, causing massive loss of life and highlighting significant transportation safety challenges in the region.
  • 14 Jan US Indicts Sanctuary Providers for Central American Refugees: In a controversial legal action, sixteen individuals were indicted by the United States for providing sanctuary to Central American refugees. This event highlights the complex political and humanitarian tensions surrounding immigration and refugee protection during the mid-1980s, particularly in the context of Central American political conflicts.
  • 15 Jan Tancredo Neves Elected President of Brazil: Civil rights activist Tancredo Neves was elected President of Brazil by Congress, marking the end of 21 years of military dictatorship. This was a pivotal moment in Brazilian democratic transition, symbolizing the return to civilian rule after decades of authoritarian governance.
  • 16 Jan Brazil's Democratic Transition: Tancredo Neves Elected President: Tancredo Neves was elected as the first democratically chosen president of Brazil after 21 years of military dictatorship. Tragically, he died before taking office, marking a poignant moment in Brazil's return to democratic governance.
  • 17 Jan British Telecom's Red Phone Box Retirement: British Telecom officially announced the retirement of the iconic red telephone boxes, marking the end of an era for a quintessential symbol of British urban landscape and communication history.
  • 18 Jan United States Withdraws from World Court Jurisdiction: On January 18, 1985, the United States made a significant diplomatic decision by renouncing its jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (World Court), despite previous commitments. This action signaled a unilateral withdrawal from the international judicial system and represented a notable moment in U.S. foreign policy, potentially undermining international legal frameworks and multilateral cooperation.
  • 19 Jan First Mobile Phone Call in Britain: A historic telecommunications milestone was achieved when Ernie Wise made the first mobile phone call in Britain using a Vodafone network, marking the beginning of mobile communication in the United Kingdom.
  • 20 Jan Record-Breaking Cold in Chicago: Chicago experienced its coldest day in recorded history, with temperatures dropping to 27 degrees below zero and wind chills reaching an extreme 70 degrees below zero, creating dangerous and potentially life-threatening conditions.
  • 21 Jan Reagan's Second Inauguration Moved Indoors: Due to extremely cold temperatures and bad weather on January 21, 1985, Ronald Reagan's public inaugural ceremony for his second presidential term was moved indoors to the United States Capitol Rotunda. This became only the second inauguration in U.S. history to be held inside, with the traditional outdoor parade being completely canceled.
  • 22 Jan Record-Breaking Cold Temperature in Virginia: Mountain Lake Biological Station in Virginia recorded an extreme low temperature of -30 degrees Fahrenheit (-34 degrees Celsius), establishing a new state temperature record.
  • 23 Jan First Television Broadcast of House of Lords Debate: On January 23, 1985, the British House of Lords held its first televised debate, marking a significant milestone in parliamentary transparency and media access to legislative proceedings.
  • 24 Jan 15th Space Shuttle Mission Discovery 3 Launched: NASA successfully launched the 15th Space Shuttle mission, designated 51-C, with the Space Shuttle Discovery 3 on this date. This mission represented another milestone in the United States' space exploration efforts during the 1980s.
  • 25 Jan Wasim Akram's Test Cricket Debut: Legendary Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram made his Test cricket debut against New Zealand in Auckland, marking the beginning of a remarkable international cricket career. In this inaugural match, he scored 2 runs and was part of the team's performance.
  • 26 Jan Wayne Gretzky Scores 50 Goals in 49 Games: Hockey legend Wayne Gretzky of the Edmonton Oilers achieved a remarkable milestone by scoring his 50th goal of the season in just 49 games, further solidifying his reputation as one of the greatest hockey players in history.
  • 27 Jan Space Shuttle Discovery Returns from Mission 51-C: The 15th Space Shuttle mission, designated 51-C, aboard Discovery successfully completed its mission and returned to Earth, marking another milestone in NASA's space exploration efforts.
  • 28 Jan Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster: The Space Shuttle Challenger tragically disintegrates 73 seconds after launch from Kennedy Space Center, resulting in the loss of all seven crew members. This catastrophic event occurred during mission STS-51-L, shocking the world and leading to a comprehensive investigation into NASA's safety protocols.
  • 29 Jan We Are the World Recording Session: A historic gathering of top pop stars in Los Angeles recorded the charity single 'We Are the World' to raise funds for African famine relief. The supergroup USA for Africa, featuring numerous music legends, came together to create a powerful humanitarian anthem that would become a landmark moment in music philanthropy.
  • 30 Jan Birth of Gisela Dulko: Gisela Dulko, a professional Argentine tennis player known for her versatile playing style and success in both singles and doubles competitions, was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Throughout her career, she achieved notable rankings in women's tennis and represented her country in international tournaments.
  • 31 Jan Conditional Offer of Freedom to Nelson Mandela: South African President P.W. Botha made a controversial proposal to release Nelson Mandela from prison, contingent upon Mandela publicly renouncing the use of violence as a political strategy. This offer came during the height of apartheid and was seen as a calculated political maneuver that attempted to undermine Mandela's moral standing while appearing to offer a path to freedom.
  • 01 Feb Azharuddin's Test Cricket Century: Mohammad Azharuddin scored his third Test century, achieving 122 runs against England in a remarkable display of batting skill during the third Test match.
  • 02 Feb Brian Boitano Wins US Male Figure Skating Championship: Brian Boitano secured victory at the 1985 United States Male Figure Skating Championship, demonstrating exceptional skill and technical prowess in the competitive skating event.
  • 03 Feb Joanne Carner Wins LPGA Elizabeth Arden Golf Classic: Professional golfer Joanne Carner secured victory at the Elizabeth Arden Golf Classic, showcasing her skill and competitive prowess in women's professional golf during the mid-1980s.
  • 04 Feb New Zealand-US Nuclear Tensions Escalate: Naval exercises were canceled when the United States refused to disclose the presence of nuclear weapons, highlighting the growing diplomatic friction between the two nations over nuclear policy.
  • 05 Feb Birth of Cristiano Ronaldo: Cristiano Ronaldo, one of the most famous and accomplished football players in history, was born in Funchal, Madeira, Portugal. He would go on to become a global sports icon, playing for top clubs like Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Juventus, and representing the Portuguese national team.
  • 06 Feb Steve Wozniak Departs Apple Computer: Steve Wozniak, co-founder of Apple Computer, officially leaves the company he helped establish, marking a significant moment in the early history of personal computing.
  • 07 Feb "New York, New York" Becomes NYC's Official Anthem: The iconic song "New York, New York", famously performed by Frank Sinatra, was officially adopted as the anthem of New York City, celebrating the city's spirit and cultural identity.
  • 08 Feb Kim Dae Jung Returns to South Korea: Opposition leader Kim Dae Jung returned to South Korea, marking a significant moment in the country's political landscape. A prominent pro-democracy activist, his return signaled potential political shifts and resistance against the authoritarian regime.
  • 09 Feb Murder of DEA Agent Enrique Camarena in Mexico: U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent Enrique Camarena was kidnapped in Guadalajara, Mexico, by members of the Guadalajara Cartel led by Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo. Camarena was brutally tortured and murdered for his investigations into drug trafficking operations. His body was discovered on March 5, 1985, marking a significant moment in the ongoing battle against drug cartels in Mexico.
  • 10 Feb Nelson Mandela Rejects Freedom Offer: Nelson Mandela, a prominent anti-apartheid activist, refuses conditional release from prison, demonstrating his unwavering commitment to ending racial segregation in South Africa.
  • 11 Feb Jordan-PLO Diplomatic Accord: King Hussein of Jordan and Palestinian Liberation Organization leader Yasser Arafat signed a significant diplomatic accord, representing an important moment of potential cooperation and dialogue in the complex Middle Eastern political landscape.
  • 12 Feb Michael Jordan's NBA Debut: Michael Jordan made his historic NBA debut with the Chicago Bulls on February 12, 1985, marking the beginning of what would become one of the most legendary careers in basketball history. This moment signaled the start of Jordan's transformative impact on professional basketball.
  • 13 Feb Solidarity Leaders Arrested in Poland: In a significant crackdown on the pro-democracy movement, Polish police arrested seven leaders of the Solidarity trade union. This action represented continued government suppression of opposition forces during the communist era in Poland.
  • 14 Feb Whitney Houston Debuts Self-Titled Album: Whitney Houston released her groundbreaking self-titled debut album, which would go on to win multiple Grammy Awards, including Best Pop Vocal Performance and Best Female, and was named Billboard Album of the Year in 1986. This album launched her legendary music career.
  • 15 Feb World Chess Championship Match Abandoned: The intense World Chess Championship match between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov was abandoned after a grueling series of games, with Karpov leading 25 to Kasparov's 23 games. This dramatic interruption highlighted the psychological and competitive nature of high-level chess during the mid-1980s.
  • 16 Feb Hezbollah Founding: Hezbollah, a prominent Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and militant group, is officially established in Lebanon.
  • 17 Feb Artificial Heart Recipient Milestone: Murray Haydon becomes the third person in medical history to receive an artificial heart, representing a significant advancement in cardiac transplantation and medical technology.
  • 18 Feb WWF War to Settle the Score Wrestling Event: A professional wrestling event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) took place at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The main event featured Hulk Hogan defending the WWF World Heavyweight Championship against 'Rowdy' Roddy Piper. In an intense match, Hogan successfully retained his title after Piper was disqualified, maintaining his championship status.
  • 19 Feb Iberia Airlines Flight 610 Tragedy: An Iberia Airlines Boeing 727 crashed into Mount Oiz near Bilbao, Spain, resulting in the devastating loss of all 148 passengers and crew. The accident was officially attributed to pilot error, marking one of the most significant aviation disasters in Spanish history.
  • 20 Feb Minolta Revolutionizes Photography with First Autofocus SLR Camera: Minolta launches the groundbreaking Maxxum 7000, the world's first commercially successful autofocus single-lens reflex (SLR) camera, marking a significant technological leap in photography that would transform the industry.
  • 21 Feb Tim Raines Secures Major Baseball Contract: Major League Baseball player Tim Raines was awarded a significant salary of US$12 million for the 1985 season through arbitration, marking a notable moment in baseball contract negotiations.
  • 22 Feb Space Shuttle Challenger Preparation: The Space Shuttle Challenger was moved to the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center in preparation for the STS 51-E mission. This event was part of NASA's ongoing space exploration efforts, tragically preceding the Challenger disaster later that year.
  • 23 Feb Edwin Meese III Confirmed as US Attorney General: The US Senate confirmed Edwin Meese III as the 75th Attorney General of the United States, a significant appointment during the Reagan administration. Meese was a close advisor to President Ronald Reagan and played a key role in shaping legal policy during the 1980s.
  • 24 Feb Coronation of King Birendra of Nepal: Birendra, Bir Bikram Shah Dev was officially crowned as the King of Nepal, marking a significant moment in the country's monarchical history. As the eleventh monarch of the Shah dynasty, his coronation represented a continuation of Nepal's traditional royal lineage.
  • 25 Feb French Intelligence Sinks Greenpeace Ship Rainbow Warrior: On February 25, 1985, French secret service agents conducted a covert operation to sink the Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand. The attack was part of a deliberate state-sponsored effort to prevent the ship from protesting French nuclear testing in the Pacific. The bombing resulted in the death of Fernando Pereira, a Portuguese-born photographer, and caused significant international diplomatic tension between France and New Zealand. This event highlighted the extreme measures some governments would take to suppress environmental activism and drew global attention to the controversial nuclear testing program.
  • 26 Feb 27th Grammy Awards Highlights: The 27th Annual Grammy Awards celebrated outstanding achievements in music. Notable winners included Tina Turner for 'What's Love Got to Do With It' and Cyndi Lauper, marking significant moments in 1980s pop music.
  • 27 Feb US Farmers Protest in Washington: Farmers from across the United States converged in Washington, D.C. to demand economic relief during a challenging period for agricultural communities, highlighting the economic struggles of rural America in the 1980s.
  • 28 Feb Deadly IRA Mortar Attack in Newry: The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) executed a devastating mortar attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) police station in Newry, Northern Ireland. This attack resulted in the single deadliest day for the RUC, with nine officers killed, marking a significant escalation in the Northern Ireland conflict.
  • 01 Mar Pentagon Nuclear Winter Study: The Pentagon officially accepts the scientific theory that a potential atomic war would result in a catastrophic 'nuclear winter' scenario, highlighting the devastating global environmental consequences of nuclear conflict.
  • 02 Mar US AIDS Screening Test Approval: The United States government approved a critical screening test for AIDS, marking a significant milestone in the medical community's response to the emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic. This screening test would help blood banks ensure the safety of blood supplies and improve early detection capabilities.
  • 03 Mar UK Miners' Strike Ends: The National Union of Mineworkers concluded its prolonged 51-week industrial dispute, marking a significant moment in British labor history. This strike was a defining conflict during Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government, symbolizing the tension between labor unions and government policy.
  • 04 Mar FDA Approves First HIV Blood Test: The Food and Drug Administration approved a groundbreaking blood test for HIV infection, which became a critical screening method for all blood donations in the United States, significantly improving blood supply safety.
  • 05 Mar DEA Agent Kiki Camarena Murder Discovered: The body of Enrique (Kiki) S. Camarena, a U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agent, was discovered after he was brutally kidnapped and murdered by drug traffickers. His death became a significant event in the ongoing war against drug cartels and highlighted the dangerous work of law enforcement in combating international drug trade.
  • 06 Mar Mike Tyson's Professional Boxing Debut: Boxing prodigy Mike Tyson launches his professional career with a powerful first-round knockout victory over Hector Mercedes in Albany, New York, marking the beginning of what would become a legendary boxing journey.
  • 07 Mar "We Are the World" International Release: The charity single "We Are the World" by USA for Africa, featuring an ensemble of top music artists, was released internationally. The song was created to raise funds for African famine relief and became a global humanitarian anthem.
  • 08 Mar Gorbachev Assumes Leadership of Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, marking a significant turning point in Soviet and global politics. His ascension signals potential reforms and a shift away from the previous hardline communist leadership.
  • 09 Mar Gorbachev Assumes Leadership of Soviet Union: Mikhail Gorbachev becomes the leader of the Soviet Union, replacing Konstantin Chernenko. This marks a significant political transition that would ultimately lead to major reforms and the eventual dissolution of the USSR.
  • 10 Mar India Wins World Championship of Cricket: India defeated Pakistan in the World Championship of Cricket, marking a significant moment in the intense cricket rivalry between the two nations and showcasing India's emerging cricket prowess.
  • 11 Mar Gorbachev Becomes Soviet Leader and Initiates Transformative Reforms: Mikhail Gorbachev assumes leadership of the Soviet Union, introducing groundbreaking policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring), which would ultimately lead to the end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  • 12 Mar Larry Bird's Record-Breaking Performance: NBA legend Larry Bird scored an extraordinary 60 points in a single game for the Boston Celtics, setting a franchise record and demonstrating his exceptional scoring prowess.
  • 13 Mar Funeral of Soviet Leader Konstantin Chernenko: Funeral services were held in Moscow for Konstantin Chernenko, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union who had recently passed away. His death marked a significant moment in Soviet political leadership during the mid-1980s.
  • 14 Mar People's Choice Awards Highlights: At the 11th People's Choice Awards, comedian and actor Bill Cosby dominates the event by winning four prestigious awards, showcasing his significant popularity in entertainment during the mid-1980s.
  • 15 Mar First Internet Domain Name Registered: Symbolics.com becomes the first registered domain name, marking a pivotal moment in the early development of the Internet. This event symbolizes the beginning of the modern digital communication era.
  • 16 Mar Terry Anderson Hostage Crisis Begins: Associated Press journalist Terry Anderson was taken hostage in Beirut, Lebanon, marking the start of a prolonged captivity. He would remain a hostage for nearly seven years, finally being released on December 4, 1991, after 2,454 days of captivity.
  • 17 Mar Night Stalker Begins Murder Spree: Serial killer Richard Ramirez, infamously known as the 'Night Stalker', committed his first two murders in Los Angeles, California, marking the beginning of a terrifying criminal rampage that would shock the nation.
  • 18 Mar MLB Commissioner Reinstates Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays: Baseball Commissioner Peter Ueberroth officially reinstates legendary Hall of Famers Mickey Mantle and Willie Mays, ending their previous ban from associating with major league baseball due to their employment with Atlantic City casinos. This decision marks a significant moment in baseball's relationship with player conduct and rehabilitation.
  • 19 Mar US Senate Authorizes MX Missile Production: In a significant Cold War-era defense decision, the US Senate voted 55-45 to authorize the production of the MX missile, reflecting ongoing strategic military developments.
  • 20 Mar Rick Hansen's Global Wheelchair Journey Begins: Canadian paraplegic athlete Rick Hansen embarked on his groundbreaking 'Man in Motion' world tour, circumnavigating the globe in a wheelchair to raise awareness and funds for spinal cord injury research and humanitarian causes.
  • 21 Mar Rick Hansen's Man in Motion World Tour Begins: Canadian paraplegic athlete Rick Hansen embarked on his groundbreaking 'Man in Motion' world tour, wheeling around the globe to raise awareness and funds for spinal cord injury medical research. His incredible journey would span over two years and 40,000 kilometers, inspiring millions and significantly advancing understanding and support for people with disabilities.
  • 22 Mar NASA Launches Intelsat VA F-10 Communication Satellite: On March 22, 1985, NASA successfully launched the Intelsat VA F-10 communication satellite, a significant milestone in global telecommunications infrastructure. This satellite was part of the Intelsat VA series, designed to provide international telecommunications services and improve global communication networks.
  • 23 Mar Death of Patricia Roberts Harris: Patricia Roberts Harris, a pioneering African American politician and the first African American woman to serve in a presidential cabinet, passed away. Harris was a significant figure in civil rights and public service, having served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare under Presidents Carter and Reagan.
  • 24 Mar Martina Navratilova's Tennis Triumph: Tennis legend Martina Navratilova secured her third consecutive WTA Tour Championship by defeating Helena Suková with a decisive 6–3, 7–5, 6–4 victory at Madison Square Garden in New York City, further cementing her dominance in women's tennis.
  • 25 Mar Bangladesh Cyclone Disaster: A devastating tropical storm struck Bangladesh, causing a catastrophic storm surge that resulted in approximately 10,000 fatalities. This tragic event highlighted the extreme vulnerability of coastal regions to severe weather conditions.
  • 26 Mar First World Youth Day Announced: Pope John Paul II officially proclaims the first World Youth Day, an international gathering designed to bring together young Catholics from around the globe to celebrate faith, promote unity, and encourage spiritual engagement among youth.
  • 27 Mar Christos Sartzetakis Elected President of Greece: Christos Sartzetakis was democratically elected as the President of Greece, marking an important moment in the country's post-military junta political transition.
  • 28 Mar Death of Marc Chagall: Marc Chagall, a renowned Russian-born French painter who significantly influenced 20th-century modern art, passed away at the age of 97. Known for his distinctive style blending cubism, symbolism, and surrealism, Chagall created vibrant works that often depicted Jewish life, folklore, and emotional landscapes.
  • 29 Mar Wayne Gretzky Breaks NHL Assist Record: Hockey legend Wayne Gretzky broke his own NHL season record by recording his 126th assist, further solidifying his status as 'The Great One' in professional ice hockey.
  • 30 Mar Assassination Attempt on President Ronald Reagan: On March 30, 1981, a serious assassination attempt was made against U.S. President Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C. Just two months after his inauguration as the 40th president of the United States, Reagan was shot and critically wounded by John W. Hinckley, Jr. The incident shocked the nation and raised significant questions about presidential security.
  • 31 Mar Japanese Corporate Privatization: Two major Japanese government-owned corporations, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone and Japan Tobacco and Salt, are privatized and renamed, marking a significant economic reform.
  • 01 Apr Villanova's Historic NCAA Basketball Championship Upset: In a stunning upset, Villanova, a fourth-place team in its own conference, defeated Patrick Ewing and the heavily favored Georgetown Hoyas 84-75 in the NCAA Basketball Tournament. This victory is widely considered one of the most remarkable and unexpected championships in college basketball history, demonstrating the unpredictable nature of sports competition.
  • 02 Apr NCAA Introduces 45-Second Shot Clock: The NCAA Rules Committee approved a 45-second shot clock for men's basketball, set to be implemented in the 1986 season, aimed at preventing game-stalling tactics and increasing game pace.
  • 03 Apr French Electoral System Reform: The French government adopts an equal electoral system, aiming to enhance democratic representation and fairness in the national voting process.
  • 04 Apr French Electoral System Reform: The French government implemented a significant electoral system reform, adopting a more equitable approach to national elections. This political transformation aimed to enhance democratic representation and ensure a more balanced electoral process across the country.
  • 05 Apr Alan Garcia Elected President of Peru: Alan Garcia secured victory in the Peruvian presidential elections, marking a significant political transition in Peru's democratic process during the mid-1980s.
  • 06 Apr Sudanese Military Coup: A significant political upheaval occurs in Sudan as President Gaafar Nimeiry is overthrown in a military coup led by Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. This coup marks a critical moment in Sudan's political history, representing a major shift in the country's governance and power structure.
  • 07 Apr Gorbachev's European Missile Moratorium: Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev declares a unilateral moratorium on the deployment of medium-range missiles in Europe, signaling a significant diplomatic gesture during the late Cold War period and potentially paving the way for future arms reduction negotiations.
  • 08 Apr Bhopal Disaster Legal Action: The Indian government files a significant legal suit against Union Carbide Corporation regarding the catastrophic industrial accident that resulted in approximately 2,000 deaths and over 200,000 injuries, marking a critical moment in environmental and corporate accountability.
  • 09 Apr Rainbow Warrior Sinking: French Intelligence Operation: The Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace ship dedicated to environmental activism, was deliberately sunk by French intelligence agents in Auckland Harbour, New Zealand. This covert operation was part of France's efforts to prevent protests against nuclear testing in the South Pacific.
  • 10 Apr Challenger Shuttle Preparation for STS 51-B Mission: The Space Shuttle Challenger was transported to Vandenberg Air Force Base in preparation for the upcoming STS 51-B space mission, marking an important step in NASA's space exploration efforts.
  • 11 Apr USA for Africa's 'We Are The World' Tops Charts: The charity single 'We Are The World' by USA for Africa, a supergroup of musicians raising funds for African famine relief, was the number one song in the United States, highlighting global humanitarian efforts.
  • 12 Apr El Descanso Terrorist Bombing: A devastating terrorist attack by the Islamic Jihad Organization at the 'El Descanso' restaurant near Madrid, Spain, targeting U.S. military personnel from Torrejon Air Force Base. The bombing resulted in 18 Spanish civilian deaths and 82 injuries, marking a significant act of international terrorism.
  • 13 Apr Soviet Criticism of Olympic Boycott: TASS, the official Soviet news agency, denounces the United States' boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics, highlighting ongoing Cold War tensions.
  • 14 Apr Medical Milestone: Permanent Artificial Heart: Jack C. Burcham becomes the fifth person to receive the groundbreaking Jarvik 7 permanent artificial heart, representing a significant advancement in medical technology and cardiac treatment.
  • 15 Apr South Africa Repeals Racist Marriage Laws: South Africa announces the repeal of discriminatory sex and marriage laws that previously prohibited relationships between whites and non-whites, marking a significant step towards dismantling apartheid-era legal restrictions.
  • 16 Apr NHL Playoff Series: Islanders Defeat Capitals: In the Patrick Division Semifinals of the NHL playoffs, the New York Islanders defeated the Washington Capitals, winning the series 3-2 in a closely contested matchup.
  • 17 Apr Uneventful Day in Global History: While no specific major historical events were recorded on April 17, 1985, this does not necessarily mean nothing of significance occurred. Many days in history pass without dramatic global developments, representing the routine continuity of human experience.
  • 18 Apr Yunnan Province Earthquake: A devastating magnitude 5.8 earthquake struck Yunnan Province, China, resulting in 23 fatalities and approximately 300 injuries, causing significant local destruction and humanitarian challenges.
  • 19 Apr Soviet Nuclear Test in Kazakhstan: The Soviet Union conducted a nuclear test at the Eastern Kazakh/Semipalatinsk test site, continuing its nuclear weapons development program during the late Cold War period. This test was part of the ongoing nuclear arms race between the USSR and the United States.
  • 20 Apr ATF Raid on Religious Compound: The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) conducts a significant raid on The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord compound located in northern Arkansas, targeting a controversial religious group suspected of potential illegal activities.
  • 21 Apr Brazilian Presidential Transition After Tancredo Neves' Death: Brazilian President Tancredo Neves, who was set to restore civilian rule after 21 years of military dictatorship, dies unexpectedly. Vice President Jose Sarney assumes the presidency, marking a significant moment in Brazil's return to democratic governance.
  • 22 Apr Elián González Federal Seizure: In a dramatic pre-dawn operation, federal agents removed six-year-old Cuban boy Elián González from his relatives' home in Miami, marking a pivotal moment in the complex U.S.-Cuba immigration and political tensions of the late 1990s.
  • 23 Apr New Coke Debuts: The Coca-Cola Company introduced a reformulated version of its iconic soft drink, marking the first significant change to its original recipe in 99 years. The new formula, dubbed 'New Coke', was launched with significant marketing fanfare but was met with widespread consumer backlash and rejection.
  • 24 Apr West German Holocaust Denial Law: The West German Parliament passed a landmark legislation making Holocaust denial illegal, a critical step in confronting historical atrocities and preventing the spread of harmful historical revisionism.
  • 25 Apr West Germany Criminalizes Holocaust Denial: The West German Parliament passes a landmark law making it illegal to deny the Holocaust, a significant legal step in confronting historical atrocities and preventing the spread of antisemitic misinformation.
  • 26 Apr Nam Gyu-Ri: Korean Singer and Artist: Nam Gyu-Ri is a notable South Korean singer and actress, originally a member of the K-pop girl group See Ya. She gained recognition in the entertainment industry for her musical talents and subsequent acting career, contributing to the Korean pop culture landscape of the late 2000s and early 2010s.
  • 27 Apr Uneventful Day in Global History: While no major global events were recorded on this specific date, April 27, 1985 represents a typical day in the mid-1980s. Such days, though seemingly unremarkable, are part of the continuous fabric of human history, where countless personal stories and local events unfold without immediate global significance.
  • 28 Apr Fernando Valenzuela Sets Scoreless Innings Record: Pitcher Fernando Valenzuela achieved a remarkable feat by setting a record of 41 consecutive scoreless innings at the start of the baseball season, demonstrating exceptional pitching skill.
  • 29 Apr Space Shuttle Mission 51-B Launch: The 17th space shuttle mission (51-B) launched with the Challenger 7 spacecraft, continuing NASA's space exploration efforts.
  • 30 Apr Charles Francis Richter - Seismology Pioneer: Charles Francis Richter, the renowned American seismologist best known for developing the Richter scale used to measure earthquake magnitudes, is commemorated on this date. His groundbreaking work revolutionized our understanding of seismic activity and geological measurements.
  • 01 May Terrorist Bombing in Brussels: On May 1st, 1985, a communist-linked terrorist attack in Brussels, Belgium resulted in the tragic deaths of two firefighters. This incident highlighted the ongoing political tensions and terrorist activities in Europe during the mid-1980s Cold War period.
  • 02 May Microsoft Excel Launches for Macintosh: Microsoft introduces the Excel spreadsheet program for the Macintosh, marking a significant milestone in personal computing software. Despite Lotus Development's earlier Jazz release, Excel quickly becomes the dominant spreadsheet application, driving increased Macintosh sales similar to how VisiCalc and Lotus 1-2-3 had previously boosted their respective platforms.
  • 03 May Birmingham Campaign Police Brutality: In a pivotal moment of the Civil Rights Movement, the Birmingham, Alabama police force responded with violent force to peaceful protesters. The worldwide transmission of these violent suppression images brought unprecedented international attention to the struggle for racial equality in the United States.
  • 04 May Norway Wins Eurovision Song Contest: Norwegian group Bobbysocks wins the 30th Eurovision Song Contest with their song 'La det swinge' in Gothenburg, Sweden, marking a significant moment for Norwegian music on the international stage.
  • 05 May Bradford Stadium Fire Tragedy: A devastating fire erupted in a wooden stand at Valley Parade stadium in Bradford, England during a football match, resulting in the tragic death of 56 people. This catastrophic event led to significant changes in stadium safety regulations across the United Kingdom.
  • 06 May NASA Space Shuttle Mission 51-B Lands Successfully: The Space Shuttle Challenger 7 completed its 17th NASA mission (51-B) by landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California. This mission represented another milestone in the Space Shuttle program's ongoing exploration and scientific research efforts.
  • 07 May Uneventful Day in Global History: While no major global events were recorded on May 7, 1985, this does not diminish the potential significance of daily life and local occurrences happening around the world. Every day contributes to the broader tapestry of human experience, even when no landmark historical moments are immediately apparent.
  • 08 May French Nuclear Test at Mururoa Atoll: France conducted a nuclear weapons test at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia, continuing its nuclear testing program in the Pacific region. This test was part of France's strategic nuclear defense strategy during the Cold War era.
  • 09 May Death of Edmond O'Brien, Acclaimed Hollywood Actor: Edmond O'Brien, a prominent American actor known for his versatile roles in television series like 'Sam Benedict' and 'Johnny Midnight', passed away on May 9, 1985, at the age of 69. His death was attributed to Alzheimer's disease, a condition that tragically affected his later years. Born in 1915, O'Brien was a respected figure in the entertainment industry, recognized for his compelling performances across film and television.
  • 10 May The Go-Go's Announce Band Disbandment: On May 10, 1985, The Go-Go's announced their disbandment, marking the end of an era for one of the most successful all-female rock bands in history. Formed in Los Angeles in 1978 from the city's underground punk scene, the band made chart history in 1981 with their debut album *Beauty and the Beat*, which became the first album by an all-female band to reach No. 1 on the charts.
  • 11 May Bradford City Stadium Fire: A devastating fire engulfed a wooden stand at Valley Parade stadium during a football match between Bradford City and Lincoln City, resulting in a tragic loss of 56 lives and over 200 injuries. The wooden structure's rapid combustion and limited escape routes contributed to the high casualty count, making it one of the most significant stadium disasters in British sporting history.
  • 12 May First Woman Conservative Rabbi Ordained: Amy Eilberg made history by being ordained as the first woman Conservative rabbi in New York, marking a significant milestone for women's leadership in Judaism.
  • 13 May MOVE Headquarters Bombing in Philadelphia: On May 13, 1985, Philadelphia police conducted a controversial and tragic operation against the MOVE organization, dropping a bomb on their headquarters. The bombing resulted in the deaths of six adults and five children, and destroyed 250 homes in the surrounding neighborhood. This event is considered one of the most extreme examples of police action against a civilian group in modern U.S. history.
  • 14 May Execution of Mohammed Munir, Indonesian Labor Activist: Mohammed Munir, a prominent Indonesian workers' union leader, was executed on this date. His death likely represented significant political tension and suppression of labor rights in Indonesia during the mid-1980s.
  • 15 May Unabomber Attacks University of California Researcher: Ted Kaczynski, known as the Unabomber, sends an explosive device that injures John Hauser, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, as part of his anti-technology terrorist campaign.
  • 16 May Discovery of the Ozone Hole: Scientists from the British Antarctic Survey announced a groundbreaking discovery of a significant ozone layer depletion over Antarctica, revealing a massive 'hole' in Earth's protective atmospheric shield. This discovery would later become a critical environmental milestone, highlighting the impact of human-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on global atmospheric health.
  • 17 May Death of Abe Burrows, Notable American Entertainer: Abe Burrows, a prominent American songwriter, composer, and writer who significantly contributed to Broadway and entertainment, passed away. Known for his wit and creative works, Burrows was a key figure in mid-20th century American performing arts.
  • 18 May Nightline's South Africa Broadcast: ABC News 'Nightline' broadcasts from a remote location in South Africa for the first time, highlighting international news coverage during the apartheid era.
  • 19 May Naval Spy John Anthony Walker Jr. Arrested by FBI: John Anthony Walker Jr. was apprehended by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for engaging in espionage by passing highly classified Naval communications intelligence to the Soviet Union, a significant breach of national security during the Cold War era.
  • 20 May FBI Arrests Major Soviet Spy: John A. Walker Jr. was arrested by the FBI for extensive espionage activities against the United States, providing critical military secrets to the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
  • 21 May Paul Hardcastle's '19' Tops UK Charts: Paul Hardcastle's song '19', a powerful anti-war track about Vietnam War veterans, reached number 1 in the UK. The song was notable for its innovative use of spoken word and electronic music to highlight the psychological impact of war.
  • 22 May Roger Moore's Final James Bond Film Premieres: 'A View to a Kill', the 14th James Bond film and the last to star Roger Moore, premiered in San Francisco, marking the end of Moore's iconic tenure as the legendary spy.
  • 23 May Space Shuttle Discovery Prepared for Mission: The Space Shuttle Discovery was transported to the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, preparing for the upcoming STS 51-G mission, demonstrating ongoing progress in the U.S. space exploration program.
  • 24 May Devastating Bangladesh Cyclone: A catastrophic cyclone struck Bangladesh, causing massive destruction and resulting in approximately 11,000 fatalities. This natural disaster was one of the deadliest cyclones in the country's history, highlighting the region's vulnerability to extreme weather events and the urgent need for improved disaster preparedness and mitigation strategies.
  • 25 May Devastating Bangladesh Cyclone: A catastrophic tropical cyclone struck Bangladesh, causing massive destruction and claiming approximately 11,000 lives. The storm surge devastated coastal regions, leading to one of the deadliest natural disasters in the country's modern history.
  • 26 May Danny Sullivan Wins Indianapolis 500 in Dramatic Race: Danny Sullivan achieved a remarkable victory at the Indianapolis 500, overcoming a mid-race spin to win by an impressive 24-second margin. His triumph was particularly notable for defeating veteran racer Mario Andretti, marking a significant moment in motorsports history.
  • 27 May Britain's Agreement to Return Hong Kong to China: On May 27, 1985, the United Kingdom formally agreed to transfer sovereignty of Hong Kong back to the People's Republic of China, setting the stage for the historic handover in 1997, which would end over 150 years of British colonial rule.
  • 28 May David Jacobsen Kidnapped in Beirut: David Jacobsen was taken hostage in Beirut, Lebanon, during a period of significant political instability and conflict in the region. This event was part of a series of hostage-takings that marked the Lebanese Civil War and international tensions in the Middle East.
  • 29 May Heysel Stadium Disaster: On May 29, 1985, a tragic event unfolded at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium, during the European Cup final between Liverpool F.C. and Juventus. Violent confrontations between British and Italian football fans led to a catastrophic stadium collapse, resulting in the deaths of 39 people and injuring approximately 500 others. The incident was marked by crowd violence, structural failure, and a subsequent five-year ban on English clubs from European competitions. This event became a pivotal moment in football history, highlighting critical stadium safety and crowd management issues.
  • 30 May Edmonton Oilers Win Stanley Cup: The Edmonton Oilers defeated the Philadelphia Flyers 4 games to 1 in the NHL Stanley Cup Finals, securing their second consecutive championship. The decisive Game 5 was won 8-3 at Northlands Coliseum in Edmonton, Alberta, showcasing the team's dominance in professional hockey during the mid-1980s.
  • 31 May 1985 United States-Canadian Tornado Outbreak: A catastrophic tornado outbreak struck the Northeastern United States and Southern Canada, causing unprecedented destruction. A total of 41 tornadoes tracked across Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario, with the most devastating tornado being an F5 that touched down in eastern Portage County. This outbreak was the deadliest in Pennsylvania's history, resulting in 76 fatalities and over $700 million in damage. The tornadoes caused widespread devastation, destroying communities and infrastructure across multiple states and provinces.
  • 01 Jun Battle of the Beanfield: A significant confrontation occurred between Wiltshire Police and New Age travellers attempting to set up the 1985 Stonehenge Free Festival. Approximately 1,300 police officers prevented around 600 travellers from establishing the festival, enforcing a High Court injunction. This event became a symbolic moment of tension between alternative lifestyle groups and British authorities.
  • 02 Jun Serial Killer Leonard Lake Arrested: Leonard Lake, a notorious serial killer, is apprehended near San Francisco, California after being caught shoplifting, marking a significant breakthrough in law enforcement efforts.
  • 03 Jun First World Bicycle Day: The United Nations officially designated June 3 as World Bicycle Day, promoting cycling as a sustainable and healthy mode of transportation.
  • 04 Jun Supreme Court Moment of Silence Ruling: The US Supreme Court struck down Alabama's 'moment of silence' law, reinforcing the constitutional separation of church and state by ruling that mandatory moments of silence in public schools were unconstitutional.
  • 05 Jun Steve Cauthen Wins The Derby: Steve Cauthen rode Slip Anchor to victory at the Epsom Downs, becoming the first and only jockey to win both the Kentucky Derby (1978) and The Derby (UK), showcasing his exceptional international horse racing prowess.
  • 06 Jun Josef Mengele's Remains Exhumed: The remains of Dr. Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi war criminal known as the 'Angel of Death' for his horrific medical experiments at Auschwitz, are exhumed from a grave in Brazil to confirm his identity and final fate.
  • 07 Jun Tears For Fears Top Billboard Chart: On June 7, 1985, the iconic song "Everybody Wants To Rule The World" by Tears For Fears was the number one song on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The track, from their album 'Songs from the Big Chair', represented the band's peak commercial success during the mid-1980s new wave and pop rock era.
  • 08 Jun French Open Women's Tennis Final: In the French Open Women's Tennis Championship, Chris Evert defeated Martina Navratilova in a highly anticipated match, adding another chapter to their legendary rivalry.
  • 09 Jun Thomas Sutherland Kidnapped in Lebanon: American academic Thomas Sutherland was kidnapped in Lebanon by militant groups, beginning a harrowing six-year hostage ordeal that would highlight the complex geopolitical tensions in the Middle East during the 1980s.
  • 10 Jun Coca-Cola Announces Return to Original Formula: The Coca-Cola Company made a landmark announcement to revert to their original 99-year-old formula, responding to consumer backlash following the controversial 'New Coke' introduction in April 1985. This decision would later be known as the return of 'Coca-Cola Classic'.
  • 11 Jun Soviet Space Probe Lands on Venus: The Soviet space probe Vega 1 successfully landed on Venus, marking a significant milestone in planetary exploration and Soviet space technology during the Cold War era.
  • 12 Jun Death of Hua Luogeng, Prominent Chinese Mathematician: Hua Luogeng, a significant Chinese mathematician who made substantial contributions to number theory and mathematical research, passed away. Born in 1910, he was a key figure in advancing mathematical sciences in China during the mid-20th century.
  • 13 Jun Live Aid Benefit Concerts: The historic Live Aid benefit concerts held simultaneously in London and Philadelphia raised over £50 million for famine relief in Ethiopia. Organized by Bob Geldof, these concerts featured numerous global music icons and represented a landmark moment in humanitarian fundraising and global awareness.
  • 14 Jun TWA Flight 847 Hijacking: Lebanese Shiite Muslim extremists hijacked TWA Flight 847, marking a significant terrorist incident that highlighted international tensions and airline security vulnerabilities.
  • 15 Jun Studio Ghibli Founded: Renowned Japanese animation studio Studio Ghibli was established in Tokyo, marking the beginning of a legendary animation production company that would later create world-famous films like 'My Neighbor Totoro' and 'Spirited Away'.
  • 16 Jun Andy North Wins 85th US Open Golf Championship: Andy North won the 85th US Open Men's Golf Championship at Oakland Hills Country Club in Michigan, securing victory by a narrow one-stroke margin over runners-up Dave Barr, T.C. Chen, and Denis Watson. In a dramatic turn of events, T.C. Chen, who was leading by four strokes in the final round, ultimately lost the tournament.
  • 17 Jun First Arab and Muslim in Space: Space Shuttle program's STS-51-G mission launched, with Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud becoming the first Arab and first Muslim astronaut to travel to space as a payload specialist. This historic mission marked a significant milestone in space exploration and international representation in aerospace.
  • 18 Jun Fred Lynn's Historic RBI Performance: On June 18, 1985, Boston Red Sox outfielder Fred Lynn achieved a remarkable feat by driving in 10 runs in a single game, which is an exceptional performance in Major League Baseball. This extraordinary achievement highlights Lynn's offensive prowess and represents one of the most impressive individual batting performances of the 1985 MLB season.
  • 19 Jun Revolutionary Party Attack in San Salvador: Members of the Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers, disguised as Salvadoran soldiers, launched an attack on the Zona Rosa area of San Salvador, escalating political tensions in El Salvador during the ongoing civil conflict.
  • 20 Jun 1985 Nepal Bombings: On June 20, 1985, a coordinated series of bomb blasts struck multiple cities in Nepal, including the capital Kathmandu. These terrorist attacks caused significant disruption and raised serious concerns about national security. The bombings targeted various urban centers, creating widespread fear and uncertainty among the civilian population.
  • 21 Jun Confirmation of Josef Mengele's Death: Forensic pathologists from the United States, Germany, and Brazil officially confirmed that the skeletal remains exhumed on June 6, 1985, in Brazil were definitively those of Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi doctor known for his horrific medical experiments during the Holocaust. This confirmation provided closure to decades of speculation about the fate of one of World War II's most infamous war criminals who had been hiding in South America.
  • 22 Jun IRA Bombing Campaign Foiled: British and Irish law enforcement successfully prevent a planned 'mainland bombing campaign' by the Provisional Irish Republican Army, which was targeting luxury vacation resorts. This operation represents a significant counter-terrorism effort during the Northern Ireland conflict.
  • 23 Jun Air India Flight 182 Terrorist Bombing: A devastating terrorist bomb was planted on Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747, which exploded at 31,000 feet above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland. The explosion destroyed the aircraft, killing all 329 passengers and crew members. This was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in aviation history, primarily targeting Canadian citizens.
  • 24 Jun Air India Flight 182 Bombing: A terrorist bomb destroys Air India Boeing 747 flight 182 over the Atlantic Ocean near Ireland, resulting in the tragic loss of all 329 passengers and crew. This devastating terrorist attack is considered one of the deadliest aviation bombings in history.
  • 25 Jun Landmark Civil Rights Legal Victory: Tracey Thurman wins a groundbreaking civil rights case against the City of Torrington, becoming the first woman to successfully sue a police department for failing to protect her from domestic violence.
  • 26 Jun UN International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking: The United Nations General Assembly officially established this global observance day to raise critical awareness about the societal challenges posed by illicit drugs, and to promote comprehensive strategies for preventing drug abuse and combating drug trafficking worldwide.
  • 27 Jun Route 66 Decommissioning: Route 66, the iconic highway connecting Chicago to Santa Monica, was officially decommissioned after 59 years of service. This historic road, symbolizing American mobility and freedom, was removed from the official U.S. highway system.
  • 28 Jun Space Shuttle Discovery Returns to Kennedy Space Center: The Space Shuttle Discovery was ferried back to the Kennedy Space Center from Bergstrom Air Force Base in Texas, completing a significant logistical transport of the spacecraft.
  • 29 Jun NASA Launches Intelsat VA Communication Satellite: NASA successfully launched the Intelsat VA communication satellite, a significant milestone in global telecommunications infrastructure. This satellite was part of the Intelsat series designed to improve international communication networks and provide enhanced satellite transmission capabilities.
  • 30 Jun TWA Flight 847 Hostage Crisis Ends: Thirty-nine American hostages from the hijacked TWA Flight 847 are freed in Beirut after being held for 17 days, marking the conclusion of a tense international hostage situation.
  • 01 Jul Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons Takes Effect: On July 1st, 1985, the Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons officially entered into force, establishing an international legal framework that allows for the transfer of convicted prisoners between countries. This significant treaty enables prisoners to serve their sentences in their home countries, potentially facilitating rehabilitation, maintaining family connections, and promoting international cooperation in criminal justice.
  • 02 Jul Giotto Mission to Halley's Comet: The European Space Agency (ESA) launches the Giotto spacecraft on a groundbreaking mission to study Halley's Comet, marking a significant milestone in space exploration and scientific research.
  • 03 Jul Back to the Future Theatrical Release: The iconic science fiction comedy 'Back to the Future', directed by Robert Zemeckis and starring Michael J. Fox, debuts in theaters across the United States, marking a significant moment in 1980s pop culture and cinema history.
  • 04 Jul Ruth Lawrence: Youngest British First-Class Mathematics Graduate: Ruth Lawrence, a prodigious 13-year-old mathematician, achieved a first-class degree from Oxford University, setting records as the youngest British person and youngest known graduate in the university's history. Her extraordinary academic achievement highlighted exceptional intellectual capabilities at an incredibly young age.
  • 05 Jul Zimbabwe General Election: Robert Mugabe's Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) party wins a decisive victory in the national elections, solidifying Mugabe's political leadership in the post-independence era.
  • 06 Jul Martina Navratilova Wins Sixth Wimbledon Title: Tennis legend Martina Navratilova defeated Chris Evert to secure her sixth Wimbledon singles title, further solidifying her dominance in women's tennis during the 1980s.
  • 07 Jul Boris Becker's Historic Wimbledon Victory: Boris Becker made tennis history by becoming the youngest player ever, at just 17 years old, to win the men's singles title at Wimbledon. He was also the first German to achieve this prestigious championship, defeating American Kevin Curren in a remarkable display of skill and determination.
  • 08 Jul Reagan Addresses Terrorism at ABA Conference: President Ronald Reagan delivered a significant speech to the American Bar Association at Constitution Hall, focusing on the growing threat of international terrorism. He emphasized the United States' commitment to combating nations and groups that sought to undermine American interests and global security.
  • 09 Jul Duran Duran Tops US Music Charts: The hit song 'A View To A Kill' by British new wave band Duran Duran reaches the number one position on the US Billboard charts, marking a significant moment in 1980s pop music culture.
  • 10 Jul Live Aid Concerts: Massive global pop concerts held simultaneously in London and Philadelphia raise over £50 million for famine relief efforts in Ethiopia, becoming a landmark moment in humanitarian music activism.
  • 11 Jul USSR Nuclear Test at Semipalatinsk: The Soviet Union conducted a nuclear weapons test at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in northeast Kazakhstan, continuing Cold War-era nuclear weapons development and testing.
  • 12 Jul Ronald Reagan's Colon Cancer Discovery: Doctors discovered a cancerous growth in President Ronald Reagan's colon, marking a significant health event during his presidency. This discovery would lead to surgical intervention and raised public awareness about colon cancer screening.
  • 13 Jul Live Aid Benefit Concert: The Live Aid benefit concert takes place simultaneously in multiple global venues including London, Philadelphia, Moscow, and Sydney, raising awareness and funds for African famine relief. The star-studded event featured performances by iconic musicians like Queen, David Bowie, U2, Sting, The Who, Elton John, and Paul McCartney, and was broadcast worldwide, reaching an estimated 1.0 billion viewers across 150 nations.
  • 14 Jul USFL Championship Game: The Baltimore Stars defeated the Oakland Invaders 28-24 in the final game of the United States Football League (USFL), marking the end of the professional football league's existence.
  • 15 Jul Puerto Rican Beauty Queen Wins Miss Universe: Deborah Carthy-Deu from Puerto Rico was crowned the 34th Miss Universe in a glamorous international pageant, representing her homeland with grace and elegance. Her victory marked a significant moment for Puerto Rican representation in global beauty competitions.
  • 16 Jul Greater London Council Abolition Bill: The bill to abolish the Greater London Council received royal assent, marking a significant moment in the restructuring of London's local government under Margaret Thatcher's administration.
  • 17 Jul EUREKA Network Founding: The EUREKA Network was established by French President François Mitterrand and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl as a pan-European initiative to enhance technological collaboration and innovation across European countries. This strategic partnership aimed to boost research and development capabilities, fostering technological competitiveness in response to global technological challenges.
  • 18 Jul Soviet Underground Nuclear Test: On July 18, 1985, the Soviet Union conducted an underground nuclear test at one of its designated nuclear testing sites, likely in the remote regions of Kazakhstan or Novaya Zemlya. This test was part of the ongoing nuclear arms race during the Cold War period, demonstrating the USSR's continued nuclear weapons development and technological capabilities.
  • 19 Jul Christa McAuliffe Selected for Space Shuttle Mission: US Vice President George H. W. Bush announced that New Hampshire teacher Christa McAuliffe would become the first schoolteacher to fly aboard the Space Shuttle. This groundbreaking selection was part of NASA's Teacher in Space Project, aimed at inspiring students and bringing public attention to space exploration. Tragically, McAuliffe would later perish in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in January 1986.
  • 20 Jul South African State of Emergency: State President P. W. Botha declares a state of emergency in 36 magisterial districts of South Africa, responding to escalating civil unrest in black townships during the apartheid era.
  • 21 Jul Christa McAuliffe Selected for Space Shuttle Mission: Christa McAuliffe is chosen from 11,000 applicants to become the first school teacher to fly aboard the space shuttle, symbolizing NASA's Teacher in Space Project and inspiring educators nationwide.
  • 22 Jul Uneventful Day in Global History: July 22, 1985, appears to be a relatively quiet day with no significant documented historical events. While not every day marks a momentous occasion, such periods of apparent calm are also part of the broader historical narrative.
  • 23 Jul Commodore Amiga 1000 Computer Launch: Commodore International introduced the groundbreaking Amiga 1000 personal computer, featuring advanced specifications for its time. The computer boasted a Motorola 68000 processor, innovative custom color graphics and stereo sound processors, a multitasking windowing operating system, 256 kB of RAM, and an 880 kB 3.5-inch disk drive. Priced at US$1,300, the Amiga 1000 represented a significant leap forward in personal computing technology.
  • 24 Jul Punjab Peace Accord: Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi signed a historic peace accord with Sikh leader Harchand Singh Longowal, effectively addressing the three-year Punjab crisis. The agreement aimed to de-escalate tensions and find a peaceful resolution to the ongoing conflict between the central government and Sikh separatist movements.
  • 25 Jul Rock Hudson AIDS Announcement: A spokeswoman officially confirmed that actor Rock Hudson had been diagnosed with AIDS, marking a significant moment in public awareness of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This announcement helped bring widespread attention to the disease and its impact on public health.
  • 26 Jul Uneventful Day in Global History: While no major historical events were recorded on July 26, 1985, this does not diminish the potential significance of daily life and ongoing global developments during this period. The mid-1980s were characterized by significant geopolitical tensions, technological advancements, and cultural shifts, even if this particular date did not witness a landmark event.
  • 27 Jul Ingrid Kristiansen Sets Historic 10,000m World Record: Norwegian athlete Ingrid Kristiansen made history by becoming the first woman to run 10,000 meters in under 31 minutes. In a remarkable performance in Oslo, Norway, she set a new world record with a time of 30:59.42, shattering previous expectations for women's long-distance running.
  • 28 Jul Greater London Council Abolition: A bill to abolish the Greater London Council receives royal assent, signaling a major administrative restructuring in London's governance.
  • 29 Jul 19th Space Shuttle Mission (STS 51-F) - Challenger Launch: The 19th Space Shuttle Mission, designated STS 51-F, was launched on July 29, 1985, with the space shuttle Challenger. This mission was part of NASA's ongoing Space Shuttle program, which was crucial in advancing space exploration and scientific research during the 1980s.
  • 30 Jul Space Shuttle Discovery Mission Preparation: NASA's Space Shuttle Discovery was transported to Vandenberg Air Force Base to prepare for the STS 51-I mission, a critical step in the space shuttle program's ongoing space exploration efforts.
  • 31 Jul Liberia Recognizes Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: On July 31, 1985, Liberia officially recognized the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), a partially recognized state claiming sovereignty over the Western Sahara region. This diplomatic recognition was significant in the ongoing territorial dispute between the Sahrawi people and Morocco, highlighting international support for the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic's sovereignty.
  • 01 Aug Cheyenne Flood of 1985: A devastating hailstorm struck the city of Cheyenne, Wyoming, leading to catastrophic flash flooding across multiple city sectors. Crow Creek, Dry Creek, and the downtown area were inundated with rapidly rising waters from an intense storm. The National Weather Service Forecast Office in Cheyenne officially measured 6.06 inches of rainfall, with some areas experiencing up to 7.87 inches within a mere 3-hour period. This unprecedented meteorological event resulted in 12 fatalities, 70 injuries, and total damages exceeding $61 million, marking it as one of Wyoming's most significant natural disasters.
  • 02 Aug Delta Flight 191 Crash at Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: A Delta Air Lines Lockheed L-1011 TriStar crashed at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport during a severe thunderstorm, resulting in 137 fatalities. The crash is considered one of the most significant aviation disasters of the 1980s, highlighting critical issues in aviation safety and weather-related flight risks.
  • 03 Aug Deadly Train Crash in Flaujac, France: A catastrophic train collision occurred in Flaujac, France, resulting in 35 tragic fatalities. The accident highlighted significant railway safety concerns and prompted investigations into potential infrastructure or operational failures.
  • 04 Aug Historic Day in Baseball: Seaver and Carew Reach Major Milestones: On August 4, 1985, two legendary baseball players achieved remarkable career milestones on the same day. Tom Seaver of the Chicago White Sox became the 17th pitcher to win his 300th career game, pitching a six-hit 4-1 victory at Yankee Stadium during Phil Rizzuto Day. Simultaneously, Rod Carew of the California Angels became the 16th player in MLB history to collect 3,000 career hits, achieving this feat with a bloop single to left field in a 6-5 win over the Twins.
  • 05 Aug Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Establishment Announced: The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Foundation officially announced its establishment, marking a significant moment in recognizing and preserving the cultural legacy of rock music in the United States.
  • 06 Aug Hiroshima Atomic Bombing 40th Anniversary Commemoration: Tens of thousands gathered in Hiroshima to solemnly mark the 40th anniversary of the atomic bombing, remembering the tragic event and its victims.
  • 07 Aug Japan Selects First Astronauts: Japan announces its first group of astronauts: Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri, and Chiaki Mukai, marking a significant milestone in the country's space exploration program.
  • 08 Aug Japan Selects First National Astronauts: On August 8, 1985, Japan made a historic stride in its space exploration efforts by selecting Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri, and Chiaki Mukai as the country's first official astronauts. This momentous decision marked Japan's serious commitment to space research and international space exploration programs.
  • 09 Aug Aretha Franklin's R&B Hit: "Freeway Of Love" by the legendary Aretha Franklin topped the R&B music charts during the week of August 5-11, 1985, showcasing her continued musical influence and popularity in the mid-1980s.
  • 10 Aug Michael Jackson Acquires Beatles Music Catalog: Pop icon Michael Jackson purchases ATV Music Publishing for US$47.5 million, acquiring the entire Beatles song catalog in a landmark music business transaction that would significantly impact music publishing rights.
  • 11 Aug Space Shuttle Challenger Transportation: The Space Shuttle Challenger was transported to Kennedy Space Center, making a strategic stop at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Arizona, highlighting the complex logistics of space mission preparations.
  • 12 Aug Japan Airlines Flight 123 Disaster: On August 12, 1985, Japan Airlines Flight 123, a Boeing 747 jumbo jet, crashed into Mount Ogura in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, resulting in the world's deadliest single-aircraft accident. Of the 524 passengers and crew on board, only four miraculously survived. The catastrophic crash was caused by a critical failure in the aircraft's rear pressure bulkhead, leading to explosive decompression and subsequent loss of hydraulic controls.
  • 13 Aug Live Aid Concerts Global Fundraising Event: Two historic Live Aid Concerts were organized to raise critical funds for Ethiopian famine relief. The concerts simultaneously took place in Wembley Stadium, London, and John F. Kennedy Stadium, Philadelphia, bringing together global musical talent to address a humanitarian crisis. This unprecedented global music event united artists and audiences worldwide in a massive charitable effort to support starving populations in Ethiopia.
  • 14 Aug Political Violence Erupts in South Africa: Following the assassination of Victoria Mxenge, a prominent civil rights lawyer and respected activist, political violence broke out among South African youth. Mxenge's funeral became a catalyst for heightened tensions, with the Congress of South African Students playing a significant role in the emerging protests. This event marked a critical moment in the escalating resistance against apartheid, highlighting the growing frustration and militant response of younger generations to systemic oppression.
  • 15 Aug P.W. Botha's Rubicon Speech: South African President P.W. Botha delivered a controversial speech in Durban, refusing to consider immediate and substantial reforms to the apartheid system. This speech was a pivotal moment in South African political history, signaling the government's continued resistance to meaningful change and further isolating the country on the international stage.
  • 16 Aug Madonna Marries Sean Penn: Pop icon Madonna married actor Sean Penn in a high-profile celebrity wedding on her 27th birthday. The union between two prominent entertainment figures captured significant media attention, symbolizing the glamorous and tumultuous Hollywood romance of the mid-1980s.
  • 17 Aug Rajiv Gandhi Announces Punjab State Elections: Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi announced state elections for Punjab, a politically significant moment during a period of regional tension and potential electoral transformation in India.
  • 18 Aug Japan Launches Suisei Probe to Study Halley's Comet: The Japanese Space Agency successfully launched the Suisei space probe as part of an international mission to study Halley's Comet. This was Japan's second probe dedicated to investigating the celestial phenomenon, demonstrating the country's growing capabilities in space exploration and scientific research.
  • 19 Aug Japan's Suisei Halley's Comet Mission: On August 19, 1985, Japan launched the Suisei space probe as part of an international effort to study Halley's Comet during its periodic approach to Earth. The Suisei probe, whose name means 'Comet' in Japanese, was one of the first Japanese interplanetary missions and represented a significant milestone in the country's space exploration capabilities.
  • 20 Aug Israel Facilitates US Arms Transfer to Iran: Israel shipped 96 TOW (Tube-launched, Optically tracked, Wire-guided) missiles to Iran on behalf of the United States, a covert arms transaction during a complex geopolitical period.
  • 21 Aug Mary Decker Slaney Sets Mile World Record: American athlete Mary Decker Slaney set a remarkable world record in the mile, completing the distance in an impressive 4:16.71 time.
  • 22 Aug Microsoft and IBM Strategic Partnership: A pivotal moment in computing history: Microsoft and IBM signed a joint-development agreement to collaborate on future operating systems and technological environments, setting the stage for significant advancements in personal computing.
  • 23 Aug Dullah Omar Arrested in South Africa: On August 23, 1985, Dullah Omar, a prominent South African attorney and leader of the United Democratic Front (UDF), was arrested during the apartheid era. Omar was a key anti-apartheid activist who played a significant role in the resistance movement against racial segregation.
  • 24 Aug NASA Space Shuttle STS 51-I Mission Scrubbed: The Space Shuttle Discovery's STS 51-I mission was postponed at T-5 minutes before launch due to unfavorable weather conditions at Kennedy Space Center. This pre-launch cancellation is a standard safety protocol to ensure crew and vehicle protection during space missions.
  • 25 Aug Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 Tragedy: Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 crashes near Auburn, Maine, resulting in the death of all eight people on board, including the notable young peace activist and child actress Samantha Smith. The crash occurred in a devastating incident that shocked the nation and cut short the life of a promising young diplomat who had gained international recognition for her efforts to bridge Cold War tensions.
  • 26 Aug Ryan White's Educational Rights Milestone: Ryan White, a young hemophiliac who contracted HIV and faced significant social discrimination, was allowed to attend his first day of classes via telephone after being expelled from Western High School in Indiana, marking an important moment in HIV/AIDS awareness and patient rights.
  • 27 Aug Nigerian Military Coup of 1985: Major General Muhammadu Buhari was ousted from power in a bloodless coup d'état led by Major General Ibrahim Babangida, the Army Chief of Staff. The coup occurred while Buhari was away from Lagos and his chief aide, Major General Tunde Idiagbon, was on a pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia, allowing for a relatively smooth transition of power.
  • 29 Aug Space Shuttle Atlantis Prepares for 51-J Mission: The Space Shuttle Atlantis was moved to the launch pad in preparation for its 51-J mission, a significant step in NASA's space exploration program during the mid-1980s. This mission represented another milestone in the Space Shuttle program's ongoing efforts to advance space research and technology.
  • 30 Aug Uneventful Day in Global History: On August 30, 1985, no major historical events were recorded or documented. While this day might seem unremarkable, it represents a moment of relative global stability and routine during the mid-1980s.
  • 31 Aug Discovery of the Titanic Wreckage: A groundbreaking joint American-French expedition led by Dr. Robert Ballard (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) and Jean-Louis Michel (Ifremer) successfully locates the wreck of the RMS Titanic in the North Atlantic using advanced side-scan sonar technology from the research vessel RV Knorr. This historic discovery resolves decades of mystery surrounding the precise location of the famous shipwreck that sank in 1912.
  • 01 Sep RMS Titanic Wreckage Discovered: A joint US-French expedition located the wreckage of the RMS Titanic on the ocean floor approximately 400 miles off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. This historic discovery solved one of the greatest maritime mysteries and provided unprecedented insights into the legendary shipwreck.
  • 02 Sep Assassination of Tamil Politicians during Sri Lankan Civil War: On September 2, 1985, two prominent Sri Lankan Tamil politicians and former Members of Parliament, M. Alalasundaram and V. Dharmalingam, were assassinated. This event highlights the intense political violence and ethnic tensions that characterized the Sri Lankan Civil War, which lasted from 1983 to 2009.
  • 03 Sep Space Shuttle Discovery 6 Mission Return: The 20th Space Shuttle Mission (51-I) saw the Discovery 6 spacecraft successfully return to Earth, marking another milestone in NASA's space exploration program during the 1980s.
  • 04 Sep Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene: Scientists discovered Buckminsterfullerene (C60), a groundbreaking carbon molecule with a unique spherical structure resembling a soccer ball, marking a significant milestone in nanoscience and molecular chemistry.
  • 05 Sep John Howard Becomes Australian Opposition Leader: John Howard replaced Andrew Peacock as the Leader of the Opposition in the Australian Federal Parliament, marking a significant moment in Australian political history. This leadership change would later prove pivotal, as Howard would eventually become Prime Minister from 1996 to 2007.
  • 06 Sep Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105 Crash: A tragic aviation disaster occurred when Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105, a Douglas DC-9, crashed near Milwaukee Mitchell International Airport in Wisconsin, resulting in the loss of all 31 people on board. The crash marked a significant moment in aviation safety history.
  • 07 Sep Nobel Prize Winner Rodney Porter Commemorated: Rodney Robert Porter, a distinguished English biochemist, was remembered on this date. Porter, who was born in 1917, was a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his groundbreaking work in immunology.
  • 08 Sep Pete Rose Ties Ty Cobb's Historic Hit Record: Baseball legend Pete Rose achieves a monumental milestone by tying Ty Cobb's legendary record of 4,191 hits, a testament to his extraordinary batting skills and enduring legacy in Major League Baseball.
  • 09 Sep Executive Order 12532: US Sanctions on South Africa: US President Ronald Reagan signed Executive Order 12532, implementing comprehensive trade sanctions against South Africa. The order, effective October 11, targeted the country's apartheid regime and included directives for the Treasury to study the potential issuance of American gold bullion coins.
  • 10 Sep Death of Legendary Scottish Football Manager Jock Stein: Jock Stein, one of the most influential and pioneering football managers in Scottish and European football history, tragically passed away on September 10, 1985. Stein was most famously known for leading Celtic Football Club to become the first British team to win the European Cup in 1967, a monumental achievement that brought international recognition to Scottish football. His sudden death occurred while managing the Scottish national team during a World Cup qualifying match against Wales in Cardiff, marking a profound loss for the football community.
  • 11 Sep Pete Rose Breaks Ty Cobb's Career Hit Record: At Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati, Ohio, Major League Baseball player and manager Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds achieved his historic 4,192nd career hit, surpassing Ty Cobb's long-standing record. This milestone was accomplished by hitting a single off Eric Show of the San Diego Padres, marking a significant moment in baseball history.
  • 12 Sep Lotto 6/49 Expands to Twice-Weekly Draws in Canada: On September 12, 1985, the Canadian national lottery Lotto 6/49 significantly expanded its operations by introducing a second weekly draw, adding a Wednesday evening drawing to its existing format. This change provided more opportunities for Canadians to participate in the popular lottery, increasing excitement and potential jackpot opportunities for players across the country.
  • 13 Sep Super Mario Bros. Global Video Game Release: Nintendo releases the Super Mario Bros. video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), launching a revolutionary platforming game that would become a global cultural phenomenon and define video game design for decades to come.
  • 14 Sep Penang Bridge Opens: The Penang Bridge, the longest bridge in Malaysia, connects the island of Penang to the mainland, significantly improving transportation infrastructure and regional connectivity. This engineering marvel spans approximately 13.5 kilometers, facilitating easier movement between Penang Island and the mainland of Peninsular Malaysia.
  • 15 Sep Robert Bork Supreme Court Confirmation Hearings Begin: The Senate Judiciary Committee commenced hearings for Robert Bork's controversial Supreme Court nomination, which would become a pivotal moment in judicial appointment history.
  • 16 Sep Ozone Hole Discovery Announced: Scientists from the British Antarctic Survey publicly announce the groundbreaking discovery of the ozone hole, a critical environmental finding that would later spark global environmental awareness and policy changes regarding chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and atmospheric protection.
  • 17 Sep Alexander Ovechkin Birth: Alexander Ovechkin, a renowned Russian professional ice hockey player, was born on September 17, 1985. He would later become one of the most prolific goal scorers in NHL history, playing for the Washington Capitals and becoming a global sports icon.
  • 18 Sep Steve Jobs Resigns from Apple Computer: Steve Jobs voluntarily steps down from his position at Apple Computer, marking a significant moment in the company's early history and his personal career trajectory.
  • 19 Sep 1985 Mexico City Earthquake: A catastrophic earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 struck Mexico City at 07:17:50 CST on September 19, 1985. The seismic event caused widespread destruction across central Mexico, resulting in massive loss of life, infrastructure damage, and long-term societal impact. The earthquake triggered multiple aftershocks, including a significant 7.5 magnitude tremor on September 20, 1985, which further compounded the devastation.
  • 20 Sep Mexico City Earthquake Aftershock: A devastating aftershock with a magnitude of 7.5 struck Mexico City on September 20, 1985, compounding the destruction from the previous day's 8.0 magnitude earthquake. This seismic event caused significant additional damage to the already devastated urban infrastructure and likely resulted in further loss of life.
  • 21 Sep Mexico Earthquake of 1985: A devastating magnitude 7.6 earthquake struck near the coast of Guerrero, Mexico, causing significant casualties and extensive damage in Mexico City and central Mexico. A local tsunami was recorded at Acapulco with a maximum wave amplitude of 1.4 metres, further compounding the disaster's impact.
  • 22 Sep Plaza Accord Signed: The Plaza Accord was signed in New York City, a landmark international financial agreement between France, West Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The accord aimed to depreciate the U.S. dollar in relation to other major currencies, significantly impacting global economic dynamics and trade relationships.
  • 23 Sep Murder of Giancarlo Siani by Camorra: Italian crime reporter Giancarlo Siani was assassinated by the Camorra, a powerful Neapolitan organized crime syndicate, highlighting the dangerous landscape for investigative journalists in Italy during the 1980s.
  • 24 Sep Record-Breaking English Channel Relay Crossing: A relay team sets a new record for the fastest English Channel crossing, completing the challenging swim in an impressive 15 hours and 30 minutes, demonstrating extraordinary endurance and teamwork.
  • 25 Sep Rickey Henderson Sets Baseball Record: Rickey Henderson of the New York Yankees set a new Major League Baseball record by stealing his 75th base of the season, showcasing his exceptional speed and base-running skills.
  • 26 Sep Tunisia Severs Diplomatic Ties with Libya: On September 26, 1985, Tunisia officially terminated its diplomatic relations with Libya, marking a significant moment of tension in North African geopolitical relations. This diplomatic rupture was likely due to ongoing political conflicts and regional power struggles between the two neighboring countries, potentially involving disputes over territorial boundaries, ideological differences, or strategic regional interests.
  • 27 Sep Hurricane Gloria Strikes US East Coast: Hurricane Gloria, a powerful Category 2 hurricane, made landfall on the Atlantic coast of the United States with sustained winds of 130 miles per hour. The storm swept through the Outer Banks of North Carolina, then rapidly moved across Long Island, New England, and into Canada. This was the first significant hurricane to impact New England in 25 years, causing extensive damage with heavy rainfall and high winds across the Mid-Atlantic region.
  • 28 Sep Dorothy Groce Shooting Sparks Brixton Race Riots: The shooting of Dorothy 'Cherry' Groce by the Metropolitan Police triggered significant race riots in Brixton, a predominantly Black neighborhood in South London. The incident highlighted tensions between the local community and law enforcement, exposing systemic racial discrimination and police misconduct. Groce was shot during a police raid while searching for her son, who was wanted for a suspected firearms offense. The shooting left her permanently paralyzed from the waist down and hospitalized for over a year, becoming a pivotal moment in British race relations.
  • 29 Sep Tylenol Cyanide Poisoning Tragedy: The first of five victims dies from cyanide-laced Tylenol capsules, marking a significant public health and product safety crisis that shocked the United States and led to major changes in pharmaceutical packaging and consumer protection.
  • 30 Sep Brixton Riots Sparked by Police Shooting of Dorothy Groce: Riots erupted in Brixton, London, following the police shooting of Dorothy Groce during a search for her son, who was suspected of a firearms offence. The incident, where Groce was permanently paralyzed from the waist down, highlighted tensions between law enforcement and the community, particularly in racially diverse urban areas.
  • 01 Oct Nintendo Launches Super Mario Bros. in the United States: On October 1, 1985, Nintendo released the iconic Super Mario Bros. video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in the United States. This game would become a landmark title in video game history, establishing Mario as a global pop culture icon and significantly influencing the video game industry.
  • 02 Oct Rock Hudson Dies from AIDS-Related Complications: Rock Hudson, a prominent American actor, passed away, becoming one of the first Hollywood celebrities to publicly succumb to AIDS-related complications. His death marked a significant moment in raising public awareness about the AIDS epidemic and its devastating impact on the entertainment industry.
  • 03 Oct Space Shuttle Atlantis Maiden Voyage: NASA's Space Shuttle Atlantis completes its inaugural flight, launching on mission STS-51-J and carrying two DSCS-III military communication satellites, representing a significant milestone in space exploration and military satellite deployment.
  • 04 Oct Free Software Foundation Founded: The Free Software Foundation was established in Massachusetts, United States, marking a pivotal moment in the history of open-source software and digital rights. Founded by Richard Stallman, the organization aims to promote computer users' rights to use, study, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs.
  • 05 Oct Northwest Territories Earthquake: A significant magnitude 6.8 earthquake struck the Northwest Territories in Canada, potentially causing geological and environmental impacts in the region.
  • 06 Oct Broadwater Farm Riots: PC Keith Blakelock Murdered: A tragic incident occurred in the Broadwater Farm estate in Tottenham, London, where Police Constable Keith Blakelock was brutally murdered during violent riots. The event highlighted significant social tensions and racial conflicts in urban London during the mid-1980s.
  • 07 Oct Achille Lauro Hijacking: Palestinian terrorists hijacked the Italian cruise liner Achille Lauro in a significant maritime terrorist incident off the coast of Egypt, causing international diplomatic tension.
  • 08 Oct Les Misérables London Premiere: The iconic musical 'Les Misérables', composed by Alain Boubil and Claude-Michel Schönberg, premiered at the Barbican Centre in London, marking the beginning of its legendary global success.
  • 09 Oct Strawberry Fields Memorial Dedicated to John Lennon: On October 9, 1985, Beatles fans and music lovers gathered in New York's Central Park to dedicate the Strawberry Fields memorial to John Lennon. The ceremony, held on what would have been Lennon's 45th birthday, was emotionally led by his widow, Yoko Ono. The memorial, located near the Dakota building where Lennon lived and was tragically killed, serves as a peaceful tribute to the legendary musician and peace activist.
  • 10 Oct US Navy Intercepts Egyptian Airliner with Achille Lauro Hijackers: US Navy aircraft intercepted an Egyptian airliner carrying the perpetrators of the Achille Lauro hijacking, forcing the plane to land in Italy. This was a significant counter-terrorism operation targeting maritime terrorists.
  • 11 Oct US Intercepts Egyptian Boeing with Achille Lauro Terrorists: The United States military successfully intercepted an Egyptian Boeing aircraft carrying terrorists involved in the Achille Lauro hijacking, a significant counter-terrorism operation that demonstrated the US commitment to combating international terrorism.
  • 12 Oct MS Achille Lauro Hostage Crisis Resolution: Hostages from the MS Achille Lauro, who were previously hijacked by Palestinian terrorists, were safely transported back to the United States. This incident highlighted international tensions and the complexities of maritime terrorism during the 1980s.
  • 13 Oct Belgium's Christian People's Party Wins Parliamentary Election: Premier Wilfried Martens and his Christian People's Party (CVP) secured victory in the Belgian parliamentary election, reinforcing their political influence and continuing their leadership in the country's governance.
  • 14 Oct Joe Namath's Jersey Retirement: On Monday Night Football, the New York Jets officially retired quarterback Joe Namath's iconic number 12 jersey during a game where they defeated the Miami Dolphins 23-7. This ceremony honored Namath's legendary career and significant contributions to the team and NFL.
  • 15 Oct Nobel Prize in Economics Awarded to Franco Modigliani: Franco Modigliani, a renowned Italian-American economist, was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his groundbreaking work on personal savings, economic dynamics, and financial markets. His life-cycle hypothesis and theories on consumption and investment significantly advanced economic understanding.
  • 16 Oct Intel 80386 Processor Launch: Intel revolutionized personal computing by introducing the 16 MHz 80386 processor, a 32-bit microprocessor capable of directly addressing four gigabytes of memory. With processing speeds of three to four million instructions per second, this chip represented a significant technological leap, having cost Intel $100 million in development.
  • 17 Oct Claude Simon Wins Nobel Prize in Literature: French author Claude Simon was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, recognizing his significant contributions to contemporary literature and innovative narrative techniques.
  • 18 Oct Nintendo Entertainment System Launch in United States: Nintendo officially launched the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) in New York City, marking a pivotal moment in video game history. The console was priced at US$125 and came with unique accessories including the Robotic Operating Buddy (R.O.B.) and the Zapper light gun. At launch, seventeen game cartridges were available, with Super Mario Bros. being a notable pack-in game. Special displays were strategically set up in department stores, toy stores, and electronics retailers to generate consumer interest.
  • 19 Oct Blockbuster Video Launches First Store in Dallas: On October 19, 1985, the first Blockbuster Video store opened in Dallas, Texas, marking the beginning of a revolutionary video rental chain that would dramatically transform home entertainment in the 1980s and 1990s. Founded by David Cook, this store represented the start of what would become a massive retail phenomenon that allowed consumers to rent movies for home viewing, creating a new cultural experience around film consumption.
  • 20 Oct Uneventful Day in Global History: While no major global events were recorded on this specific date, October 20, 1985 represents a typical day in the mid-1980s. Such days, though seemingly unremarkable, are part of the continuous fabric of human experience and historical progression.
  • 22 Oct Kansas City Royals Win First World Series: On October 22, 1985, pitcher Bret Saberhagen delivered a masterful complete game shutout, leading the Kansas City Royals to their inaugural World Series championship. Saberhagen's exceptional performance was pivotal in defeating the St. Louis Cardinals and securing the franchise's first major baseball title.
  • 23 Oct Beirut Barracks Bombings: On October 23, 1983, a devastating terrorist attack occurred in Beirut, Lebanon, when suicide bombers drove trucks laden with high explosives into military barracks housing U.S. Marines and French paratroopers. The coordinated attacks resulted in the tragic deaths of 241 American servicemen and 58 French troops, marking one of the deadliest single-day losses for Western military forces in the Middle East during the Lebanese Civil War. The bombings were believed to be carried out by Hezbollah, a Shiite militant group, and significantly impacted U.S. foreign policy in the region.
  • 24 Oct Virginia Culver Leads American Numismatic Association: Virginia Culver was elected as the President of the American Numismatic Association (ANA), a prestigious organization dedicated to the study and collection of coins, medals, and related objects. Her leadership would contribute to the advancement of numismatics and the preservation of monetary history during the mid-1980s.
  • 25 Oct Emirates Airline Inaugural Flight: Emirates airline launched its first commercial flight from Dubai International Airport to Karachi, marking the beginning of what would become one of the world's most successful airlines. Led by Maurice Flanagan, the inaugural flight represented a significant milestone in Dubai's aviation and economic development.
  • 26 Oct Uluru Land Rights Milestone: The Australian government officially returns ownership of Uluru (Ayers Rock) to the traditional Pitjantjatjara Aboriginal owners, marking a significant moment in Indigenous land rights and reconciliation.
  • 27 Oct Hurricane Juan Devastates US Gulf Coast and Eastern Seaboard: Hurricane Juan caused significant destruction across the US Gulf states and eastern coastline, resulting in 49 fatalities. The hurricane was a powerful and deadly storm that left a trail of damage and loss of life.
  • 28 Oct Daniel Ortega Becomes President of Nicaragua: Sandinista leader Daniel Ortega is inaugurated as president of Nicaragua, pledging to continue the socialist transformation of the country and maintain strong alliances with the Soviet Union and Cuba. His presidency occurs against the backdrop of ongoing conflict with U.S.-backed Contra rebels, highlighting the complex geopolitical tensions of the Cold War era.
  • 29 Oct Liberia's First Multi-Party Election: Samuel K. Doe's Victory: On October 29, 1985, Major General Samuel K. Doe was announced as the winner of Liberia's first multi-party election, marking a significant moment in the country's political transition. This election represented a pivotal shift from previous single-party rule towards a more democratic political system, though the fairness and transparency of the election were later questioned by international observers.
  • 30 Oct Space Shuttle Challenger Mission STS-61-A: The 22nd Space Shuttle Mission (STS-61-A) launched from Kennedy Space Center, marking a significant milestone in international space collaboration. This mission was notable for being the first space mission managed by Germany, with mission control operations conducted from the German Space Operations Center.
  • 31 Oct Zaheer Abbas Retires from Test Cricket: Zaheer Abbas, a legendary Pakistani cricketer, played his final Test match, concluding a remarkable international cricket career. Known as the 'Asian Bradman' for his exceptional batting skills, Abbas was a key figure in Pakistani cricket during the 1970s and early 1980s.
  • 01 Nov Netherlands Decides Cruise Missile Deployment Sites: The Netherlands made a strategic decision regarding the definitive locations for cruise missile deployment, a significant moment during the Cold War era that highlighted geopolitical tensions between NATO and the Soviet Union.
  • 02 Nov Uneventful Day in Global History: On November 2, 1985, no significant global events were recorded. While this might appear unremarkable, such days are a reminder that not every moment in history is marked by dramatic occurrences. Daily life continued across the world, with people pursuing their routines, working, studying, and engaging in personal activities.
  • 03 Nov Radical Civic Union Wins Argentine Legislative Elections: In a significant political development, President Raúl Alfonsín's Radical Civic Union (Unión Cívica Radical) secured victory in the Argentine legislative elections, reinforcing the party's political influence during Argentina's return to democratic governance in the mid-1980s.
  • 04 Nov 1985 Election Day Floods in West Virginia and Virginia: A catastrophic flooding event triggered by the remnants of Tropical Storm Juan, which caused unprecedented destruction across West Virginia and Virginia. The storm system developed from a complex meteorological interaction involving a low-pressure area and moisture from the tropical cyclone. On November 3-5, 1985, heavy rainfall saturated the region, leading to widespread flooding that devastated multiple towns and communities. The floods resulted in 62 fatalities and caused an estimated $1.4 billion in damage, making it one of the most destructive natural disasters in the region's history.
  • 05 Nov Death of Spencer W. Kimball, LDS Church President: Spencer W. Kimball, the 12th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, passed away. During his leadership from 1973 to 1985, he was known for significant church reforms, including extending priesthood rights to all male members regardless of race.
  • 06 Nov Palace of Justice Siege in Bogotá: The M-19 guerrilla movement launched a devastating attack on the Palace of Justice in Bogotá, Colombia. The siege resulted in the tragic deaths of 115 people, including 11 Supreme Court justices, in a violent confrontation that shocked the nation.
  • 07 Nov Colombian Palace of Justice Siege Ends: Colombian military forces successfully concluded a 27-hour siege of the Palace of Justice in Bogota, ending a critical hostage situation involving guerrilla militants.
  • 08 Nov Garry Kasparov Becomes Youngest World Chess Champion: On November 8, 1985, Garry Kasparov made history by becoming the youngest World Chess Champion at age 22, defeating his fellow Soviet grandmaster Anatoly Karpov in a hard-fought match with a final score of 13-11. This victory marked a significant moment in chess history, signaling the rise of a new generation of chess prodigies and challenging the established chess hierarchy.
  • 09 Nov Garry Kasparov Becomes World Chess Champion: Garry Kasparov from the Soviet Union becomes the youngest World Chess Champion at age 22 by defeating Anatoly Karpov
  • 10 Nov First AIDS-themed TV Movie 'An Early Frost' Screens: 'An Early Frost' becomes the first television movie to address the AIDS epidemic, airing on NBC. This groundbreaking film played a crucial role in raising public awareness about HIV/AIDS, helping to combat stigma and misinformation during the early years of the health crisis.
  • 11 Nov Yonkers Segregation Ruling: A landmark legal decision finds the city of Yonkers, New York, guilty of systemic racial segregation in schools and housing, representing a critical moment in civil rights enforcement.
  • 12 Nov Space Shuttle STS 61-B Launch Preparation: The Space Shuttle STS 61-B vehicle was moved to the launch pad, preparing for an upcoming mission as part of NASA's ongoing space exploration efforts.
  • 13 Nov Nevado del Ruiz Volcanic Disaster: The Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted on November 13, 1985, causing a catastrophic lahar (volcanic mudslide) that buried the town of Armero in Tolima Department. The eruption melted the mountain's glaciers, creating massive mudflows that swept through the town, resulting in approximately 23,000 fatalities. This event is considered one of the deadliest volcanic disasters in the 20th century, highlighting the devastating potential of volcanic eruptions and the importance of early warning systems.
  • 14 Nov Nevado del Ruiz Volcanic Disaster: The Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia erupted, causing a catastrophic mudslide that devastated nearby towns, particularly Armero. The eruption triggered massive lahars (volcanic mudflows) that killed approximately 23,000 people, making it one of the deadliest volcanic disasters in the 20th century. The event highlighted the critical importance of disaster preparedness and early warning systems in volcanic regions.
  • 15 Nov Anglo-Irish Agreement Signed: The Anglo-Irish Agreement was signed at Hillsborough Castle by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald, marking a significant diplomatic moment in British-Irish relations. This historic agreement provided a framework for cooperation between the United Kingdom and Ireland regarding Northern Ireland, acknowledging the complex political landscape of the region.
  • 16 Nov Reagan-Gorbachev Geneva Summit: First Historic Meeting: On November 16, 1985, President Ronald Reagan arrived in Geneva, Switzerland, for a landmark summit meeting with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. This was their first face-to-face encounter, representing a critical moment in Cold War diplomacy. The summit aimed to ease tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union and explore potential arms reduction negotiations.
  • 17 Nov Howard Stern Begins Broadcasting on WXRK FM: Radio personality Howard Stern launches his iconic radio show on 92.3 WXRK FM in New York City, marking a significant moment in American radio broadcasting history.
  • 18 Nov Enterprise Space Shuttle Transferred to Smithsonian: The Space Shuttle Enterprise (OV-101) is flown from Kennedy Space Center to Dulles Airport in Washington, DC, and officially transferred to the Smithsonian Institution, marking an important moment in space exploration history.
  • 19 Nov Reagan-Gorbachev First Summit Meeting: U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev met for the first time in Geneva, Switzerland, marking a pivotal moment in Cold War diplomacy. This historic meeting represented a significant step towards reducing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union and would eventually lead to important arms reduction negotiations.
  • 20 Nov Microsoft Windows 1.0 Launch: Microsoft released Windows 1.0, its first graphical personal computer operating environment, marking a significant milestone in personal computing history. The operating system introduced a user-friendly interface that allowed users to navigate computer screens more intuitively, moving beyond text-based command-line interfaces.
  • 21 Nov US and UK Economic Sanctions Against Apartheid South Africa: The United States and United Kingdom jointly imposed comprehensive economic sanctions on South Africa as a direct response to the country's systemic racial segregation policy of apartheid. These sanctions were part of an international effort to pressure the South African government to dismantle its discriminatory racial policies and promote racial equality.
  • 22 Nov Record-Breaking US Citizenship Ceremony: A historic naturalization event took place, marking the largest single swearing-in ceremony in United States history, with 38,648 immigrants becoming US citizens simultaneously, symbolizing the nation's ongoing immigration and integration process.
  • 23 Nov EgyptAir Flight 648 Hijacking and Commando Raid: On November 23, 1985, EgyptAir Flight 648 was hijacked by the Abu Nidal terrorist group while en route from Athens to Cairo. The aircraft was forced to land in Malta, where Egyptian commandos launched a storming operation. Tragically, the raid resulted in 60 fatalities due to gunfire and explosions, highlighting the extreme violence of terrorist hijackings during the 1980s.
  • 24 Nov Egyptian Commandos Resolve Hijacking in Malta: Egyptian special forces stormed a hijacked Boeing aircraft in Malta, resulting in a deadly confrontation that left approximately 60 people killed during the rescue operation. This dramatic incident highlighted the intense tensions surrounding international terrorism in the mid-1980s.
  • 25 Nov Soviet Air Force Antonov An-12 Shot Down in Angola: During the Angolan Civil War, a Soviet Air Force Antonov An-12 cargo aircraft was shot down near Menongue in Angola's Cuando Cubango Province by South African Special Forces. The incident resulted in the tragic loss of 21 lives, including 8 crew members and 13 passengers, highlighting the intense military conflict in the region during the mid-1980s.
  • 26 Nov French Nuclear Test at Mururoa Atoll: France conducted a nuclear test at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia, continuing its nuclear weapons testing program. This event was part of the Cold War era's nuclear proliferation and raised significant environmental and geopolitical concerns.
  • 27 Nov Ireland-UK Diplomatic Progress: A significant diplomatic milestone occurs as the Republic of Ireland gains a consultative role in Northern Ireland affairs, marking an important step in improving cross-border relations and potentially easing tensions in the region.
  • 28 Nov Formation of Belgium's 6th Martens Government: On November 28, 1985, Wilfried Martens formed his sixth government in Belgium, continuing his significant role in Belgian political leadership during the 1980s. This government represented a continuation of Martens' political influence and the complex coalition politics of Belgium during that period.
  • 29 Nov Assassination of Gerard Hoarau in London: Gerard Hoarau, a prominent exiled political leader from the Seychelles, was assassinated in London, England. His murder highlighted the political tensions and potential international intrigue surrounding opposition figures from the Seychelles during the mid-1980s.
  • 30 Nov 50th Iron Bowl: Alabama Triumphs Over Auburn: On November 30, 1985, the historic 50th Iron Bowl college football rivalry game was played in Birmingham, Alabama. In a thrilling and closely contested match, the Alabama Crimson Tide narrowly defeated the Auburn Tigers with a score of 25-23. This game was part of one of the most intense and long-standing rivalries in college football, representing a significant moment in the state's sporting history.
  • 01 Dec Formation of Cosatu: The Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) is established, becoming a significant labor organization in South Africa during the late apartheid era, playing a crucial role in social and political movements.
  • 02 Dec Benazir Bhutto Becomes Pakistan's First Female Prime Minister: Benazir Bhutto was sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, making history as the first woman to hold this prestigious political position in the country. Her election marked a significant moment for women's political representation in a traditionally male-dominated political landscape.
  • 03 Dec NASA Space Shuttle Atlantis Mission 61-B Lands: The 23rd Space Shuttle Mission (61-B) involving the Space Shuttle Atlantis successfully landed at Edwards Air Force Base in California, marking another milestone in NASA's space exploration program.
  • 04 Dec Reagan Appoints John Poindexter as National Security Adviser: President Ronald Reagan appointed Vice Admiral John Poindexter as his National Security Adviser, a critical position during the Cold War era. Poindexter would later become a central figure in the Iran-Contra affair, a significant political scandal that would impact the Reagan administration.
  • 05 Dec British Nuclear Test: Great Britain conducted a nuclear test, continuing its nuclear weapons development program during the later stages of the Cold War era.
  • 06 Dec United Kingdom Joins US Strategic Defense Initiative: The United Kingdom officially became a participant in the United States' Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), also popularly known as the 'Star Wars' program. This collaborative effort aimed to develop advanced missile defense technologies using ground-based and space-based systems to protect against potential nuclear attacks during the late Cold War period.
  • 07 Dec Space Shuttle Atlantis Returns to Kennedy Space Center: The US space shuttle Atlantis completed its mission and returned to the Kennedy Space Center, landing via Kelly Air Force Base. This marked another successful mission in NASA's Space Shuttle program during the mid-1980s, highlighting the ongoing advancements in space exploration and technology.
  • 08 Dec South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Established: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), a pivotal intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union in South Asia, was formally established to promote regional cooperation and integration among member states including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, and Maldives.
  • 09 Dec Argentine Junta Leaders Sentenced for Human Rights Violations: On December 9, 1985, in a landmark legal proceeding in Buenos Aires, Argentinian Junta leaders Jorge Rafael Videla and Emilio Eduardo Massera were sentenced to life imprisonment for severe human rights violations committed during the military dictatorship's 'Dirty War' period (1976-1983).
  • 10 Dec Argentine Junta Leaders Sentenced: In a landmark human rights trial, Jorge Rafael Videla and Emilio Eduardo Massera, key leaders of Argentina's military junta during the 'Dirty War' period, were sentenced in Buenos Aires for their roles in systematic human rights violations and state-sponsored terrorism.
  • 11 Dec First Unabomber Murder in Sacramento: A computer store owner in Sacramento, California, was killed by a package bomb, marking the first fatal attack in the Unabomber's domestic terrorism campaign. This tragic event would become part of a series of bombings targeting individuals associated with technology and academia.
  • 12 Dec Arrow Air Flight 1285R Crash in Gander: On December 12, 1985, Arrow Air Flight 1285R, a McDonnell Douglas DC-8, tragically crashed shortly after takeoff from Gander International Airport in Newfoundland, Canada. The catastrophic accident resulted in the deaths of all 256 people on board, including 236 members of the United States Army's 101st Airborne Division who were returning from a peacekeeping mission in the Sinai Peninsula. The flight was a charter carrying U.S. servicemen back to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, making this one of the deadliest military aviation accidents in U.S. history.
  • 13 Dec Australian Cricket Test Debut Trio: Three prominent Australian cricketers - Merv Hughes, Geoff Marsh, and Bruce Reid - made their Test match debut against India on December 13, 1985. This marked the beginning of significant careers for these players who would go on to become key figures in Australian cricket during the late 1980s and early 1990s.
  • 14 Dec Wilma Mankiller Becomes Cherokee Nation's First Female Principal Chief: Wilma Mankiller made history by becoming the first woman elected to serve as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, breaking traditional gender barriers in Native American tribal leadership.
  • 15 Dec Disney's European Expansion: Disneyland Paris Planned: Disney CEO Michael Eisner and French Prime Minister Laurent Fabius signed a letter of intent to develop a Disney theme park on 4,400 acres in Marne-la-Vallée, located approximately 20 miles east of Paris, France. This landmark agreement marked the beginning of Disney's significant European expansion strategy.
  • 16 Dec Gambino Crime Family Leadership Shift: In a significant moment of organized crime history, Mafia bosses Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti were assassinated in front of Spark's Steak House in New York City, which paved the way for John Gotti to become the leader of the powerful Gambino crime family.
  • 17 Dec US Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985: On December 17, 1985, President Ronald Reagan signed the Gold Bullion Coin Act (Public Law 99-185), authorizing the U.S. Treasury to mint a series of gold bullion coins with specific weight and purity standards. The act established four denominations of gold coins: $50 (one ounce), $25 (half ounce), $10 (quarter ounce), and $5 (tenth ounce), with a gold purity of 91.67%. The legislation prioritized using gold from domestic natural deposits or U.S. reserves, with a unique provision that profits from coin sales would be directed towards reducing the national debt.
  • 18 Dec First Woman Receives Jarvik VII Artificial Heart: Mary Lund made medical history by becoming the first woman to receive a Jarvik VII artificial heart at Abbott Northwestern Hospital in Minneapolis, marking a significant milestone in cardiovascular medical technology.
  • 19 Dec First Woman Receives Jarvik VII Artificial Heart: Mary Lund made medical history on December 19, 1985, by becoming the first woman to receive a Jarvik VII artificial heart, marking a significant milestone in cardiovascular medical technology and surgical innovation.
  • 20 Dec Pope John Paul II Establishes World Youth Day: Pope John Paul II officially announces the institution of World Youth Day, a global Catholic event aimed at bringing young people together to celebrate faith, unity, and spiritual connection.
  • 21 Dec ARCO Anchorage Maritime Incident: The oil tanker ARCO Anchorage ran aground near Port Angeles, Washington, potentially causing environmental and maritime safety concerns.
  • 22 Dec Space Shuttle Challenger Preparation: The Space Shuttle Challenger (STS-51-L mission) is transported to Launch Pad 39B, preparing for its upcoming mission. This would tragically be the mission that ended in the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986.
  • 23 Dec Death of Ferhat Abbas: Ferhat Abbas, a prominent Algerian nationalist leader who played a crucial role in Algeria's independence movement, passed away. He was a key political figure in the struggle against French colonial rule.
  • 24 Dec Early Signs of Communist Decline: The fall of Communism begins with resistance gaining victory in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, signaling the early stages of the Soviet Union's eventual collapse.
  • 25 Dec Christmas Day 1985: A Quiet Moment in History: While no major global events were prominently recorded on December 25, 1985, this day represents Christmas Day, a significant cultural and religious holiday celebrated worldwide. On this day, many families and communities gathered to observe traditional Christmas festivities, exchange gifts, and share meals together. In the mid-1980s, the world was experiencing the later stages of the Cold War, with ongoing geopolitical tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.
  • 26 Dec Terrorist Attacks in European Airports: A coordinated terrorist attack targeted airports in Rome and Vienna, resulting in 20 fatalities and 110 injuries. United States President Ronald Reagan publicly attributed the attacks to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, escalating tensions in the international political landscape.
  • 27 Dec Terrorist Attack on El Al Airports in Rome and Vienna: Palestinian terrorists launched coordinated attacks at the airports in Rome and Vienna, targeting El Al Israeli airline facilities. The attacks resulted in 20 fatalities and 110 people wounded. U.S. President Ronald Reagan publicly attributed responsibility to Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi, escalating international tensions.
  • 28 Dec Lebanese Peace Agreement: Warring Lebanese Muslim and Christian leaders signed a significant peace agreement, attempting to resolve long-standing sectarian tensions that had plagued the country during its complex civil war. This diplomatic effort represented a crucial moment in Lebanon's efforts to achieve national reconciliation.
  • 29 Dec Ronald Reagan's Presidency: On December 29, 1985, Ronald Reagan was serving as the 40th President of the United States. During this period of his presidency, Reagan was in his second term, known for his conservative policies, economic reforms, and Cold War diplomacy.
  • 30 Dec Pakistan Ends Martial Law and Restores Constitution: President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq officially ended martial law in Pakistan and restored the country's constitutional governance, marking a significant political transition for the nation.
  • 31 Dec Tragic Death of Ricky Nelson in Plane Crash: Rock and roll singer Ricky Nelson, a prominent teen idol of the 1950s and 1960s, was killed in a devastating plane crash on New Year's Eve. The 45-year-old musician was traveling to a performance in Dallas, Texas when his aircraft experienced a critical in-flight emergency. A faulty cabin heater reportedly caused a fire, forcing an emergency landing in a rural cow pasture. Despite the pilot and co-pilot surviving, Nelson and six other passengers perished from fire and smoke inhalation after attempting to escape the burning aircraft.

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