Major Events of 1938: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll explore the most significant occurrences from 1938, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

Major Events of 1938 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan March of Dimes Foundation Established: The March of Dimes, a prominent nonprofit organization dedicated to improving infant health and preventing birth defects, was founded. This organization would go on to play a crucial role in medical research and public health initiatives.
02 Jan Canton's Resistance Against Japanese Invasion: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chinese officials in Canton (Guangzhou) prepared to implement a scorched earth strategy before surrendering the city to Japanese forces. This desperate tactic was intended to deny resources and strategic advantages to the invading Japanese military.
03 Jan Roosevelt's State of the Union Address: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a powerful State of the Union address, highlighting global tensions and calling for labor reforms to improve workers' conditions and support economic recovery.
04 Jan Roosevelt's State of the Union Address Highlights Global Tensions and Economic Recovery: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered the annual State of the Union address to Congress, addressing the global political climate and domestic economic challenges. He acknowledged the world's 'high tension and disorder' and emphasized the need for national self-defense. Roosevelt also advocated for labor reforms, calling for legislation to eliminate 'starvation wages and intolerable hours' as a crucial component of economic recovery.
05 Jan Nazi Antisemitic Name Change Prohibition: The Nazi regime implemented a discriminatory law forbidding Jews from changing their names, a deliberate measure to prevent Jewish individuals from concealing their ethnic identity.
06 Jan Romania Recognizes Italian Conquest of Ethiopia: The Octavian Goga government in Romania officially recognized Italy's conquest of Ethiopia, reflecting the complex diplomatic relationships and colonial tensions of the pre-World War II era.
07 Jan Diplomatic Appointments in Pre-World War II Era: Joseph P. Kennedy is appointed as the American Ambassador to Great Britain, while Hugh R. Wilson is simultaneously appointed as Ambassador to Germany, reflecting the complex diplomatic landscape of late 1930s Europe.
08 Jan U.S. Congressional Salary Disclosure Reveals Political Transparency: The U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means publicly disclosed the salaries of high-income earners from 1936, including notable political figures like Alfred Landon, the Republican presidential candidate. This action represented an early example of financial transparency in American political reporting.
09 Jan Battle of Teruel: Republican Victory in Spanish Civil War: During the Spanish Civil War, Republican forces successfully completed the capture of Teruel, a strategically significant city in eastern Spain. This battle represented a crucial moment in the conflict between Republican and Nationalist forces, demonstrating the Republicans' military capabilities.
10 Jan Birth of Donald Knuth: Donald Knuth, a pioneering computer scientist and mathematician, was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Known as the 'father of the analysis of algorithms', Knuth is famous for his multi-volume work 'The Art of Computer Programming' and the creation of the TeX typesetting system, which revolutionized digital publishing.
11 Jan Japan's Ultimatum to China: Emperor Hirohito presided over a critical conference in Tokyo where Japanese leadership prepared an aggressive diplomatic ultimatum to China, demanding substantial reparations and formal recognition of Japanese control over northern Chinese territories.
12 Jan Diplomatic Recognition of Francoist Spain: Austria and Hungary officially recognized the government of Francoist Spain, signaling growing diplomatic support for Franco's regime in the lead-up to World War II.
13 Jan Church of England Endorses Evolution Theory: The Church of England officially accepted the scientific theory of evolution, signaling a significant theological and scientific reconciliation. This landmark decision represented a progressive stance by a major religious institution, acknowledging the compatibility of religious faith with scientific understanding.
14 Jan French Political Transition: Camille Chautemps resigned as Prime Minister of France after the Socialists withdrew their political support, reflecting the volatile political landscape of pre-World War II France.
15 Jan Stanley Reed Appointed to US Supreme Court: Stanley Reed was appointed as a Justice to the United States Supreme Court, marking a significant moment in the judicial history of the United States. Reed would serve on the Supreme Court from 1938 to 1957, playing a crucial role in several landmark legal decisions during a transformative period of American jurisprudence.
16 Jan Japan Ends Diplomatic Relations with China: Japan officially announced the termination of diplomatic relations with China, marking a significant escalation in tensions between the two nations. In Japanese, this unilateral declaration was known as the *aite ni sezu* ('absolutely no dealing') policy, signaling a complete breakdown of diplomatic channels during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
17 Jan Soviet Leadership Selection: The Supreme Soviet formally elected Mikhail Kalinin as the Chairman of the Presidium, a key leadership position in the Soviet governmental structure. Kalinin, a long-standing Bolshevik, would continue to serve in this largely ceremonial role until 1946, representing the nominal head of state during Stalin's era.
18 Jan Church of England Accepts Evolution: In a significant moment of religious and scientific reconciliation, the Church of England officially accepts the theory of evolution, marking a progressive stance towards scientific understanding and challenging traditional theological interpretations.
19 Jan General Motors Diesel Engine Production Launch: General Motors initiated mass production of diesel engines, marking a significant technological advancement in automotive manufacturing and signaling the growing importance of diesel technology in industrial applications.
20 Jan Roosevelt's 1938 State of the Union Address: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered the annual State of the Union address to Congress, providing a critical assessment of the global political and economic landscape. He highlighted the world's 'high tension and disorder' and advocated for crucial labor reforms, calling for legislation to address 'starvation wages and intolerable hours' as a key component of economic recovery during the Great Depression era.
21 Jan Romanian Anti-Semitic Citizenship Law: Romania passed a discriminatory law that stripped 270,000 Jews of their citizenship, a deeply troubling legal action that was part of the escalating anti-Semitic policies preceding World War II.
22 Jan Benny Goodman's Historic Carnegie Hall Jazz Concert: Benny Goodman, known as the 'King of Swing', performs a landmark jazz concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City. This performance was a pivotal moment in American music history, helping to legitimize jazz as a serious art form and breaking racial barriers in the predominantly white classical music venue.
23 Jan Birth of Georg Baselitz: On January 23, 1938, Georg Baselitz, a renowned German painter known for his distinctive and provocative artistic style, was born in Deutschbaselitz, Germany. Baselitz would later become a significant figure in contemporary art, particularly in the Neo-Expressionist movement.
24 Jan First Opera Televised by BBC: BBC Television made broadcasting history by presenting the first televised opera performance, featuring Richard Wagner's renowned romantic opera 'Tristan und Isolde'. This groundbreaking transmission represented a significant milestone in the intersection of classical music, performance art, and emerging television technology.
25 Jan Nazi Headquarters Raid in Vienna: Austrian police raided Nazi headquarters in Vienna, uncovering plans for a potential Nazi coup. Hermann Göring provided Hitler with compromising information about Werner von Blomberg's wife, leading to Blomberg's immediate resignation as War Minister.
26 Jan First Aboriginal Day of Mourning Protest: On January 26, 1938, First Peoples activists organized a groundbreaking Day of Mourning to coincide with the 150th anniversary of the First Fleet's arrival in Sydney Cove. Approximately 1,000 First Peoples and supporters conducted a powerful, silent march through Sydney's streets, dressed in black to symbolize mourning for the devastating impacts of colonization. The event was strategically coordinated by the Victorian Australian Aborigines League, led by William Cooper, and the Aborigines Progressive Association from New South Wales, led by William Ferguson and Jack Patten. This historic protest marked a critical turning point in the Indigenous civil rights movement in Australia, publicly challenging the systemic oppression and marginalization of Aboriginal peoples.
27 Jan Honeymoon Bridge Collapses in Niagara: The Honeymoon Bridge, located at the US-Canada border near Niagara Falls, dramatically collapsed under immense ice pressure. This structural failure was a significant engineering event highlighting the destructive potential of extreme winter conditions and the challenges of infrastructure in harsh climates.
28 Jan Hitler Restructures German Military Command: Adolf Hitler fundamentally reorganized the German military structure by abolishing the War Ministry and establishing the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces). This strategic move gave Hitler direct control over military operations. As part of this restructuring, he removed several high-ranking officials, including forcing General Werner von Fritsch to resign under accusations of homosexuality and replacing him with General Walther von Brauchitsch.
30 Jan Roosevelt's State of the Union Address on Global Tensions: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a pivotal annual State of the Union address to Congress, highlighting the global political climate of rising international tensions. He emphasized the need for national preparedness and economic reform, calling for legislation to improve worker conditions and wages. Roosevelt's speech underscored the growing concerns about global stability in the late 1930s, just before the outbreak of World War II.
31 Jan Nazi War Economics Council Established: Hermann Göring formally ordered the creation of a 'council of war economics', strategically positioning military commanders and the Minister of War to oversee economic planning for potential military engagements. This move signaled Nazi Germany's increasing militarization and economic preparation for potential conflict.
01 Feb Mussolini Introduces 'Passo Romano' Military March: Benito Mussolini implemented the goose step march for Italian soldiers, officially naming it the 'passo romano' (Roman step), symbolizing fascist militaristic pride and drawing inspiration from ancient Roman military traditions.
03 Feb Thornton Wilder's 'Our Town' Broadway Debut: Thornton Wilder's groundbreaking play 'Our Town' opens on Broadway in New York City. This seminal work would later be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama, cementing its place as a landmark in American theatrical history and exploring themes of small-town life, human connection, and the passage of time.
04 Feb Hitler Consolidates Military Power: Adolf Hitler dramatically restructures the German military leadership, abolishing the War Ministry and creating the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces). This strategic move gives him direct control of the military. He forces the resignation of key military leaders like General Werner von Fritsch and replaces them with Nazi-aligned officers, including General Walther von Brauchitsch. He also dismisses Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath, replacing him with Joachim von Ribbentrop.
05 Feb Final Hitler Cabinet Meeting: The Hitler Cabinet convened for its final meeting, signaling a pivotal moment in the Nazi government's organizational structure and potential strategic shifts.
06 Feb Black Sunday: Deadly Waves at Bondi Beach: On February 6, 1938, a catastrophic series of massive waves struck Bondi Beach in Sydney, Australia, creating one of the most dramatic rescue operations in Australian surf lifesaving history. Approximately 300 swimmers were suddenly swept out to sea by three consecutive freak waves, creating a life-threatening situation. The heroic Bondi lifesavers, numbering 80, mounted an extraordinary rescue effort, managing to save all but five swimmers from certain drowning. This event highlighted the unpredictable and dangerous nature of ocean conditions and the critical role of trained lifesavers in protecting beachgoers.
07 Feb Black Sunday: Deadly Waves at Bondi Beach: On February 7, 1938, a catastrophic series of massive waves struck Bondi Beach in Sydney, Australia, creating one of the most dramatic rescue operations in Australian surf lifesaving history. Three consecutive freak waves, unprecedented in their size and power, swept approximately 300 swimmers out to sea. The Bondi Beach lifesavers, renowned for their skill and bravery, mounted an extraordinary rescue effort. Using their expertise and teamwork, 80 lifesavers managed to save nearly all of the imperiled swimmers, ultimately losing only 5 lives in this harrowing maritime disaster. The event became a pivotal moment in highlighting the unpredictable and dangerous nature of ocean conditions, and significantly raised public awareness about beach safety and the critical role of lifesavers.
08 Feb Battle of Alfambra: Nationalist Victory in Spanish Civil War: The Battle of Alfambra was a significant engagement during the Spanish Civil War, resulting in a decisive victory for the Nationalist forces. This battle further consolidated the Nationalist military's strategic position in the ongoing conflict.
09 Feb Japanese Capture of Bengbu: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese Imperial forces successfully captured the strategic city of Bengbu in Anhui Province, China. This military action was part of Japan's broader territorial expansion and aggressive campaign of conquest in China, which significantly escalated tensions in the region.
10 Feb German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact Signed: Germany and Poland formally sign a 10-year non-aggression treaty, a significant diplomatic agreement that temporarily reduces tensions between the two nations in the lead-up to World War II. This pact represents a complex moment of geopolitical maneuvering before the outbreak of global conflict.
11 Feb Hitler Demands Austrian Annexation: Austrian Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg meets with Adolf Hitler in Berchtesgaden, Bavaria. Hitler demands that Austria become a German protectorate, effectively pressuring Schuschnigg to sign an agreement that would pave the way for the Anschluss (annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany).
12 Feb German Troops Enter Austria: German military forces cross the Austrian border, marking a critical moment in the lead-up to the Anschluss - the territorial annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany. This military movement represents a direct violation of international agreements and signals Hitler's expansionist ambitions.
13 Feb Birth of Oliver Reed: On February 13, 1938, the renowned British actor Oliver Reed was born in Wimbledon, London, England. Reed would go on to become a prominent figure in British cinema, known for his intense performances and charismatic screen presence in films during the 1960s and 1970s.
14 Feb British Naval Base Established in Singapore: On February 14, 1938, the British naval base at Singapore officially began operations, marking a significant strategic milestone in the British Empire's military presence in Southeast Asia. This naval base was a critical component of Britain's imperial defense strategy, designed to protect its colonial interests and serve as a key maritime stronghold in the region.
15 Feb Austrian Government Restructuring under Nazi Influence: On February 15, 1938, the Austrian government underwent a significant reorganization as part of the Berchtesgaden Agreement. Kurt Schuschnigg remained the head of government, but the cabinet was strategically altered to accommodate Nazi demands. The most pivotal change was the appointment of Arthur Seyss-Inquart as Minister of the Interior and Security, which effectively gave him control of the police force. A broad amnesty was implemented, covering not only Nazi sympathizers but also Communists and revolutionary Socialists, signaling a complex political maneuver designed to destabilize existing political structures and create potential internal divisions.
16 Feb Austria Succumbs to Nazi Pressure: Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg accepts Adolf Hitler's ultimatum, forcing pro-Nazi ministers into control of critical government sectors including police and foreign affairs, signaling Austria's increasing vulnerability to Nazi Germany's expansionist agenda.
17 Feb First Public Color Television Demonstration by John Logie Baird: On February 17, 1938, John Logie Baird publicly demonstrated an experimental color television system in London, England. This groundbreaking event marked a significant milestone in television technology, showcasing the potential for transmitting color images through electronic means. Baird, a pioneering Scottish engineer and inventor, had been working on color television technology for years, building upon his earlier achievements in monochrome television transmission.
18 Feb Nanking Safety Zone International Committee Renamed During Sino-Japanese War: During the brutal Nanking Massacre, the Nanking Safety Zone International Committee was renamed to the 'Nanking International Rescue Committee'. This critical moment marked a significant deterioration of the safety zone established for refugees, exposing vulnerable populations to extreme danger.
19 Feb Soviet Arctic Research Station North Pole 1 Evacuation: The pioneering Soviet research station North Pole 1, established on a drifting ice floe in the Arctic Ocean, was evacuated after a successful scientific mission. This groundbreaking expedition, led by Ivan Papanin, was one of the first sustained scientific research efforts in the extreme Arctic environment, providing crucial data about polar conditions, ice dynamics, and meteorological patterns.
20 Feb Anthony Eden Resigns from British Foreign Office: Sir Anthony Eden dramatically resigned as United Kingdom Foreign Secretary, explicitly protesting Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's conciliatory policy towards totalitarian regimes, particularly Nazi Germany. This resignation highlighted deep divisions within the British government regarding how to handle the rising threat of fascist expansionism.
21 Feb Anthony Eden Resigns as UK Foreign Secretary: Anthony Eden dramatically resigned from his position as Foreign Secretary, expressing growing ideological differences with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. His resignation came at a critical moment in pre-World War II diplomatic relations, signaling underlying tensions in the British government's approach to international tensions, particularly regarding the rising threat of Nazi Germany.
22 Feb Battle of Teruel: Nationalist Victory in Spanish Civil War: The Battle of Teruel was a critical military engagement during the Spanish Civil War, where Nationalist forces successfully recaptured the strategically important city of Teruel. This victory marked a significant turning point in the conflict, demonstrating the Nationalist forces' military prowess and shifting the momentum of the war in their favor. The battle was characterized by harsh winter conditions and intense urban combat, which made the military operations particularly challenging for both Republican and Nationalist troops.
23 Feb Labour Party Challenges Chamberlain's Appeasement Policy: The Labour Party publicly issued a manifesto challenging Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's diplomatic approach towards Nazi Germany, calling for a general election to gauge public sentiment on his controversial appeasement policy in the lead-up to World War II.
24 Feb Oil Discovery in Saudi Arabia: A pivotal moment in Middle Eastern economic history occurs with the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia, which would fundamentally transform the country's geopolitical and economic landscape. This discovery would later establish Saudi Arabia as a major global oil producer.
25 Feb Lord Halifax Appointed as British Foreign Minister: Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, the 1st Earl of Halifax, was appointed as the Foreign Secretary of the United Kingdom. This appointment came at a critical time in European history, just before the onset of World War II, when diplomatic tensions were escalating across the continent.
26 Feb French Parliamentary Support for Diplomatic Negotiations: The French Chamber of Deputies overwhelmingly endorsed the government's diplomatic approach, voting 439-2 in support of joining Britain in negotiations with Germany and Italy, reflecting the complex pre-World War II diplomatic landscape.
27 Feb Britain and France Recognize Franco's Government in Spain: On February 27, 1938, Britain and France officially recognized the Nationalist government of General Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War. This diplomatic recognition signaled a significant shift in European diplomatic relations, effectively legitimizing Franco's control over Spain and marking a crucial moment in the lead-up to World War II.
28 Feb Uneventful Day in 1938: While no specific major historical events were documented for February 28, 1938, this period was part of the tumultuous pre-World War II era. In the late 1930s, global tensions were rising with Nazi Germany's expansionist policies and increasing militarization in Europe. The world was on the brink of significant geopolitical changes, though this particular day passed without notable recorded incidents.
01 Mar Nazi March in Graz, Austria: 20,000 Nazis conducted a massive demonstration in Graz, Austria, deliberately defying government attempts to suppress their public gathering. This event signaled the growing boldness of Nazi sympathizers and the weakening resistance to Nazi expansion in Austria, just before the Anschluss.
02 Mar Great Purge Trials in Soviet Union: The Soviet leadership initiated a series of political trials targeting high-ranking Soviet officials, marking a critical phase of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. These trials were part of a systematic campaign to eliminate perceived political opponents and consolidate Stalin's absolute power within the Communist Party and Soviet government.
03 Mar Oil Discovery in Saudi Arabia: A pivotal moment in Middle Eastern economic history occurred with the discovery of oil in Saudi Arabia, which would fundamentally transform the region's geopolitical and economic landscape in the coming decades.
04 Mar Supreme Court of Canada Strikes Down Alberta Act: The Supreme Court of Canada ruled the Accurate News and Information Act in Alberta unconstitutional, marking an important moment in Canadian legal and press freedom history. This decision upheld principles of free speech and challenged government attempts to control media reporting.
05 Mar Birth of Fred Williamson: Football Player and Actor: Fred Williamson, a notable American football player who later transitioned to a successful acting career, was born on March 5, 1938, in Gary, Indiana. Known for his versatility, Williamson played professional football in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs and Pittsburgh Steelers during the 1960s before becoming a prominent actor in action films during the 1970s, particularly in the blaxploitation genre.
07 Mar Aragon Offensive: The Nationalists launched the Aragon Offensive during the Spanish Civil War, a significant military campaign that played a crucial role in the conflict between Republican and Nationalist forces.
08 Mar Herbert Hoover's Meeting with Adolf Hitler in Berlin: Former U.S. President Herbert Hoover visited Adolf Hitler at the Chancellery in Berlin, engaging in a diplomatic encounter during the tense pre-World War II period. This meeting occurred at a critical time when Nazi Germany was expanding its territorial ambitions and international tensions were escalating.
09 Mar Austrian Chancellor's Last Stand for Independence: On March 9, 1938, Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg made a bold and desperate attempt to preserve Austria's sovereignty by announcing a national plebiscite scheduled for March 13. This referendum was intended to demonstrate popular support for Austrian independence in the face of increasing pressure from Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler's expansionist ambitions. Schuschnigg hoped that a public vote would provide international legitimacy to Austria's resistance against potential annexation.
10 Mar Spanish Civil War: Insurgent Offensive in Eastern Spain: During the Spanish Civil War, Nationalist insurgent forces launched a significant offensive on Spain's eastern front, successfully capturing the strategic town of Belchite in Aragon. This military operation was part of the broader conflict between Republican and Nationalist forces that would ultimately lead to Francisco Franco's victory.
11 Mar Nazi Germany Annexes Austria (Anschluss): On March 11, 1938, Artur Seyss-Inquart, a Nazi sympathizer, replaced Kurt von Schuschnigg as Chancellor of Austria, marking a critical moment in the lead-up to Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria. German troops simultaneously entered the country, effectively initiating the Anschluss (union) without significant military resistance.
12 Mar Anschluss: Nazi Germany Annexes Austria: On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria, initiating the forceful annexation of the country. This event, known as the Anschluss, marked a significant territorial expansion of Nazi Germany and a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II. German forces crossed the Austrian border at 8:00 a.m., encountering no military resistance.
13 Mar Anschluss: Austria Unified with Nazi Germany: The Union of Austria and Germany was officially proclaimed in Vienna, marking a significant territorial expansion of the Third Reich. This event, known as the Anschluss, represented Nazi Germany's annexation of Austria, effectively ending Austrian independence and integrating the country into the German Reich.
14 Mar Nazi Annexation of Austria: Adolf Hitler rode triumphantly into Vienna on March 14, 1938, marking the end of Austria's independence and its forceful annexation into Nazi Germany, a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II.
15 Mar Hitler's Symbolic Vienna Speech: Adolf Hitler delivered a significant speech from the balcony of the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, overlooking the Heldenplatz. By choosing this historic location, Hitler symbolically positioned himself as a successor to the Habsburg imperial legacy, using the site's deep historical significance to legitimize his annexation of Austria and present his regime as a continuation of historical leadership dating back to the Holy Roman Empire.
16 Mar Temple Wins First National Invitation Tournament: Temple University's basketball team defeated the University of Colorado to claim victory in the inaugural National Invitation Tournament (NIT), marking a significant milestone in college basketball history.
17 Mar Austrian Anschluss Referendum: In a historic and controversial national referendum, the Austrian electorate overwhelmingly approved the annexation by Nazi Germany (Anschluss) with an astonishing 99.73% vote, signaling the end of Austria's independence and a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II.
18 Mar Mexico Nationalizes Oil Industry - Creation of Pemex: On March 18, 1938, President Lázaro Cárdenas expropriated all foreign-owned oil reserves and facilities, creating the state-owned petroleum company Pemex (Petróleos Mexicanos). This bold move nationalized the assets of 17 American and British oil companies, marking a significant moment in Mexico's economic sovereignty and challenging foreign corporate control.
19 Mar Scotland Triumphs in Rugby Championship: In a thrilling rugby match at Twickenham, London, Scotland defeated England 21-16, securing not only the victory against their traditional rivals but also winning the prestigious Home Nations Rugby Championship, the Triple Crown, and the historic Calcutta Cup. This significant sporting achievement highlighted Scotland's rugby prowess during the late 1930s.
20 Mar Czechoslovakia Prepares for Potential German Invasion: In response to growing tensions with Nazi Germany, Czechoslovakia initiated a partial military mobilization along its border with Germany. This strategic move was a defensive measure aimed at preparing the country's armed forces in anticipation of potential German aggression, reflecting the increasing geopolitical instability in Europe during the late 1930s.
21 Mar Swiss Neutrality Declaration: The Swiss Federal Assembly made a powerful declaration of national defense, stating that any violation of Swiss neutrality would be met with 'an unshakeable, unanimous determination to defend independence to the last drop of blood.' This statement came at a critical time in European history, just before World War II.
22 Mar Uneventful Day in 1938: While no specific major historical events were recorded on March 22, 1938, this period was part of the tumultuous pre-World War II era. In the months surrounding this date, significant global tensions were building, particularly in Europe, with Nazi Germany's expansionist policies and the growing threat of conflict.
23 Mar Chamberlain Seeks Union Support for War Preparation: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain appeals to the Trades Union Congress to accelerate arms production in preparation for potential conflict. His strategic plan includes implementing day and night shifts in munitions factories and recruiting 100,000 additional semi-skilled workers to boost industrial capacity.
24 Mar French Diplomatic Support for Czechoslovakia: French Premier Léon Blum reaffirmed France's commitment to its treaty obligations with Czechoslovakia, promising military support in the event of a potential German invasion. This diplomatic assurance was crucial in the tense pre-World War II European political landscape, though France would ultimately fail to prevent the Munich Agreement and subsequent German annexation.
25 Mar Birth of Hoyt Axton: Hoyt Axton, a multifaceted American artist known for his contributions to country music as a singer, songwriter, and actor, was born on March 25, 1938. He would later become famous for his songwriting and musical performances, influencing the country and folk music scenes.
26 Mar Japanese National Mobilization Bill: The Japanese government passed the National Mobilization Bill, granting the state extensive dictatorial powers over the economy. This legislation was a critical step in Japan's preparation for potential military conflict and marked a significant expansion of state control during the pre-World War II era.
27 Mar Battle of Taierzhuang: A pivotal military engagement during the Second Sino-Japanese War, where Chinese forces successfully defended against Japanese invasion in Shandong Province. This battle marked a significant turning point, representing the first major Chinese victory over Japanese forces and boosting national morale during the conflict.
28 Mar Hitler's Strategic Manipulation of Sudetenland Tensions: On March 28, 1938, Adolf Hitler met with Konrad Henlein in Berlin and provided calculated instructions regarding the Sudetenland, a predominantly ethnic German region in Czechoslovakia. Hitler strategically directed Henlein to escalate demands about the region's status while deliberately avoiding any meaningful compromise with Czechoslovak authorities. This deliberate strategy was part of Hitler's broader plan to create political instability and justify potential territorial expansion, ultimately setting the stage for the Munich Agreement and the subsequent dismemberment of Czechoslovakia.
29 Mar Disappearance of Ettore Majorana: Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana mysteriously vanished while traveling by ship from Palermo to Naples, sparking decades of speculation about his fate. A brilliant quantum physicist and theoretical physicist known for his groundbreaking work in nuclear physics, Majorana's sudden disappearance remains one of the most intriguing unsolved mysteries in scientific history. Some theories suggest he might have deliberately chosen to disappear, while others propose more sinister explanations.
30 Mar Mussolini Granted Equal Military Power in Italy: On March 30, 1938, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was officially granted equal military power to King Victor Emmanuel III, being named First Marshal of the Empire. This significant political move further consolidated Mussolini's authoritarian control over Italy's military and state apparatus, marking a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II.
31 Mar Sheila Dikshit Birth: Sheila Dikshit, a prominent Indian politician who later became the Chief Minister of Delhi, was born on this date. She would go on to play a significant role in Delhi's political landscape.
01 Apr Nazi Germany Bans Jewish Music Recordings: As part of the escalating antisemitic policies in Nazi Germany, music recordings by Jewish musicians and composers were officially banned, representing another step in the systematic cultural persecution of Jewish artists.
02 Apr Whirlaway: Legendary Triple Crown Champion: Whirlaway was a remarkable American Thoroughbred racehorse who achieved the prestigious Triple Crown in 1941, winning the Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, and Belmont Stakes. Known for his distinctive racing style and exceptional speed, he became one of the most celebrated racehorses of his era. Whirlaway was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame and remained an influential figure in horse racing history until his death in 1953.
03 Apr Battle of Gandesa during Spanish Civil War: The Battle of Gandesa concluded with a decisive victory for the Nationalist forces, who successfully captured the strategic city of Lleida in Catalonia. This battle was a significant moment in the Spanish Civil War, demonstrating the Nationalists' military prowess and their continued advance against Republican forces.
04 Apr White House Conference on Welfare for African American Women and Children: Eleanor Roosevelt hosted a groundbreaking conference focusing on the participation of Negro women and children in federal welfare programs, highlighting her commitment to social justice and equality during the pre-Civil Rights era.
05 Apr Anti-Jewish Riots in Dabrowa, Poland: On April 5, 1938, violent anti-Semitic riots erupted in Dabrowa, Poland, reflecting the growing hostility and persecution of Jewish communities in pre-World War II Eastern Europe. These riots were part of a broader pattern of increasing discrimination and violence against Jewish populations in Poland during the late 1930s.
06 Apr Battle of Taierzhuang: The Battle of Taierzhuang concluded with a significant Chinese victory against Japanese forces during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This battle was a crucial moment that demonstrated Chinese military resilience and strategic capability in resisting Japanese invasion.
07 Apr Birth of Kofi Annan: Kofi Annan, a distinguished Ghanaian diplomat, was born in Kumasi, Gold Coast (now Ghana). He would later become the first African to serve as Secretary-General of the United Nations, serving two terms from 1997 to 2006. Annan was a pivotal global leader who worked tirelessly for international peace, human rights, and sustainable development.
08 Apr Kofi Annan Birth: Kofi Annan, future Ghanaian United Nations Secretary-General and Nobel Peace Prize recipient, is born.
09 Apr Hitler's Vienna Speech Before Anschluss Referendum: On the eve of the referendum regarding the Anschluss (annexation of Austria), Adolf Hitler delivered a significant speech in Vienna to a national audience, making a final passionate appeal to support the unification of Germany and Austria.
10 Apr Anschluss Plebiscite in Austria: A highly controlled plebiscite is conducted in Austria following Hitler's invasion, with an overwhelmingly manipulated result of 99.7% approval for the political unification with Germany, demonstrating the Nazi regime's propaganda and coercion tactics.
11 Apr Jackie Coogan Sues Parents Over Child Actor Earnings: In a landmark legal case, 23-year-old child film star Jackie Coogan filed a groundbreaking lawsuit against his mother and stepfather, seeking $4 million in earnings he had accumulated during his prolific acting career as a child performer. This case would later help establish legal protections for child performers and their earnings, highlighting the financial exploitation of young entertainers in early Hollywood.
12 Apr New York Introduces First Medical Marriage License Requirement: New York State enacted a groundbreaking public health law mandating mandatory medical testing for syphilis as a prerequisite for obtaining a marriage license. This progressive legislation represented an early attempt to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections and protect public health through pre-marital screening.
13 Apr French Senate Grants Daladier Extraordinary Governance Powers: In a significant political move, the French Senate overwhelmingly voted 288-1 to grant Prime Minister Édouard Daladier special emergency powers to govern by decree. These powers, valid until July 31, were specifically aimed at addressing the ongoing currency devaluation crisis and suppressing labor strikes, reflecting the political tensions and economic challenges of pre-World War II France.
14 Apr Roosevelt's Fireside Chat on Economic Conditions: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered one of his renowned fireside radio addresses, discussing the ongoing economic challenges facing the United States during the late Great Depression era.
15 Apr Spanish Civil War: Nationalist Advance: Spanish Nationalist forces reached the Mediterranean coastal town of Vinaroz, strategically splitting Republican-controlled Spain into two separate territories. This significant military maneuver marked a crucial turning point in the Spanish Civil War, demonstrating the Nationalists' growing military strength.
16 Apr Discovery of LSD: Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann accidentally synthesized lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) while researching potential medical applications, an event that would later have profound implications for pharmacology, psychology, and counterculture movements.
17 Apr Accidental Discovery of LSD and Arab-British Conflict: Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann accidentally discovered lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), a groundbreaking moment in pharmaceutical research. Simultaneously, a violent conflict occurred in the region, with between 16 and 20 Arabs killed in a battle with British troops at Jenin, following an earlier ambush that resulted in the deaths of three Jews at al-Bassa.
18 Apr First Publication of Superman in Action Comics #1: The landmark comic book Action Comics #1 was published, introducing Superman to the world. This issue marks the debut of the iconic superhero created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, who would go on to become one of the most recognizable characters in popular culture. While the cover date is June 1938, court documents and DC Comics recognize different precise publication dates.
19 Apr RCA-NBC Launches Regular Television Broadcasts: RCA-NBC initiated regular television broadcasts, marking a pivotal moment in the evolution of mass media and communication technology. This event signaled the beginning of a new era in entertainment and information dissemination.
20 Apr Leni Riefenstahl's 'Olympia' Documentary Film Premiere: Leni Riefenstahl's groundbreaking documentary film 'Olympia', which chronicled the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, premiered in Germany. The film was notable for its innovative cinematography and controversial propaganda elements, capturing the athletic performances of the 1936 Olympics with unprecedented artistic techniques.
21 Apr Nazi Confiscation of Habsburg Property: The Nazi government in Austria seized property belonging to the Habsburg royal family, further demonstrating the regime's aggressive policy of economic expropriation and political suppression.
22 Apr Nazi Anti-Semitic Business Restrictions: The Nazi regime implemented a discriminatory decree prohibiting Jewish-owned businesses from changing their names, further escalating the systematic persecution and economic marginalization of Jewish citizens in Germany. This policy was part of the broader Nazi strategy to isolate and economically disenfranchise the Jewish population, preceding more severe discriminatory measures.
23 Apr Sudeten Germans Demand Autonomy in Czechoslovakia: On April 23, 1938, Sudeten Germans living in the Czechoslovak borderlands formally demanded self-governance, escalating tensions in the region. This demand was part of a broader movement supported by Nazi Germany, which sought to destabilize Czechoslovakia and potentially annex the Sudetenland, an area with a significant ethnic German population.
24 Apr Konstantin Päts Becomes President of Estonia: On April 24, 1938, Konstantin Päts was officially inaugurated as the President of Estonia, solidifying his political leadership during a critical period of Estonian history. Päts was a key political figure who played a significant role in Estonia's early independence and governance.
25 Apr Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins Supreme Court Decision: In a landmark legal ruling, the United States Supreme Court delivered its opinion in Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, fundamentally transforming the American legal landscape by overturning a century of federal common law precedent. This decision significantly reshaped the relationship between federal and state court systems, establishing that federal courts must apply state substantive law in diversity jurisdiction cases.
26 Apr Nazi Germany's Jewish Asset Registration Order: Nazi Germany implemented a discriminatory policy requiring Austrian Jews to register all property valued above 5,000 Reichsmarks, a systematic step in the economic persecution of Jewish citizens prior to World War II.
27 Apr Gerald Marks Records 'All of Me': On April 27, 1938, Gerald Marks, a notable jazz composer and songwriter, recorded the iconic song 'All of Me'. The song would go on to become a significant standard in the American popular music repertoire, performed by numerous legendary artists over the decades. While Marks referred to himself as the 'King of Jazz', the song itself became more famous than his self-proclaimed title, showcasing his songwriting prowess.
28 Apr German General Beck Opposes Hitler's Czechoslovakia Plan: General Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German Army's General Staff, submitted a critical memorandum to Hitler opposing 'Fall Grün' (Case Green), the plan for war with Czechoslovakia, arguing that Germany was not prepared for the potential global conflict.
29 Apr Roosevelt's Economic Power Speech to Congress: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a landmark congressional address addressing the critical issue of economic concentration and its potential threat to democratic institutions. In his speech, Roosevelt articulated concerns about private economic power's growing influence and argued for a more balanced economic system that prioritizes public welfare and maintains democratic principles. He emphasized the importance of creating economic structures that ensure an acceptable standard of living for all Americans, reflecting the progressive economic philosophy of the New Deal era.
30 Apr First Televised FA Cup Final: Historic moment in sports broadcasting: The FA Cup Final between Huddersfield Town and Preston North End becomes the first football match televised live, marking a significant milestone in sports media.
01 May International Workers' Day (May Day): May Day is a significant annual celebration with deep historical roots, observed globally on May 1st. Originally a spring festival in ancient agricultural societies, it later became a symbolic day for workers' rights and labor movements. In socialist and communist countries, the day commemorates the international labor movement and workers' solidarity. Traditionally marked by parades, demonstrations, and public gatherings, May Day highlights the achievements of workers and advocates for fair labor practices, workplace rights, and social justice.
02 May Thornton Wilder Wins Pulitzer Prize: On May 2, 1938, renowned American playwright and novelist Thornton Wilder was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, recognizing his significant contributions to American literature. This prestigious award further solidified his reputation as an important literary figure of the 20th century.
03 May Hitler's State Visit to Italy: Adolf Hitler embarked on a week-long state visit to Italy, where he was warmly received by Benito Mussolini. This visit symbolized the growing alliance between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, strengthening the Axis powers before World War II.
04 May Pope Criticizes Hitler's Rome Visit: Pope Pius XI subtly criticizes Adolf Hitler's visit to Rome, commenting in *L'Osservatore Romano* about the presence of 'another cross that is not the cross of Christ', a thinly veiled reference to the Nazi swastikas displayed throughout the city.
05 May Hitler's State Visit to Italy: Adolf Hitler embarked on a week-long state visit to Italy, further solidifying the diplomatic and military alliance between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy in the lead-up to World War II.
06 May Thornton Wilder Wins Pulitzer Prize: Renowned American playwright and novelist Thornton Wilder was awarded the prestigious Pulitzer Prize, recognizing his significant contributions to American literature. Wilder was known for his innovative narrative techniques and works that explored complex human experiences.
07 May Diplomatic Negotiations over Sudetenland: British and French ambassadors met in Prague to discuss the Sudeten German minority, advising Czechoslovakia to make significant concessions to ethnic Germans, a critical moment in the lead-up to the Munich Agreement.
08 May DUPE: Nazi Arrest Warrant for Archduke Felix: Nazi-controlled authorities in Austria issued a warrant for the arrest of Archduke Felix, accusing him of stealing silverware and linen. This event highlights the increasing persecution and harassment of aristocratic figures by the Nazi regime during the late 1930s.
09 May Hitler's State Visit to Italy: On May 9, 1938, Adolf Hitler concluded his state visit to Italy with a day of sightseeing in Florence accompanied by Benito Mussolini, further solidifying the diplomatic relations between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
10 May Japanese Amoy Operation: The Japanese military initiated the Amoy Operation, a strategic blockade against China during the Second Sino-Japanese War, escalating military tensions in the region.
11 May Execution of Evgenii Miller, White Russian General: Evgenii Miller, a prominent Russian counter-revolutionary and former White Army general during the Russian Civil War, was executed on this date. Miller was a significant figure in the anti-Bolshevik resistance movement who continued to oppose the Soviet regime even after the Red Army's victory. His execution by Soviet authorities represented another instance of the Soviet government's systematic elimination of perceived political opponents.
12 May US Rejects Soviet Defense Proposal Against Nazi Germany: U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull officially declines the Soviet Union's proposal for a joint defense pact designed to counter the rising military threat of Nazi Germany. This diplomatic rejection highlights the complex geopolitical tensions and mutual distrust between the United States and the Soviet Union in the lead-up to World War II.
13 May US Naval Expansion Bill Passed: The United States Congress approved a significant Naval Expansion Bill, allocating $1.156 billion for naval infrastructure and military maritime capabilities. This legislation represented a substantial investment in naval preparedness during the rising international tensions of the late 1930s.
14 May England Defeats Nazi Germany in Soccer Match: In a symbolic sporting encounter during the rising tensions of pre-World War II Europe, the English national soccer team defeated Nazi Germany's team 6-3. This match was more than just a sporting event, representing a moment of athletic and symbolic resistance against the growing Nazi regime.
15 May Formation of Red Coalition in Belgium: Paul-Henri Spaak, a prominent Belgian politician, successfully formed a red coalition government in Belgium, marking a significant moment in the country's pre-World War II political landscape. This coalition represented a strategic alignment of left-leaning political forces during a period of increasing political tension in Europe.
16 May Vatican Diplomatic Relations with Francoist Spain: The Vatican established formal diplomatic relations with the Francoist State of Spain, exchanging diplomatic representatives and officially recognizing Franco's government.
17 May US Congress Approves Vinson Naval Act: The United States Congress passed the Vinson Naval Act, a significant piece of naval expansion legislation that authorized the construction of a two-ocean navy. This act was a strategic response to growing global tensions and the increasing naval capabilities of potential adversaries, particularly in the lead-up to World War II. The legislation provided substantial funding to expand and modernize the US Navy, enabling it to project power across both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
18 May South African General Election of 1938: The United Party, led by Prime Minister J.B.M. Hertzog, secured victory in the South African general election held on May 18, 1938. This election took place during a period of significant political tension in South Africa, with growing debates about racial segregation and the country's political direction.
19 May Czechoslovakian Partial Mobilization: On May 19, 1938, Czechoslovakian President Edvard Beneš ordered a partial military mobilization in response to intelligence reports indicating suspicious German troop movements near the border. This strategic decision was a critical defensive measure against potential German invasion, reflecting the escalating geopolitical tensions in Central Europe preceding World War II.
20 May Czech Partial Military Mobilization: Czech President Edvard Beneš ordered a partial mobilization of the Czech army in response to increasing tensions with Nazi Germany. This strategic military preparedness was a critical defensive measure against potential German aggression in the lead-up to the Munich Crisis of 1938.
21 May Czechoslovakia Prepares for Potential German Invasion: In a tense period leading up to World War II, Czechoslovakia mobilized its military forces and fortified its border with Germany. This action reflected the growing geopolitical tensions and the imminent threat of Nazi Germany's expansionist policies.
22 May British Diplomatic Stance on Czechoslovakia: British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax delivered a critical diplomatic message to the French ambassador, explicitly stating that Britain would not provide military support in the event of a potential conflict over Czechoslovakia. This communication signaled Britain's reluctance to engage in military intervention and foreshadowed the appeasement policies leading up to World War II.
23 May Hitler's Diplomatic Deception in Sudetenland Crisis: In a calculated diplomatic maneuver, Adolf Hitler ordered the German Foreign Office to reassure Czechoslovakia that Germany had no territorial demands, temporarily defusing international tensions. This statement was a strategic attempt to mislead the international community about Nazi Germany's true intentions regarding the Sudetenland region.
24 May Jerusalem Curfew Imposed: A curfew was imposed in Jerusalem following significant civil unrest and riots, reflecting the ongoing tensions in the region during this period.
25 May Hitler Elevates Birthplace to City Status: On May 25, 1938, Adolf Hitler officially designated his birthplace, the small Austrian town of Braunau am Inn, as a city. This symbolic act was part of the Nazi regime's broader efforts to mythologize Hitler's origins and enhance the town's significance during the period of Nazi expansion.
26 May Hitler Establishes Volkswagen Plant: Adolf Hitler laid the cornerstone for a new Volkswagen manufacturing plant in the Fallersleben district of Wolfsburg, Germany. The plant was strategically planned to begin mass production by the end of 1939, symbolizing the Nazi regime's industrial expansion and economic mobilization.
27 May Nordic Countries' Neutrality Declaration: Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway jointly issued a declaration of neutrality, signaling their intent to remain unaligned in the increasingly tense European political landscape of 1938, just prior to World War II.
28 May Hitler's Aggressive Plans Against Czechoslovakia: In a critical meeting at the Reichs Chancellery, Adolf Hitler explicitly declared his intention to destroy Czechoslovakia through military force, ordering the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions. This event signaled a major escalation of Nazi Germany's expansionist strategy in Europe, foreshadowing the imminent threat to Czech sovereignty.
29 May Balaguer Offensive Fails During Spanish Civil War: The Balaguer Offensive, a significant military operation during the Spanish Civil War, concluded with a decisive failure for the Republican forces. This engagement highlighted the strategic challenges faced by Republican troops against Nationalist forces in Catalonia.
30 May DUPE: Hitler's Invasion Directive: Adolf Hitler issued a revised directive for Fall Grün ('Case Green'), detailing plans for the invasion of Czechoslovakia, with the operation scheduled to be carried out by October 1, 1938.
31 May Lou Gehrig's Consecutive Game Streak: Lou Gehrig played his 2,000th consecutive game for the New York Yankees, setting an extraordinary endurance record that was considered the greatest of its kind in sports history at the time. This remarkable achievement highlighted Gehrig's incredible durability and commitment to the game.
01 Jun Superman Comic Book Debut: The iconic Superman comic book was first launched by DC Comics, introducing the world to one of the most influential superheroes in popular culture. This publication would revolutionize the comic book industry and create a lasting global phenomenon.
02 Jun Death of Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, Yacht Design Pioneer: Nathanael Greene Herreshoff, a legendary naval architect and boat designer widely regarded as the 'Wizard of Bristol', passed away at the age of 90. He was renowned for designing and building some of the most innovative and successful racing yachts in maritime history, significantly influencing yacht design in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
03 Jun Nazi Germany's Degenerate Art Law: On June 3, 1938, Nazi Germany enacted a legal mechanism to systematically confiscate and suppress artworks deemed 'degenerate' (Entartete Kunst) by the Nazi regime. This law authorized the state to seize modern, avant-garde, and non-traditional artworks, particularly those created by Jewish, communist, or modernist artists, as part of a broader cultural suppression campaign.
04 Jun Sigmund Freud Escapes Nazi Persecution: Renowned psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, facing increasing persecution, fled Austria and sought refuge in England, marking a pivotal moment in his life and the broader context of Jewish intellectual migration during the Nazi era.
05 Jun Catastrophic Yellow River Flood During Second Sino-Japanese War: In a desperate strategic maneuver during the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Nationalist government of China deliberately breached the Yellow River's embankments to impede the advancing Japanese military. This intentional flooding resulted in one of the most devastating environmental and humanitarian disasters in modern history. The controlled breach caused massive destruction, killing an estimated 400,000 people and inundating thousands of square kilometers of agricultural land. The flood's ecological impact was profound, dramatically altering the river's course and shifting its mouth hundreds of kilometers southward. This tragic event represents a stark example of scorched earth tactics, where military strategy came at an immense human and environmental cost.
06 Jun Sigmund Freud Escapes Nazi-Occupied Austria, Arrives in London: Renowned psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, fleeing Nazi persecution, arrived in London after leaving Vienna. This marked a significant moment in his life, as he sought refuge from the growing antisemitism in Europe. Freud, who was Jewish and already seriously ill with cancer, would spend the last year of his life in England.
07 Jun Catastrophic Yellow River Flood During Second Sino-Japanese War: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Nationalist government deliberately breached the Yellow River dikes to create a massive flood, aiming to halt the advancing Japanese military forces. This strategic but devastating action resulted in an estimated 500,000 to 900,000 civilian casualties, making it one of the deadliest man-made environmental disasters in modern history.
08 Jun Japanese Bombing of Canton: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese military conducted sustained aerial bombardments of Canton (now Guangzhou), targeting civilian infrastructure and causing massive displacement. For twelve consecutive days, the city endured relentless air raids, forcing thousands of terrified Chinese residents to flee via railway stations and docks, seeking safety from the indiscriminate bombing campaign.
09 Jun Shameful Decision on Jewish Refugees: The Second Chamber of the Netherlands agreed to a policy of returning Jewish refugees to Nazi Germany, a deeply troubling decision that would expose vulnerable individuals to extreme persecution and potential death under the Nazi regime.
10 Jun Death of Eugenia Falleni: Eugenia Falleni, a 62-year-old Italian-born Australian transgender man who had been convicted of murder, passed away, marking the end of a complex and controversial life.
11 Jun Catastrophic Yellow River Flood: The Chinese Nationalist government deliberately breaches Yellow River embankments to impede Japanese military advancement, resulting in a devastating flood that tragically kills between 500,000 to 900,000 civilians.
12 Jun Persecution of Roma and Sinti in Nazi Germany: On June 18, 1938, Roma and Sinti peoples in Germany and Austria were systematically rounded up, subjected to physical violence, and imprisoned, marking a significant escalation of Nazi racial persecution.
13 Jun Anti-Jewish Violence in Przemyśl: A violent antisemitic incident occurred in Przemyśl, Poland, where Jewish residents were physically attacked and their property was systematically destroyed. This event was part of the escalating persecution of Jewish communities in Poland during the late 1930s, reflecting the growing antisemitism and social tensions preceding World War II.
14 Jun Superman Makes His Comic Book Debut: Action Comics issue #1 is released, introducing Superman, the iconic superhero created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. This groundbreaking comic book marks the beginning of the superhero genre and launches a character that would become a cultural phenomenon, influencing popular media for generations.
15 Jun Johnny Vander Meer's Historic No-Hitter at First Night Game: On June 15, 1938, Cincinnati Reds pitcher Johnny Vander Meer made baseball history by pitching his second consecutive no-hitter during the first night game at Brooklyn's Ebbets Field. The Reds defeated the Brooklyn Dodgers 6-0, with Vander Meer achieving an unprecedented feat that remains unmatched in Major League Baseball history.
16 Jun Anti-Jewish Violence in Berlin: Brownshirt-directed civilians launched a violent attack against Jewish citizens in Berlin, targeting Jews along Grenadierstrasse and Dragonerstrasse, vandalizing stores and physically assaulting individuals.
17 Jun Second Sino-Japanese War Begins: Imperial Japan officially declares war on China, marking the start of a full-scale military conflict that would become part of the broader World War II theater. This invasion represented Japan's aggressive expansionist policy in East Asia, leading to widespread destruction and significant loss of life in China.
18 Jun Babe Ruth Becomes Brooklyn Dodgers Coach: Baseball legend Babe Ruth was signed as a first base coach for the Brooklyn Dodgers, hoping this position might eventually lead to a managerial role in professional baseball.
19 Jun Italy Wins 1938 FIFA World Cup in Paris: Italy defeated Hungary 4-1 in the third FIFA World Cup final held in Paris, France, further solidifying their dominance in international soccer during the late 1930s.
20 Jun Nazi Espionage Ring Indicted in US Military Secrets Theft Conspiracy: On June 20, 1938, a federal grand jury in New York issued a significant indictment against 18 individuals, predominantly of German nationality, who were accused of a coordinated conspiracy to steal classified military intelligence from the United States. This event highlighted growing tensions and espionage activities in the pre-World War II era, reflecting the increasing geopolitical suspicions between the United States and Nazi Germany.
21 Jun International Agreement on Spanish Civil War Volunteers: Major world powers convened in London, England, and reached a consensus to evacuate foreign volunteer fighters from the ongoing Spanish Civil War, signaling a diplomatic effort to reduce international intervention in the conflict.
22 Jun Joe Louis Defeats Max Schmeling in Historic Boxing Match: Joe Louis knocked out Max Schmeling at 2:04 of the first round at Yankee Stadium in New York, retaining the heavyweight championship. This fight was significant not only as a sporting event but also as a symbolic moment in the context of rising tensions between the United States and Nazi Germany.
23 Jun Civil Aeronautics Authority Established: The Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) is established in the United States, a pivotal moment in aviation history that would regulate and oversee civil aviation, setting standards for safety, route allocation, and commercial air travel development.
24 Jun Roosevelt's Fireside Chat on 75th Congress: On June 24, 1938, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered one of his famous fireside chats, discussing the accomplishments of the 75th Congress. These radio broadcasts were a hallmark of Roosevelt's communication strategy during the Great Depression and New Deal era, helping to build public trust and explain government policies.
25 Jun Douglas Hyde Becomes First President of Ireland: Dr. Douglas Hyde is inaugurated as the first President of Ireland, marking a pivotal moment in the country's transition to a modern democratic republic.
26 Jun Spanish Government Proposes Peace Conditions During Civil War: During the Spanish Civil War, the Spanish Republican government proposed three critical conditions to halt reprisal bombing campaigns: France must reopen its border with Spain, Spanish Nationalist rebels must cease bombing government-controlled cities, and France and Britain must agree to eventually mediate the conflict.
27 Jun Canadian Multiculturalism Day and Czech Remembrance Day: On June 27, two significant commemorative events are observed: Canadian Multiculturalism Day celebrates Canada's diverse cultural heritage and promotes inclusivity, while in the Czech Republic, the Commemoration Day for the Victims of the Communist Regime honors those who suffered under communist oppression.
28 Jun Johnny Vander Meer's Historic No-Hitter: Johnny Vander Meer of the Cincinnati Reds pitched a remarkable 3-0 no-hitter against the Boston Bees, showcasing exceptional pitching skill in Major League Baseball.
29 Jun Mass Jewish Job Dismissal in Austria: On June 29, 1938, as part of the Nazi regime's systematic persecution, approximately 40,000 Austrian Jews and Jewish spouses were forcibly dismissed from their jobs in the private sector, marking a significant escalation of antisemitic policies following the Anschluss.
30 Jun Mauthausen Concentration Camp Established: The Mauthausen concentration camp is constructed in Austria, becoming one of the most notorious Nazi labor and extermination camps during World War II, where thousands of prisoners would suffer and perish.
01 Jul Don Budge Wins Wimbledon Men's Singles Title: In a dominant performance at the 58th Wimbledon Championships, American tennis player Don Budge defeated British player Henry Austin in straight sets (6-1, 6-0, 6-3). This victory was part of Budge's remarkable tennis career, during which he became the first player to win the Grand Slam in 1938.
02 Jul Helen Wills Moody Wins Final Wimbledon Singles Title: Helen Wills Moody, a legendary American tennis player, secured her 8th and final Wimbledon singles championship, defeating Helen Hull Jacobs in a memorable match. This victory marked the culmination of her remarkable tennis career and solidified her status as one of the most dominant female tennis players of the early 20th century.
03 Jul Last Blue and Gray Reunion: The final reunion of Civil War veterans from both the Union (Blue) and Confederate (Gray) sides commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania, marking a poignant moment of reconciliation and shared national history.
04 Jul Mussolini's Agricultural Propaganda: Italian dictator Benito Mussolini opened the threshing season in Aprilia, making a provocative statement about Italy's economic independence and defiance of democratic nations.
05 Jul Non-Intervention Committee Agreement on Spanish Civil War Volunteers: On July 5, 1938, the Non-Intervention Committee reached a significant agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. While most Republican foreign volunteers, particularly those from England and the United States, respected the agreement, the governments of Germany and Italy deliberately ignored the resolution, continuing to support Nationalist forces.
06 Jul German Annexation of Austria (Anschluss): Nazi Germany invaded and annexed Austria in a strategic territorial expansion known as the Anschluss, effectively incorporating Austria into the Third Reich and marking a significant escalation of German territorial aggression prior to World War II.
07 Jul Degenerate Art Exhibition in London: On July 7, 1938, London hosted a groundbreaking exhibition featuring artworks that had been banned by the Nazi regime as 'degenerate art'. The exhibition showcased influential works by prominent artists like Max Beckmann and Wassily Kandinsky, who were deemed subversive by the Nazi cultural authorities. This event was a significant act of cultural resistance against Nazi artistic censorship.
08 Jul Roosevelt Commemorates Northwest Territory's Legacy: On July 8, 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a significant speech in Marietta, Ohio, commemorating the 150th anniversary of the city's establishment. As the first permanent settlement in the Northwest Territory, Marietta represented a pivotal moment in American westward expansion. During the dedication ceremony, Roosevelt highlighted the courage of early frontiersmen who established civil government beyond the original thirteen colonies. He drew parallels between the historical frontier challenges and the contemporary social and economic struggles of the Great Depression era, promising continued federal government support for Americans facing economic hardship.
09 Jul Nazi Germany Strips Jewish Professionals of Credentials: On July 9, 1938, the Nazi regime systematically revoked professional qualifications for Jewish doctors, marking another escalation in the state-sponsored persecution of Jewish professionals. This discriminatory action was part of the broader Nazi strategy to marginalize and exclude Jews from professional and social life, a precursor to more severe forms of persecution.
10 Jul Howard Hughes Sets World Flight Record: Howard Hughes completed a groundbreaking around-the-world airplane flight, setting a new global speed record by circumnavigating the globe in 91 hours and 14 minutes using a Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra.
13 Jul Uneventful Day in 1938: While no specific major historical events are documented for July 13, 1938, this period was part of the tumultuous pre-World War II era. The world was experiencing significant geopolitical tensions, with Nazi Germany's expansionist policies and growing international conflicts. Despite the lack of a notable recorded event on this specific date, the broader historical context of 1938 was marked by rising global uncertainties.
14 Jul Mussolini's Anti-Jewish Manifesto: Italian dictator Benito Mussolini publishes a racist anti-Jewish manifesto, marking a significant escalation of antisemitic policies in Fascist Italy that would later contribute to the persecution of Italian Jews during World War II.
15 Jul Évian Conference: Global Failure to Aid Jewish Refugees: The international refugee conference held in Évian-les-Bains, France, concluded with a devastating outcome for Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. Despite growing humanitarian concerns, only the Dominican Republic demonstrated willingness to accept Jewish refugees, while other nations, including major world powers, refused to provide sanctuary. This conference tragically highlighted the international community's indifference to the escalating Jewish refugee crisis in pre-World War II Europe.
16 Jul Deadly Marketplace Bombing in Jerusalem: During the period of British Mandatory Palestine, a devastating terrorist bombing occurred in a Jerusalem marketplace, resulting in 10 Arab fatalities and 29 wounded. This violent incident highlighted the escalating tensions and sectarian conflicts in the region during the late 1930s.
17 Jul Douglas Corrigan's Infamous "Wrong Way" Transatlantic Flight: On July 17, 1938, Douglas Corrigan took off from Brooklyn's Floyd Bennett Field in a modified Curtiss Robin aircraft, ostensibly heading to California. However, in a legendary act of aviation defiance, he instead flew eastward across the Atlantic Ocean, landing in Ireland after a 28-hour flight. Despite officially being denied permission to make a transatlantic crossing, Corrigan claimed he had accidentally navigated in the wrong direction, earning him the enduring nickname "Wrong Way" Corrigan.
18 Jul First Computer Mouse Patent: Douglas Carl Engelbart patents the first computer mouse, a groundbreaking invention that would fundamentally transform human-computer interaction. This innovative device would become a standard input method for personal computers worldwide, revolutionizing how people interact with digital technology.
19 Jul Birth of Jayant Narlikar: Jayant Narlikar, a renowned Indian astrophysicist and cosmologist, was born on July 19, 1938, in Kolhapur, Maharashtra. He would go on to become a significant contributor to theoretical physics and astronomy, known for his work on alternative cosmological models and challenging traditional Big Bang theory interpretations.
20 Jul US Department of Justice Antitrust Lawsuit Against Film Industry: The United States Department of Justice files an antitrust lawsuit in New York City against the motion picture industry, challenging the studio system's monopolistic practices. This legal action would ultimately lead to the industry's structural break-up in 1948.
21 Jul Birth of Les Aspin: Les Aspin, an influential American politician who would later serve as United States Secretary of Defense under President Bill Clinton, is born. He would play a significant role in national defense policy during the early 1990s.
22 Jul Britain and France Reject German Proposal on Sudetenland: In a significant diplomatic moment, Great Britain and France declined a German proposal for a four-power settlement regarding the Sudeten problem, signaling growing tensions in pre-World War II Europe. This rejection highlighted the complex geopolitical landscape and the reluctance of Western powers to engage directly with Germany's territorial ambitions.
23 Jul Nazi Anti-Jewish Identification Policy: Nazi Germany orders Jews to report to police by December 31, 1938, to receive special identification cards mandatory for all government interactions, a significant step in the systematic persecution of Jewish people.
24 Jul Soviet Diplomatic Stance on Czechoslovakia: A. A. Troyanovsky, Soviet ambassador to the United States, publicly declared Moscow's readiness to defend Czechoslovakia, signaling potential Soviet involvement in the escalating European tensions preceding World War II.
25 Jul Nazi Restrictions on Jewish Professionals: On July 25, 1938, the Nazi regime in Germany implemented discriminatory policies prohibiting Jewish artisans from practicing their trades, further escalating the systematic persecution of Jewish professionals and craftspeople.
26 Jul Spanish Civil War: Loyalist Counteroffensive at Ebro River: During the Spanish Civil War, Republican (Loyalist) forces launched a significant counteroffensive, crossing the Ebro River and capturing multiple towns in an attempt to turn the tide against Nationalist forces.
27 Jul Birth of Gary Gygax, D&D Co-Creator: On July 27, 1938, Gary Gygax was born in Chicago, Illinois. He would go on to become a pioneering game designer who co-created Dungeons & Dragons, revolutionizing the role-playing game industry and influencing modern gaming culture.
28 Jul Greek Political Unrest: A revolt against the authoritarian regime of Ioannis Metaxas was suppressed in Chania, Greece, highlighting the political tensions and resistance to dictatorial rule during this period.
29 Jul Battle of Lake Khasan Begins: The Battle of Lake Khasan, a significant military conflict between Japanese and Soviet forces, commenced. This border engagement would become a critical prelude to larger military confrontations in the region during World War II.
30 Jul Chiang Kai-shek Retreats to Chungking: Facing overwhelming Japanese military pressure during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek withdraws the Nationalist government to Chungking (Chongqing), a strategic move to continue resistance against Japanese invasion.
31 Jul Balkan Non-Aggression Pact Signed: Bulgaria signed a non-aggression pact with Greece, Turkey, Romania, and Yugoslavia, representing a diplomatic effort to maintain regional stability in the lead-up to World War II.
01 Aug Japanese-Soviet Border Conflict at Broad Drum Peak: On August 1, 1938, a significant border skirmish between Japanese and Soviet forces at Broad Drum Peak (located in the disputed region between Manchuria and the Soviet Far East) was diplomatically resolved. The incident, which began on July 29, involved military tensions between Imperial Japan and the Soviet Union, reflecting the growing geopolitical instability in East Asia during the late 1930s. Both sides agreed to withdraw troops to their respective pre-conflict positions, temporarily averting a potential larger military confrontation.
02 Aug Yellow Baseball Experiment in Major League Baseball: The Brooklyn Dodgers and St. Louis Cardinals played with yellow baseballs in the first game of a doubleheader at Ebbets Field. The yellow dye was an experiment to see if players would see the ball better and reduce their chances of being hit by pitches. Most players agreed the yellow balls were easier to follow, but the dye tended to come off on the hands of the pitchers.
03 Aug Runciman Mission Begins in Czechoslovakia: British envoy Lord Runciman arrived in Prague to mediate tensions between the Czechoslovak government and Sudeten German leaders, a critical diplomatic mission in the lead-up to the Munich Agreement and the eventual Nazi annexation of the Sudetenland.
04 Aug Lord Runciman's Diplomatic Mission to Czechoslovakia: Lord Walter Runciman arrived in Prague as British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's special envoy to mediate the escalating tensions surrounding the Sudetenland crisis. His mission was to investigate the complex political situation between Czechoslovakia and its ethnic German minority, which was becoming increasingly volatile in the lead-up to the Munich Agreement.
05 Aug Joe Cronin's Dramatic Grand Slam: In a thrilling baseball game between the Boston Red Sox and the Detroit Tigers, Joe Cronin hit a memorable grand slam that dramatically tied the game at 8-8, showcasing his batting prowess and clutch performance.
06 Aug German Navy Commissions Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt Destroyer: The German Kriegsmarine commissioned the Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt destroyer, a Type 1934A-class destroyer, as part of Nazi Germany's naval rearmament efforts in the lead-up to World War II.
07 Aug Death of Constantin Stanislavski: Constantin Stanislavski, the renowned Russian actor, theatre director, and influential acting theorist, passed away. His groundbreaking 'method acting' technique would profoundly impact theatrical and cinematic performance for generations to come.
08 Aug Construction of Mauthausen Concentration Camp: On August 8, 1938, the Nazi regime began constructing the Mauthausen concentration camp, located near Linz, Austria. This was one of the most brutal labor and extermination camps established during the Holocaust, primarily used to imprison political prisoners, intellectuals, and those deemed 'undesirable' by the Nazi regime. The camp would become notorious for its harsh conditions, forced labor, and systematic murder of thousands of inmates.
09 Aug Nazi Germany's Military Mobilization: Adolf Hitler called up 750,000 German troops for an unprecedented series of military exercises, signaling growing tensions in Europe and foreshadowing the impending World War II. This massive mobilization was part of Nazi Germany's aggressive military preparations.
10 Aug Hitler's Strategic War Planning Summit: In a critical secret meeting with senior military leadership, Adolf Hitler successfully persuaded his generals to support 'Fall Grün' (Case Green), his strategic plan for attacking Czechoslovakia, overriding General Beck's opposing arguments and consolidating his military strategy.
11 Aug Soviet-Japanese Border Armistice: The Soviet Union and Japan reached an armistice agreement following several weeks of intense border conflicts known as the Battle of Lake Khasan. Fighting officially ceased at noon, temporarily de-escalating tensions between the two nations in the disputed border region.
12 Aug Uneventful Day in 1938: While no specific major historical event was recorded for August 12, 1938, this does not necessarily mean nothing of significance occurred. The late 1930s were a period of rising global tensions, with Nazi Germany's expansionist policies and the lead-up to World War II dominating international relations. Without more specific local or regional context, this date appears to be a relatively quiet day in the broader historical narrative.
13 Aug Seabiscuit Wins Historic Radio-Broadcast Horse Race: On August 13, 1938, a thrilling head-to-head horse race between Seabiscuit and Ligaroti took place at Del Mar racetrack in California. The high-stakes race, with a $25,000 prize, was broadcast nationwide over the radio, allowing millions of Americans to listen to the exciting competition in real-time. Seabiscuit emerged victorious in a narrow and dramatic finish, further cementing his status as a legendary racehorse of the era.
14 Aug Czechoslovakia Declares Martial Law in Sudetenland: The Czechoslovak government imposed martial law in Sudeten districts, reflecting rising tensions with Nazi Germany over the region's ethnic German population. This action was part of the escalating political crisis leading up to the Munich Agreement and potential conflict.
15 Aug Uneventful Day in 1938: While no major historical events were recorded on August 15, 1938, this does not diminish the broader historical context of the time. The world was on the brink of significant global changes, with tensions rising in Europe prior to World War II and significant geopolitical shifts occurring globally.
16 Aug British Military Leadership Restructuring: On August 16, 1938, British Secretary of War Leslie Hore-Belisha implemented a significant military leadership reform by retiring thirteen senior generals. This strategic move was designed to rejuvenate the military high command, bringing in younger, potentially more innovative leadership in the lead-up to World War II.
17 Aug Nazi Decree on Jewish Names: The Nazi regime implemented a discriminatory decree requiring Jews to adopt additional names: 'Israel' for men and 'Sara' for women, further institutionalizing antisemitic policies and systematic marginalization.
18 Aug Ludwig Beck's Resignation in Protest: On August 18, 1938, Colonel General Ludwig Beck dramatically resigned from his position as Chief of the Army General Staff of Nazi Germany. Beck, deeply concerned about Adolf Hitler's aggressive plans to attack Czechoslovakia, believed such an action would inevitably trigger a broader European conflict. His resignation was a significant act of internal resistance against Nazi military expansionism, demonstrating that not all German military leadership unconditionally supported Hitler's increasingly belligerent foreign policy.
19 Aug Hitler Consolidates Power as Führer: On August 19, 1938, Adolf Hitler officially abolished the office of the president and declared himself the supreme leader (Führer) of Nazi Germany, further centralizing his totalitarian control and eliminating any remaining constitutional checks on his power. This marked a critical moment in the establishment of Hitler's absolute dictatorship, following the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934.
20 Aug Lou Gehrig Sets Grand Slam Record: On August 20, 1938, Lou Gehrig hit his 23rd career grand slam, establishing a remarkable milestone in Major League Baseball history. This record would stand for an impressive 75 years until Alex Rodriguez eventually broke it, highlighting Gehrig's extraordinary batting prowess during the golden era of baseball.
21 Aug Italy Implements Anti-Semitic Education Policy: The Italian Fascist government issued a decree barring Jewish teachers from working in public and high schools, marking a significant escalation of anti-Semitic policies during the pre-World War II era.
22 Aug Establishment of Civil Aeronautics Authority: The United States government established the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA), an independent federal agency responsible for regulating civil aviation and developing a national air transportation system. This agency would later play a crucial role in shaping the modern aviation industry and air travel safety standards.
23 Aug Hitler's Prelude to Czechoslovakia Invasion: During a dinner aboard the ocean liner 'Patria' in Kiel Bay, Adolf Hitler explicitly signaled imminent military action against Czechoslovakia to Hungarian Regent Admiral Horthy. Using a metaphorical statement that 'he who wants to sit at the table must at least help in the kitchen', Hitler was subtly pressuring Hungary to participate in the potential territorial dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, particularly regarding Carpathian Ruthenia.
24 Aug Kweilin Incident: First Civilian Airliner Shot Down: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, a Japanese warplane deliberately shot down the Kweilin, a Chinese civilian airliner, resulting in the death of 14 passengers. This tragic event is historically significant as the first recorded instance of a civilian aircraft being intentionally destroyed during wartime, marking a brutal escalation in aerial warfare tactics.
25 Aug Nazi Military Parade in Berlin with Hungarian Leadership: On August 25, 1938, Adolf Hitler and Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy attended a significant military parade in Berlin. The event notably featured a previously unseen massive new howitzer that captured the attention of international military experts, highlighting Nazi Germany's growing military technological capabilities in the lead-up to World War II.
26 Aug Germany Demands Sudetenland Autonomy: Germany sent diplomatic notes to Britain and France, requesting they compel Czechoslovakia to grant autonomy rights to the Sudeten Germans, escalating tensions in Central Europe prior to World War II.
27 Aug Churchill Warns of German Threat: Winston Churchill delivers a prescient speech in Theydon Bois, warning that while war was not inevitable, peace remained fragile. He emphasized that Europe's fate hinged on the actions of Adolf Hitler, whom he referred to as 'the extraordinary man at the summit of Germany.'
28 Aug British Diplomatic Efforts to Prevent War with Nazi Germany: Lord Runciman's diplomatic mission to resolve the Sudetenland crisis begins to deteriorate. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls Ambassador Nevile Henderson from Berlin to arrange a personal meeting with Adolf Hitler, in a last-ditch attempt to prevent escalating tensions that would eventually lead to World War II.
29 Aug Uneventful Day in 1938: While no specific major historical events were documented for August 29, 1938, this period was characterized by rising international tensions in the lead-up to World War II. In the late 1930s, global geopolitical dynamics were rapidly shifting, with Nazi Germany's expansionist policies and increasing aggression in Europe creating a climate of uncertainty and impending conflict.
30 Aug Notable Deaths on August 30, 1938: On August 30, 1938, several prominent individuals from diverse fields passed away, marking a significant day in cultural and professional history. Max Factor, the pioneering makeup artist and cosmetics entrepreneur who revolutionized Hollywood's beauty standards, died this day. Oscar De Somville, a notable figure whose specific contributions are not detailed, also passed. Friedrich Opel, likely related to the famous Opel automotive family, was among the deceased. James Sylvester Scott, potentially a musician or artist, and Waldemar Young, possibly a writer or entertainer, completed this group of notable deaths.
31 Aug Churchill's International Alliance Proposal: Winston Churchill proposed a broad international alliance to counter Nazi aggression, suggesting collaboration with the United States (specifically mentioning President Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Soviet Union in a personal note to Neville Chamberlain.
01 Sep Italian Racial Laws Against Jews: On September 1st, 1938, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini officially promulgated a series of antisemitic racial laws that systematically stripped Italian Jews of their civil rights. These discriminatory regulations, heavily influenced by Nazi Germany's racial policies, prohibited Jews from holding public office, attending public schools, and participating in many aspects of social and economic life. This marked a dark turning point in Italian history, setting the stage for widespread persecution and eventual deportation of Jewish citizens during World War II.
02 Sep Soviet Diplomatic Overture Regarding Czechoslovakia: Soviet Ambassador Ivan Maisky met with Winston Churchill to convey a significant diplomatic message from Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov. The communication indicated the Soviet Union's willingness to militarily defend the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia, a critical moment in the pre-World War II diplomatic landscape. This meeting highlighted the complex geopolitical tensions and potential alliances forming in response to Nazi Germany's expansionist ambitions.
03 Sep Hitler's Military Strategy Meeting: Adolf Hitler held a critical military conference with Generals Walther von Brauchitsch and Wilhelm Keitel, discussing 'Fall Grün' (Case Green), a strategic plan for potential military action. Despite Brauchitsch's concerns about Wehrmacht's preparedness, Hitler insisted on readiness within two days, signaling his aggressive expansionist intentions.
04 Sep Diplomatic Tensions Before World War II: Bullitt's Speech on Franco-American Relations: During a ceremony at Pointe de Grave, France, marking the unveiling of a plaque celebrating Franco-American friendship, U.S. Ambassador William Bullitt delivered a significant speech emphasizing the historical unity between France and the United States. His statement, "France and the United States were united in war and peace," sparked widespread media speculation about potential U.S. involvement in the brewing European conflict over Czechoslovakia.
05 Sep Final Nazi Party Congress at Nuremberg: The annual Nuremberg Rally began, marking the last Nazi Party Congress ever held. This event symbolized the peak and impending decline of Nazi political spectacles, which had been instrumental in showcasing the party's power and ideology.
06 Sep Final Nuremberg Rally of Nazi Germany: The last of the Nuremberg Rallies commenced, drawing global attention as observers anticipated Hitler's closing remarks, which were expected to signal potential diplomatic outcomes regarding the Czechoslovak crisis. This event was a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II, symbolizing the rising tensions in Europe.
07 Sep Secret Diplomatic Meeting in London: Theodor Kordt, a counselor in the German embassy in London, meets secretly with British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax at 10 Downing Street. He desperately appeals to the British government to stand firm against Hitler's planned aggression into Czechoslovakia, promising potential action by German army leaders who oppose the Nazis.
08 Sep Czechoslovakia Minority Representatives Unite: On September 8, 1938, representatives from various ethnic and regional minorities in Czechoslovakia formed a unified coalition, presenting a collective stance against the government and agreeing on urgent political measures. This event occurred during a critical period of rising tensions in Central Europe, just before the Munich Agreement and the subsequent dismemberment of Czechoslovakia.
09 Sep Hitler's Provocative Nuremberg Speech on Sudeten Germans: Adolf Hitler delivered a dramatic and inflammatory speech in Nuremberg, dramatically escalating tensions by declaring the supposed oppression of Sudeten Germans must end. This broadcast by CBS Radio was historically significant as it was the first time many Americans directly heard Hitler's rhetoric, providing a chilling glimpse into the rising tensions preceding World War II.
10 Sep Hitler-Chamberlain Sudetenland Negotiations: Adolf Hitler meets with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to demand the cession of the Sudetenland, a region of Czechoslovakia with a significant German population, to Nazi Germany. This meeting is a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II, highlighting the diplomatic tensions and territorial ambitions of Nazi Germany.
11 Sep Hitler's Provocative Nuremberg Speech on Sudeten Germans: Adolf Hitler delivered a highly inflammatory speech in Nuremberg, dramatically escalating tensions by declaring the supposed oppression of Sudeten Germans in Czechoslovakia. This broadcast was historically significant as it was the first time many Americans directly heard Hitler's rhetoric, with CBS Radio providing live coverage that brought the rising European tensions into American living rooms.
12 Sep Hitler's Inflammatory Nuremberg Speech on Sudetenland: Adolf Hitler delivered a provocative closing address at the Nuremberg Rally, vehemently attacking Czechoslovakian leadership and the Czech people. The speech focused on the alleged oppression of ethnic Germans in the Sudetenland region. American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn provided a comprehensive broadcast summary of Hitler's address over the CBS Radio Network, marking a significant moment in international media coverage of pre-World War II tensions.
13 Sep Sudetenland Uprising Against Czechoslovak Government: On September 13, 1938, followers of Konrad Henlein, a pro-Nazi Sudeten German leader, initiated an armed revolt against the Czechoslovak government in the Sudetenland region. The uprising was marked by significant violence, leading to the declaration of martial law. After intense bloodshed on both sides, the authorities temporarily restored order. In response to the escalating tensions, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain personally sent an urgent telegram to Adolf Hitler, requesting an immediate diplomatic meeting to address the crisis.
14 Sep Graf Zeppelin II Maiden Flight: The Graf Zeppelin II, the world's largest airship at the time, successfully completed its maiden flight, marking a significant milestone in aviation technology and airship development.
15 Sep Munich Agreement Negotiations Begin: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Adolf Hitler at the Berghof in Germany, marking a critical moment in pre-World War II diplomacy. During this meeting, Chamberlain agreed to Hitler's demand to annex the Sudetenland, a decision that would significantly impact European geopolitics.
16 Sep Czechoslovakia Mobilizes Army Amid Rising Tensions: In response to escalating geopolitical pressures, particularly from Nazi Germany's expansionist ambitions, Czechoslovakia initiated a full military mobilization, signaling growing international tensions in the lead-up to World War II.
17 Sep Chamberlain's Misguided Optimism about Hitler: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets with his Cabinet and expresses naive confidence in Adolf Hitler, stating that Hitler is 'a man who could be relied upon when he had given his word' - a tragically misguided assessment that would soon be proven catastrophically wrong.
18 Sep Munich Crisis Diplomatic Negotiations: A critical meeting between British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, French Premier Édouard Daladier, and Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet reveals the reluctance of both governments to engage militarily over the Sudetenland crisis. The Soviet Union conditionally pledges support for Czechoslovakia, dependent on France's commitment to Czech independence.
19 Sep Munich Agreement Negotiations: Britain and France Pressure Czechoslovakia: Britain and France agree to Adolf Hitler's demands and urge Czechoslovakia to surrender the Sudeten areas to Germany, a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II that exemplifies the policy of appeasement.
20 Sep Czechoslovakia Rejects Sudetenland Proposal: The Czech government officially refused to accept the Anglo-French proposal to surrender the Sudetenland, a predominantly ethnic German region, which was seen as a critical moment of diplomatic tension preceding World War II.
21 Sep Czechoslovakia's Capitulation to Nazi Pressure: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain communicates with Czech President Eduard Benes, emphasizing that the British-French proposal is the only method to prevent war. The Czech government, under immense pressure, decides to capitulate, effectively accepting the impending Nazi territorial demands and placing full responsibility for potential conflict on themselves.
22 Sep Hitler's Demands on Czechoslovakia at Godesberg Meeting: During a critical diplomatic meeting in Godesberg, Adolf Hitler presented aggressive territorial demands to British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain regarding Czechoslovakia, escalating tensions in Europe and setting the stage for potential military conflict.
23 Sep Chamberlain Transmits Hitler's Demands to Czechoslovakia: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain forwarded Adolf Hitler's territorial demands to the Czechoslovak government, a critical moment in the diplomatic negotiations that would ultimately lead to the Munich Agreement.
24 Sep Hitler's Sudeten Land Ultimatum: Adolf Hitler formally demands the annexation of the Sudetenland region from Czechoslovakia, setting an October 1st deadline and escalating tensions in Europe that would contribute to the outbreak of World War II.
25 Sep British Royal Navy Mobilizes Amid European Tensions: On September 25, 1938, the British Royal Navy was ordered to sea, reflecting the growing international tensions in the lead-up to World War II. This mobilization was likely a response to the escalating diplomatic crisis surrounding Nazi Germany's expansionist policies, particularly regarding the Sudetenland crisis.
26 Sep Hitler's Territorial Claims Speech: In a provocative speech to the Nazi party in Berlin, Adolf Hitler declared his intentions regarding Czechoslovakia, asserting that resolving the Czech/German territorial dispute would be his final territorial demand in Europe. He emphasized that once the Czechs peacefully addressed minority issues, he would lose interest in the Czech state.
27 Sep Nazi Antisemitic Legal Restrictions: In an escalation of antisemitic policies, Nazi Germany prohibited Jewish lawyers from practicing law, further marginalizing and discriminating against the Jewish professional community.
28 Sep Munich Conference Preparations: As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites key European leaders - Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Édouard Daladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain - to a critical conference in Munich. Notably, the Czechoslovakian representatives are deliberately excluded from these negotiations, which would ultimately determine their country's territorial fate.
29 Sep Munich Conference on Czechoslovakia: A pivotal diplomatic meeting held in Munich where leaders of Germany, Italy, Britain, and France discussed the fate of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland. Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Neville Chamberlain, and Édouard Daladier negotiated the territorial demands, ultimately agreeing to allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland region.
30 Sep Munich Agreement Signed: At approximately 1:00 AM, the Munich Agreement was signed by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, French Premier Édouard Daladier, Italian Premier Benito Mussolini, and German Chancellor Adolf Hitler. The agreement allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, effectively dismembering the country without its consent.
01 Oct Nazi Germany Begins Sudetenland Occupation: German military forces commence the occupation of the Sudetenland region in Czechoslovakia, a pivotal moment in the lead-up to World War II, implementing the terms of the Munich Agreement.
02 Oct German Occupation of Sudetenland: As part of the Munich Agreement, German troops began systematically occupying the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, an area with a significant ethnic German population. This occupation marked a critical moment of territorial expansion by Nazi Germany before World War II.
03 Oct British Minister Resigns Over Munich Agreement Controversy: Alfred Duff Cooper dramatically resigned from the British cabinet in protest against Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement policy towards Nazi Germany. His resignation came shortly after the Munich Agreement, which allowed Germany to annex parts of Czechoslovakia. Cooper was one of the few prominent politicians who strongly opposed the policy of appeasing Adolf Hitler, believing that diplomatic concessions would only embolden the Nazi regime.
04 Oct Nazi Germany: Anti-Semitic Passport Restrictions: Nazi Germany implemented a discriminatory policy invalidating Jewish passports, with new emigration passports marked with a prominent 'J' (for 'Jude' - Jew), further escalating the systematic marginalization of Jewish citizens.
05 Oct Churchill's Powerful Critique of Munich Agreement: Winston Churchill delivered a landmark speech in the House of Commons, boldly denouncing the Munich Agreement as 'a total and unmitigated defeat', highlighting the potential appeasement risks with Nazi Germany.
06 Oct First Successful Jet-Powered Aircraft Flight: On October 6, 1938, the Heinkel He 178 completed its first successful flight, marking a groundbreaking moment in aviation history. This German aircraft, designed by Hans von Ohain, was the world's first jet-powered aircraft to achieve sustained flight, revolutionizing aerospace technology and paving the way for modern jet propulsion.
07 Oct Nazi Germany Implements Discriminatory Passport Marking for Jews: On October 7, 1938, the Nazi regime mandated that all Jewish passports be stamped with the letter 'J', a discriminatory measure designed to systematically identify and marginalize Jewish citizens. This action was part of the escalating antisemitic policies of the Third Reich, which increasingly restricted the rights and freedoms of Jewish people in Germany.
08 Oct Italian Fascist Regime Dissolves Democratic Legislature: On October 8, 1938, the Italian Chamber of Deputies was officially abolished and replaced by the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations, a significant step in Benito Mussolini's consolidation of totalitarian power. This legislative restructuring effectively eliminated the last vestiges of democratic representation in Italy, marking a complete transformation of the country's political system under fascist rule.
09 Oct Yankees Win Third Consecutive World Series: The New York Yankees complete a dominant World Series performance, sweeping the Chicago Cubs and securing their third straight championship, further cementing their status as a baseball dynasty of the era.
10 Oct Germany Annexes Sudetenland: Nazi Germany completed the annexation of the Sudetenland region from Czechoslovakia, a critical territorial expansion that significantly altered the geopolitical landscape of Central Europe in the lead-up to World War II.
11 Oct Czechoslovakia Grants Autonomy to Carpathian Ukraine: On October 11, 1938, Czechoslovakia officially granted autonomy to the region of Ruthenia, which was subsequently renamed Carpathian Ukraine. This political restructuring was part of the complex geopolitical changes in Central Europe preceding World War II.
12 Oct DUPE: Japanese Invasion Near Hong Kong: Japanese Imperial Army troops landed near Hong Kong as part of the broader Canton Operation during the Second Sino-Japanese War. This strategic military movement represented an escalation of Japanese territorial expansion in southern China, signaling increasing aggression in the region.
13 Oct Production Begins on The Wizard of Oz: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) commenced production of the iconic film 'The Wizard of Oz', which would become one of the most beloved and influential movies in cinema history, starring Judy Garland.
14 Oct Nazi Regime Plans Jewish Ghettos: The Nazi regime announced plans to establish Jewish ghettos in all major cities, marking a critical and horrific escalation of their systematic persecution and segregation of Jewish populations across occupied territories.
15 Oct Nazi Germany's Anti-Semitic Legal Restrictions: Nazi Germany implemented a discriminatory law banning Jews from practicing law, forcing Jewish legal professionals to cease their legal practices by November 30, 1938, as part of the escalating systematic persecution of Jewish people.
16 Oct Churchill Warns Against Nazi Aggression: Winston Churchill delivered a powerful broadcast address to the United States, condemning the Munich Agreement as a diplomatic failure and urgently calling upon America and Western European nations to prepare for potential armed resistance against Nazi Germany's expanding threat.
17 Oct Birth of Evel Knievel: Robert Craig 'Evel' Knievel was born in Butte, Montana, destined to become one of the most famous motorcycle stunt performers in American history. Known for his daring motorcycle jumps and spectacular performances, Knievel would become a cultural icon who pushed the boundaries of extreme sports and personal risk-taking in the mid-20th century.
18 Oct Mass Expulsion of Polish Jews from Germany: In a deeply troubling act of persecution, the Nazi German government forcibly expelled 12,000 Polish Jews from German territory. The Polish government only agreed to accept 4,000 of these refugees, leaving 8,000 individuals stranded in a desperate situation at the German-Polish border's no-man's land. This event was part of the escalating antisemitic policies of Nazi Germany in the lead-up to World War II, highlighting the growing humanitarian crisis for Jewish populations in Europe.
19 Oct Lindbergh Receives Nazi Award: On October 19, 1938, Hermann Göring, a prominent Nazi leader, presented Charles Lindbergh with the Service Cross of the Order of the German Eagle. This award became highly controversial in the United States, with Lindbergh later claiming he was surprised by the presentation and had not anticipated receiving the honor. The incident highlighted the complex diplomatic and ideological tensions of the pre-World War II era.
20 Oct Czechoslovakia Bans Communist Party: The Czechoslovakian government officially outlawed the Communist Party in the provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia, reflecting the growing political tensions in pre-World War II Europe.
21 Oct Antisemitic Expulsion from Nazi Germany: Nazi Germany forcibly expels Jews with Polish citizenship, a cruel act of persecution that was part of the broader systematic discrimination and ethnic cleansing policies of the Nazi regime.
22 Oct First Xerographic Copying Machine Demonstration: Chester Carlson publicly demonstrated the groundbreaking xerographic copying technology, a revolutionary invention that would fundamentally transform document reproduction and office communication worldwide. This landmark moment marked the beginning of a technological revolution in information duplication.
23 Oct Poland's Military Mobilization and Soviet Warning: Poland strategically positioned its military forces along the Czechoslovakian border, creating a tense geopolitical situation. In response, the Soviet Union issued a stern warning, indicating that any Polish invasion would result in the nullification of the 1932 non-aggression pact between the two countries.
24 Oct Nazi Germany Pressures Poland over Danzig: In a tense diplomatic meeting at Berchtesgaden, Hitler's foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop demanded that the free city of Danzig (modern Gdańsk) be returned to Germany. The Polish ambassador Józef Lipski firmly rejected the proposal, signaling growing tensions that would eventually contribute to the outbreak of World War II.
25 Oct Japanese Military Occupation of Hankou and Wuhan: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Japanese Imperial troops successfully occupied the strategic cities of Hankou and Wuhan in central China, expanding their territorial control and military presence in the region.
26 Oct Du Pont Introduces Nylon Synthetic Fiber: On October 26, 1938, Du Pont Chemical Company officially announced the development of nylon, a groundbreaking synthetic polymer fiber that would revolutionize the textile and manufacturing industries. This innovative material, created by chemist Wallace Carothers, represented a major technological breakthrough in materials science, offering superior strength, elasticity, and durability compared to natural fibers like silk and cotton.
27 Oct Nazi Persecution of Polish Jews Escalates: The Nazi regime initiated a systematic arrest campaign targeting Jews with Polish citizenship, with the explicit intention of forcibly deporting them. This action represented an escalation of antisemitic policies and a precursor to the broader Holocaust atrocities.
28 Oct Mass Deportation of Polish Jews from Nazi Germany: On October 28, 1938, Nazi Germany forcibly deported approximately 12,000 Polish Jews from German territory near the border town of Zbąszyń. This brutal action was part of an escalating campaign of antisemitic persecution. Many of the expelled Jews were denied entry into Poland due to a new denaturalization law, leaving them in a desperate humanitarian crisis. Around 5,500 deportees were left stranded, forced to seek shelter in makeshift and unsanitary conditions like disused stables, highlighting the growing humanitarian catastrophe facing Jewish populations in Europe.
29 Oct Czechoslovak Presidential Resignation amid Political Turmoil: Edvard Beneš resigned as President of Czechoslovakia, a pivotal moment occurring shortly after the Munich Agreement which forced Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany. His resignation symbolized the country's political capitulation and the growing threat of Nazi expansionism.
30 Oct Orson Welles' War of the Worlds Radio Broadcast Causes Mass Panic: On October 30, 1938, Orson Welles directed and performed a groundbreaking radio adaptation of H.G. Wells's science fiction novel 'The War of the Worlds' through the Mercury Theatre on the Air. The innovative broadcast, presented as a series of simulated news bulletins, was so realistic that it caused widespread panic among listeners who believed an actual Martian invasion was occurring. The dramatization, which interrupted regular programming with seemingly live reports of an extraterrestrial attack, demonstrated the powerful persuasive potential of mass media and became a landmark moment in broadcast history.
31 Oct New York Stock Exchange Introduces Investor Protection Program: During the challenging period of the Great Depression, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) implemented a comprehensive fifteen-point program designed to restore investor confidence and enhance market transparency. This strategic initiative aimed to rebuild trust in financial markets by introducing stronger protective measures for individual and institutional investors, signaling a proactive approach to addressing the systemic vulnerabilities exposed by the economic crisis.
01 Nov Seabiscuit Defeats War Admiral in Historic Horse Race: In a legendary horse racing event dubbed 'the match of the century', Seabiscuit, an underdog thoroughbred, defeated the favored War Admiral in a stunning upset at Pimlico Race Course. The race, watched by a crowd of 40,000 spectators, became an iconic moment in sports history, symbolizing the triumph of an unlikely champion.
02 Nov Vienna Award: Territorial Redistribution: Following the Munich Agreement, an Italo-German arbitration commission awarded Hungary significant territories from Czechoslovakia, including the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia. This territorial redistribution was part of the pre-World War II geopolitical restructuring.
03 Nov Japan Announces 'New Order in East Asia': Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe delivered a significant national address, outlining a proposed 'New Order in East Asia'. The speech emphasized a vision of regional cooperation between Japan, China, and Manchukuo, which was effectively a Japanese puppet state in northeastern China. This announcement was part of Japan's expansionist imperial strategy in the lead-up to World War II.
04 Nov Deportation of Jews from Slovakia Begins: The systematic deportation of Jews from Slovakia commenced, carried out by the Hlinka Guard and local police. This event was part of the broader persecution of Jewish populations in Europe during the lead-up to World War II, representing a dark chapter in the Holocaust's early stages.
05 Nov Hungarian Territorial Expansion: As part of the Munich Agreement's aftermath, Hungary begins occupying a ceded section of Czechoslovak territory in Slovakia, reflecting the geopolitical tensions and territorial redistributions preceding World War II.
06 Nov DiMaggio Brothers Make Baseball History: On November 6, 1938, a remarkable moment in baseball history occurred when all three DiMaggio brothers - Joe, Dom, and Vince - played together for the first time in a charity all-star game. This unique event showcased the extraordinary baseball talent of the DiMaggio family, who would become legendary figures in America's national pastime.
07 Nov Assassination of Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan: On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jewish teenager whose family had been deported from Germany, shot and fatally wounded Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat, at the German embassy in Paris, France. This politically charged act was motivated by Grynszpan's anger over the Nazi regime's persecution of Jews and the deportation of his family. The assassination would become a critical catalyst for the Kristallnacht pogroms, a violent antisemitic pogrom that would occur in Nazi Germany just days later.
08 Nov Franklin D. Roosevelt's Third Presidential Term: Franklin D. Roosevelt was re-elected for an unprecedented third term as President of the United States, breaking the traditional two-term precedent set by previous presidents. This election marked a significant moment in American political history, demonstrating Roosevelt's popularity during the Great Depression and the lead-up to World War II.
09 Nov Kristallnacht: Nazi Germany's Anti-Jewish Violence: Kristallnacht was a devastating pogrom marking Nazi Germany's first large-scale, systematic physical attack against Jewish citizens. On this night, Nazi paramilitary forces and civilians systematically destroyed Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and homes, shattering windows and initiating widespread violence that signaled escalating antisemitic persecution.
10 Nov Kristallnacht: Nazi Pogrom Against Jews: A devastating pogrom erupted throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria, marking a horrific escalation of state-sponsored antisemitic violence. Jewish synagogues were burned, businesses destroyed, and Jewish citizens were subjected to widespread persecution, arrests, and violence, signaling an intensification of the Nazi regime's systematic oppression of Jewish communities.
11 Nov Nazi Economic Persecution of Jews: On Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), German and Austrian Jewish communities suffered extensive economic damage estimated at 1 billion Reichsmarks, involving widespread destruction of Jewish-owned businesses, synagogues, and properties.
12 Nov Nazi Germany Imposes Massive Fine on Jewish Population: Nazi Germany imposed a punitive fine of 1 billion Reichsmarks on the Jewish population, effectively targeting their economic survival and further escalating systematic persecution.
13 Nov Attempted Hitler Assassination Plot Discovered: On November 13, 1938, Maurice Bavaud was apprehended while stowing away on a train in Augsburg, Germany. During subsequent Gestapo interrogation, he admitted to his clandestine plan to assassinate Adolf Hitler, which ultimately failed.
14 Nov Lions Gate Bridge Opens in Vancouver: The Lions Gate Bridge, a significant infrastructure project, was inaugurated, connecting Vancouver to the North Shore region and dramatically improving transportation links in British Columbia. The suspension bridge, with its iconic design, would become a landmark of the city's urban landscape.
15 Nov Nazi Germany Bans Jewish Children from Schools: In the aftermath of Kristallnacht, Nazi Germany implements a discriminatory policy prohibiting Jewish children from attending public schools, escalating the systematic persecution of Jewish people.
16 Nov First Synthesis of LSD: Dr. Albert Hofmann, a Swiss chemist working at Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland, first synthesizes lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) from ergotamine. This groundbreaking chemical discovery would later have profound implications for neuroscience, psychology, and counterculture movements.
17 Nov Italy Enacts Anti-Jewish Legislation: The Italian government, under Benito Mussolini's fascist regime, passed a series of discriminatory racial laws targeting the Jewish population, mirroring the Nazi Germany's Nuremberg Laws. These laws institutionalized antisemitism, restricting Jewish citizens' civil rights, economic opportunities, and social integration.
18 Nov Hollywood Rallies Against Nazi Persecution: On November 18, 1938, approximately 3,500 members of the motion picture industry gathered at the Philharmonic Auditorium in Los Angeles for a 'Quarantine Hitler' rally. Prominent Hollywood figures including John Garfield, Frank Capra, Joan Crawford, and Thomas Mann united to protest Nazi persecutions of Jews and Catholics. The attendees unanimously voted to send a telegram to President Roosevelt, urging him to take a stronger stance against Nazi atrocities and express American outrage.
19 Nov Birth of Media Innovator Ted Turner: Ted Turner was born on November 19, 1938, in Cincinnati, Ohio. A pioneering media mogul, philanthropist, and businessman, Turner would later found CNN, revolutionize television broadcasting, and become a significant global philanthropic figure through the Turner Foundation and UN contributions.
20 Nov Birth of Media Mogul Ted Turner: Ted Turner was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, who would later become a prominent media entrepreneur, founder of CNN, and significant philanthropist known for his global environmental and humanitarian initiatives.
21 Nov Nazi Occupation of Western Czechoslovakia: Nazi Germany forcibly occupied the western regions of Czechoslovakia, unilaterally declaring the Czech population as German citizens in a clear violation of international sovereignty. This event was part of the broader Nazi expansionist strategy leading up to World War II, demonstrating Adolf Hitler's aggressive territorial ambitions and the systematic dismantling of Czechoslovakia's independence.
22 Nov Hungarian Territorial Expansion and Ethnic Displacement: On November 22, 1938, Hungary, following the Vienna Award (a territorial revision agreement mediated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy), initiated the forced expulsion of Czechoslovak inhabitants from newly acquired territories. This action was part of the broader geopolitical tensions in Central Europe preceding World War II, reflecting the aggressive territorial ambitions of Hungary and the systematic displacement of ethnic populations.
23 Nov Oscar Robertson: Basketball Legend Born: Oscar Robertson, one of the most influential basketball players in NBA history, was born on November 23, 1938, in Nashville, Tennessee. Known as 'The Big O', Robertson was a groundbreaking guard who played for the Cincinnati Royals and Milwaukee Bucks. He was a pivotal figure in basketball, winning an Olympic gold medal in 1960 and becoming the first player in NBA history to average a triple-double for an entire season.
24 Nov Hitler Plans Occupation of Danzig: On November 24, 1938, Adolf Hitler issued a strategic military directive ordering preparations for the occupation of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland), signaling escalating tensions in pre-World War II Europe and foreshadowing future territorial aggression.
25 Nov US Loan to Chiang Kai-shek: President Roosevelt agrees to loan $25 million to Chiang Kai-shek, a significant financial support that strengthens the Sino-American relationship and provokes tension with the Japanese government during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
26 Nov French Government Requisitions Railways to Suppress General Strike: On November 26, 1938, French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier took decisive action by decreeing the military requisition of principal railways. This strategic move was designed to preemptively crush an impending French general strike, demonstrating the government's determination to maintain economic and social stability during a period of significant labor unrest.
27 Nov Daladier's Radio Address Against General Strike: French Prime Minister Édouard Daladier delivered a forceful radio address to the French people, denouncing the planned general strike as a potential communist plot to establish a leftist dictatorship. He firmly declared his intention to use all necessary means to suppress the labor agitation and maintain political stability.
28 Nov No Notable Historical Events - November 28, 1938: While no significant historical events were documented for this specific date, the period of late 1938 was marked by rising tensions in Europe preceding World War II. The Munich Agreement had recently been signed, and Nazi Germany was expanding its territorial ambitions, creating a climate of international uncertainty.
29 Nov Rotterdam Mayor Cancels Soccer Match with Germany: In a politically charged decision reflecting the rising tensions in pre-World War II Europe, the Mayor of Rotterdam prohibited a scheduled soccer match between the Netherlands and Germany. This action likely symbolized the growing diplomatic strain and underlying hostilities between the two nations in the late 1930s.
30 Nov Nazi Germany Prohibits Jewish Lawyers: On November 30, 1938, Nazi Germany implemented a discriminatory law banning Jews from practicing law, further escalating the systematic persecution of Jewish professionals and citizens in the lead-up to the Holocaust.
01 Dec Slovakia Gains Autonomous Status: Slovakia was granted the status of an autonomous state under the leadership of Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso, marking a significant political transformation in Central European geopolitics during the pre-World War II era.
02 Dec First Kindertransport Arrives in England: On December 2, 1938, the first group of 200 Jewish children arrived in England as part of the Kindertransport rescue effort. This humanitarian initiative was a critical response to the escalating persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany, allowing unaccompanied children aged between 3 and 17 to escape the growing threat of the Holocaust. The children were primarily from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland, and were placed with foster families, hostels, and schools across the United Kingdom. Between 1938 and 1939, approximately 10,000 children were saved through this program, though most would never see their parents again, who were later murdered in concentration camps.
03 Dec Nazi Germany's Day of Solidarity with Discriminatory Measures: Nazi Germany conducted a nationwide 'Day of Solidarity' fundraising event for the Winterhilfswerk welfare program, simultaneously implementing severe discriminatory actions. Heinrich Himmler ordered Jews to be confined indoors between noon and 8 p.m. and invalidated all driver's licenses held by Jewish citizens, symbolizing systematic exclusion and persecution.
04 Dec Anti-Italian Riots in Tunis: On December 4, 1938, tensions escalated in Tunis as anti-Italian riots erupted in response to Italy's territorial demands on France regarding Tunisia. Demonstrators targeted Italian establishments, smashing windows of a tourist office, newspaper, and bookstore. Local police quickly mobilized reinforcement units to prevent further attacks, particularly protecting the Italian consulate. Fifteen individuals were arrested during the unrest, highlighting the significant diplomatic tensions between Italy and France during the pre-World War II period.
05 Dec Nazi Economic Restrictions Against Jews: On December 5, 1938, the Reich Economic Ministry issued discriminatory decrees that severely restricted Jewish economic participation. These regulations prohibited Jews from buying real estate, selling securities such as stocks and bonds, or trading jewelry. All existing Jewish-owned securities were mandated to be transferred to a special foreign exchange bank, with access strictly controlled by government permission. These measures were part of the systematic economic marginalization and persecution of Jewish citizens in Nazi Germany during the lead-up to World War II.
06 Dec Ribbentrop-Bonnet Pact Signed: France and Germany signed the Ribbentrop-Bonnet Non-Aggression Pact in Paris, with foreign ministers Joachim von Ribbentrop and Georges Bonnet formally disclaiming territorial designs and agreeing to peaceful relations. This diplomatic agreement was an attempt to reduce tensions between the two nations in the lead-up to World War II.
07 Dec Kristallnacht: Nazi Pogrom Against Jewish Population: On the night of November 9-10, 1938, Nazi-led mobs conducted a systematic and horrific pogrom against Jewish communities in Germany and Austria. During this event, known as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass), violent rioters destroyed over 1,000 synagogues and Jewish-owned shops, arrested approximately 30,000 Jewish citizens, and murdered nearly 40 people. This event marked a significant escalation of state-sponsored antisemitism and was a critical precursor to the Holocaust.
08 Dec Nazi Decree Targeting Roma Population: Heinrich Himmler issued a discriminatory decree mandating the registration of all Roma people over six years old with local police, a critical early step in the Nazi regime's systematic persecution of the Romani population.
09 Dec 8th Pan American Conference in Lima: The 8th Pan American Conference convened in Lima, Peru, bringing together diplomatic representatives from various nations in the Americas to discuss regional cooperation, political strategies, and continental solidarity during the pre-World War II era.
10 Dec 1938 Nobel Prize Awards Ceremony: The prestigious Nobel Prize awards ceremony took place in Stockholm and Oslo, honoring outstanding achievements across multiple disciplines. Notable recipients included Enrico Fermi (Physics), Richard Kuhn (Chemistry), Corneille Heymans (Physiology or Medicine), Pearl S. Buck (Literature), and the Nansen International Office for Refugees (Peace Prize).
11 Dec New York Giants Win NFL Championship: On December 11, 1938, the New York Giants secured their NFL championship victory, demonstrating their football prowess during the late 1930s. This win solidified the team's reputation as a dominant force in professional American football during that era.
12 Dec Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada Supreme Court Case: The U.S. Supreme Court decided the landmark civil rights case Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, which was a significant early legal challenge to racial segregation in higher education.
13 Dec Establishment of Neuengamme Concentration Camp: On December 13, 1938, the Neuengamme concentration camp was established in the Bergedorf district of Hamburg, Germany. This camp was part of the Nazi regime's systematic persecution and imprisonment of targeted groups during the Holocaust. Initially a satellite camp of Sachsenhausen, Neuengamme would become one of the largest concentration camps in northern Germany, where thousands of prisoners were subjected to forced labor, brutal conditions, and immense human suffering.
14 Dec Nazi Germany's Anti-Semitic Economic Policy: Nazi Germany escalated its systematic economic persecution of Jewish businesses by cancelling all state contracts with Jewish-owned firms, further marginalizing the Jewish population and intensifying economic discrimination.
15 Dec Nazi Expansion Rhetoric: During the opening ceremony of a new Autobahn section in Rangsdorf, Joseph Goebbels delivered a provocative speech, asserting that the territories occupied by the Third Reich were insufficient to meet Germany's 'vital needs', hinting at future expansionist ambitions.
16 Dec Joseph Kennedy's European Peace Assessment: U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Joseph Kennedy, met with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and reported a significant shift in his perspective regarding the prospects for peace in Europe, signaling growing international tensions.
17 Dec Nuclear Fission Discovery by Otto Hahn: Otto Hahn, a renowned German chemist, discovered nuclear fission of uranium at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, marking a groundbreaking moment in scientific history. This discovery provided the fundamental scientific and technological basis for nuclear energy, fundamentally transforming our understanding of atomic physics and setting the stage for both nuclear power and nuclear weapons.
18 Dec Inauguration of Carbonia: A New Sardinian Coal Town: On December 18, 1938, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini officially inaugurated Carbonia, a newly constructed coal mining town in Sardinia, Italy. This event was part of the Fascist regime's industrial development and self-sufficiency strategy, aiming to reduce Italy's dependence on foreign coal imports. The town was meticulously planned as a model industrial settlement, reflecting the architectural and social engineering principles of the Fascist era.
19 Dec Herschel Grynszpan's Trial in Paris: On December 19, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan appeared before a magistrate in Paris to explain the circumstances surrounding his shooting of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath. Grynszpan, a young Polish-Jewish refugee, testified that his actions were not intended to kill vom Rath, but rather to draw international attention to the brutal treatment of Jewish families, including his own, by Nazi German authorities. His act of protest would later be seen as a pivotal moment preceding the escalation of anti-Jewish violence in Nazi Germany.
20 Dec Hitler Named Time's 'Man of the Year': In a controversial decision, Time magazine names Adolf Hitler as their 'Man of the Year' for 1938, recognizing his significant geopolitical influence despite his increasingly aggressive and destructive actions in Europe. This selection highlighted Hitler's growing power and the mounting tensions preceding World War II, not as an endorsement but as a recognition of his impact on world events.
21 Dec British Air-Raid Shelter Proposal: Sir John Anderson, a prominent British politician, presented a comprehensive government plan to the House of Commons for constructing steel air-raid shelters nationwide. This strategic initiative was a critical preparatory measure in anticipation of potential aerial bombardment during the rising tensions of pre-World War II Europe. The shelters, which would later become known as 'Anderson shelters', were designed to protect civilian populations from potential German bombing campaigns.
22 Dec Japanese Prime Minister Proclaims New Order in East Asia: On December 22, 1938, Japanese Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoye delivered a significant speech outlining Japan's geopolitical vision for a 'New Order' in East Asia. In this landmark address, Konoye articulated a strategic framework that would encompass Japan, the puppet state of Manchukuo, and China, effectively signaling Japan's imperial ambitions and intent to reshape the regional power dynamics during the lead-up to World War II.
23 Dec Nationalists' Catalonia Offensive: During the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalist forces launched a significant offensive in Catalonia, a strategic military campaign aimed at gaining territorial control and weakening Republican resistance.
24 Dec Lima Declaration of Inter-American Solidarity: On December 24, 1938, representatives from 21 countries across the Americas convened in Lima, Peru, to sign the Lima Declaration. This pivotal diplomatic gathering affirmed the collective sovereignty of Latin American states and demonstrated a united front against potential foreign interventions. The declaration was a significant moment of regional solidarity during a period of increasing global tensions, with many nations seeking to protect their political autonomy in the lead-up to World War II.
25 Dec Karel Čapek, Prominent Czech Writer, Dies: Karel Čapek, a renowned Czechoslovakian author and notable anti-fascist playwright, passed away at the age of 48. Known for his critically acclaimed play 'Bílá Nemoc' (The White Disease), which was a powerful critique of fascism and totalitarianism, Čapek was an influential intellectual who used his literary works to challenge the rising tide of authoritarianism in pre-World War II Europe.
26 Dec Donald Bradman's Cricket Performance: Donald Bradman, the legendary Australian cricketer, scored an impressive 225 runs in a match between South Australia and Queensland, demonstrating his exceptional batting skills before being dismissed.
27 Dec Deadly Avalanche in Kurobe, Japan: On December 27, 1938, a catastrophic avalanche struck a construction worker dormitory in Kurobe, Japan, resulting in the tragic loss of 87 lives. The massive snow slide overwhelmed the workers' living quarters, causing significant loss of life and highlighting the extreme dangers faced by workers in mountainous regions during winter construction projects.
28 Dec Soviet Labor Decree Imposes Strict Worker Regulations: The Soviet Union issued a comprehensive labor decree targeting workplace productivity and discipline. The new law imposed severe penalties on executives who did not take stringent action against workers deemed unproductive or frequently absent. Key provisions included reducing maternity leave and implementing a strict vacation policy that prevented workers from taking time off until they had completed at least one year of continuous employment.
29 Dec Lake Washington Floating Bridge Construction Begins: The construction of the innovative Lake Washington Floating Bridge commenced in Seattle, Washington. This groundbreaking infrastructure project would become a significant engineering achievement, connecting communities across Lake Washington and representing a milestone in transportation infrastructure design.
30 Dec Hitler Named Time's Man of the Year: Adolf Hitler is controversially selected as Time magazine's 'Man of the Year', recognizing his significant but deeply problematic influence on global politics in 1938.
31 Dec European Geopolitical Warning by Dr. Gerhard Schacher: Dr. Gerhard Schacher, a former economic adviser to the German Reichsbank, issued a critical geopolitical warning about potential European tensions. He predicted that a significant crisis would emerge on January 11 when British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets with Italian Premier Benito Mussolini. Schacher suggested that if Mussolini were permitted territorial demands, Adolf Hitler would subsequently claim Alsace-Lorraine and potentially invade Soviet Ukraine, risking a broader conflict involving France and the Soviet Union.

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