Major Events of 1939: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll explore the most significant occurrences from 1939, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

Major Events of 1939 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan Hewlett-Packard Founded: William Hewlett and David Packard establish their pioneering technology partnership in Palo Alto, California, which would become one of the most influential technology companies in the world.
02 Jan Jim Bakker Scandal Background: Jim Bakker, a prominent televangelist associated with the PTL (Praise The Lord) Club, was later known for a significant personal scandal involving his inappropriate relationship with Jessica Hahn, which would eventually lead to major professional and legal consequences.
03 Jan First Female Page in US House of Representatives: Gene Cox made history by becoming the first girl page in the United States House of Representatives, breaking gender barriers in congressional support staff roles and paving the way for future female participation in government operations.
04 Jan Roosevelt's 1939 State of the Union Address: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a pivotal State of the Union Address to Congress, warning about global tensions and emphasizing the critical importance of democratic efficiency in ensuring national defense amid growing international conflicts.
05 Jan Polish-German Diplomatic Tension: Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck met with Adolf Hitler at the Berghof, where Hitler unexpectedly demanded the return of the Free City of Danzig to Germany. This meeting highlighted the escalating diplomatic tensions that would soon lead to World War II.
06 Jan Discovery of Nuclear Fission: Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, prominent German scientists, announced a groundbreaking scientific discovery in Berlin, Germany: the successful identification and demonstration of uranium fission, a process that would fundamentally transform nuclear physics and eventually lead to nuclear energy and atomic weapons.
07 Jan Tom Mooney Released from Prison: Tom Mooney, a prominent American labor union leader, was freed from prison after being incarcerated since 1916. His release marked a significant moment in labor rights history, highlighting the long-standing struggle for workers' justice in the United States.
08 Jan The Screen Guild Theater Radio Anthology Series Debuts: On January 8, 1939, The Screen Guild Theater, a popular radio anthology series, made its premiere on the CBS radio network. The program featured dramatic adaptations of contemporary films, bringing Hollywood storytelling directly into American living rooms. Actors from current motion pictures would often perform in these radio dramatizations, providing audiences with unique interpretations of recent cinematic narratives.
09 Jan Death of Johnny Gruelle, Raggedy Ann Creator: Johnny Gruelle, a renowned American cartoonist, children's book author, and illustrator, passed away. Best known for creating the beloved Raggedy Ann character, Gruelle was a significant figure in early 20th-century children's literature and popular culture. His creation of Raggedy Ann, inspired by a doll he made for his daughter Marcella, became an iconic character that has delighted generations of children.
10 Jan Pre-World War II Diplomatic Discussions: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Foreign Minister Lord Halifax met with French leaders Édouard Daladier and Georges Bonnet to discuss the increasingly tense international political landscape. The meeting focused on potential threats to European peace, taking place just months before the outbreak of World War II.
11 Jan British Diplomacy with Mussolini in Rome: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and Lord Halifax traveled to Rome for a critical diplomatic meeting with Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Their primary objective was to explore potential diplomatic solutions and persuade Mussolini to support British efforts to prevent the escalation of tensions in Europe, which were rapidly moving towards World War II. This meeting was part of Chamberlain's policy of appeasement, attempting to negotiate with fascist leaders to avoid military conflict.
12 Jan Roosevelt Proposes Major Defense Spending Increase: In a pivotal address to Congress, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt outlined a comprehensive $552 million defense spending plan, signaling the United States' growing preparedness in the lead-up to World War II. This substantial investment represented a significant escalation of military readiness during a period of increasing global tensions in Europe.
13 Jan Alcatraz Prison Break Attempt: On January 13, 1939, a dramatic escape attempt occurred at Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. Five prisoners - Arthur 'Doc' Barker, Dale Stamphill, William Martin, Rufus McCain, and Henri Young - attempted to break free by sawing through cell bars. Prison guards intercepted them at the shoreline. Three men surrendered, while Barker and Stamphill resisted, resulting in Barker being fatally shot.
14 Jan Norway's Antarctic Territorial Claim: Norway officially claimed Queen Maud Land in Antarctica, expanding its territorial interests in the southern polar region and establishing a strategic presence for potential future scientific and economic exploration.
15 Jan First NFL Pro Bowl: The New York Giants defeated the NFL All-Stars 13-10 in a historic game at Wrigley Field, marking the inaugural NFL Pro Bowl.
16 Jan Superman Comic Strip Debuts in the United States: The iconic superhero Superman makes his first appearance in Action Comics #1, created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, marking the beginning of a cultural phenomenon that would revolutionize comic book storytelling and popular media.
17 Jan Nazi Reich Discriminatory Order Against Jewish Professionals: The Nazi regime issued a discriminatory order prohibiting individuals of Jewish nationality from practicing as chemists, veterinarians, and dentists, further escalating systematic persecution and professional exclusion of Jewish people.
18 Jan British Police Arrest IRA Suspects: British law enforcement conducted a major operation against the Irish Republican Army (IRA), arresting 14 suspected members and seizing substantial ammunition during an investigation into the S-Plan bombings, highlighting the ongoing tensions in the region.
19 Jan Chicken Plucking Speed Record Set in Wisconsin: Ernest Hausen from Wisconsin, USA, achieved a remarkable feat by setting a world record for chicken plucking, completing the task in an astonishingly quick 4.4 seconds. This unusual achievement highlights the unique skills and efficiency of agricultural workers during the late 1930s.
20 Jan Hitler's Genocidal Declaration to German Parliament: In a chilling speech to the German parliament, Adolf Hitler explicitly proclaimed his intent to exterminate all European Jews, marking a critical moment in the lead-up to the Holocaust.
21 Jan US Female Figure Skating Championship: Joan Tozzer emerged victorious in the United States Female Figure Skating Championship, showcasing her exceptional skill and artistry on the ice during a pivotal year in pre-World War II America.
22 Jan First Uranium Atom Splitting at Columbia University: Scientists at Columbia University in New York successfully split the uranium atom, a groundbreaking scientific achievement that would later become crucial to understanding nuclear fission and ultimately lead to significant developments in nuclear physics, including the Manhattan Project during World War II.
23 Jan Dutch War Scare of 1939: Admiral Wilhelm Canaris of the Abwehr, the German military intelligence service, strategically leaked misinformation suggesting that Germany was planning to invade the Netherlands in February 1939. The purpose of this disinformation was to create strategic uncertainty and potentially use Dutch airfields as a launching point for a strategic bombing offensive against Britain. This deliberate intelligence manipulation led to significant shifts in British foreign policy and heightened tensions in pre-World War II Europe.
24 Jan Nazi Jewish Emigration Policy: Hermann Göring established the National Central Office for Jewish emigration and ordered SS leadership to accelerate the forced evacuation of German Jews, marking an escalation of Nazi persecution and systematic displacement of Jewish populations.
25 Jan Barcelona Falls to Nationalist Troops in Spanish Civil War: Spanish Nationalist troops, supported by Italian forces, captured the strategic city of Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War. This significant military victory brought the Nationalists closer to their ultimate triumph over Republican forces.
26 Jan Spanish Civil War: Fall of Barcelona to Franco: During the Spanish Civil War, nationalist troops led by General Francisco Franco, with support from Italian forces, successfully captured the strategically important city of Barcelona in Catalonia, marking a significant turning point in the conflict.
27 Jan Nazi Germany's Naval Expansion Plan Z: Adolf Hitler orders Plan Z, a comprehensive 5-year naval expansion programme designed to dramatically increase the German Navy's (Kriegsmarine) capabilities. The plan prioritizes naval resources with the strategic goal of challenging and potentially defeating the British Royal Navy by 1944.
28 Jan Death of William Butler Yeats: William Butler Yeats, the renowned Irish poet and Nobel Prize laureate, passed away in France at the age of 73. A pivotal figure in the Irish Literary Revival and one of the foremost poets of the 20th century, Yeats was instrumental in shaping modern Irish literature and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1923 for his consistently elegant and inspired writings that exemplified the spirit of Irish nationalism.
29 Jan Subhas Chandra Bose Re-elected as Congress President: On January 29, 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose was controversially re-elected as President of the Indian National Congress, defeating the candidate supported by Mahatma Gandhi, Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya. This election highlighted the growing ideological differences within the Indian independence movement, with Bose representing a more radical approach to challenging British colonial rule compared to Gandhi's non-violent resistance strategy.
30 Jan Hitler's Ominous Reichstag Speech: On the sixth anniversary of the Nazi Party's rise to power, Adolf Hitler delivered a chilling speech to the Reichstag, making a threatening prediction about the potential extermination of European Jews in the event of another world war. This speech was a stark warning that foreshadowed the impending Holocaust.
31 Jan Nazi Regime Suppresses Berliner Tageblatt: The Berliner Tageblatt, a prominent German newspaper, was forcibly shut down by the Nazi regime as part of their systematic suppression of independent media and free press.
02 Feb Chamberlain Warns Germany on France: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain delivers a significant diplomatic statement in the House of Commons, declaring that any German military aggression against France would be considered a direct attack on Britain, signaling a strong commitment to French territorial integrity.
03 Feb Groundbreaking Art Exhibition at Baltimore Museum: The Baltimore Museum of Art made history by hosting 'Contemporary Negro Art', one of the first significant museum exhibitions in the United States to prominently feature Black artists, marking an important moment in recognizing African American artistic contributions.
04 Feb Death of Jura Soyfer in Buchenwald: Jura Soyfer, a talented 26-year-old Jewish political writer and cabaret artist, dies in the brutal conditions of Buchenwald concentration camp. His tragic death represents the devastating human cost of Nazi persecution and the systematic oppression of Jewish intellectuals during the Holocaust.
05 Feb Franco Becomes Leader of Spain: Generalissimo Francisco Franco officially assumes the title of 'Caudillo de España' (Leader of Spain), consolidating his power after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War and establishing a totalitarian regime that would last until his death in 1975.
06 Feb Spanish Government Exile During Spanish Civil War: The Spanish Republican government, facing imminent defeat by Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco, fled to France as the final stages of the Spanish Civil War concluded. This marked a pivotal moment in Spanish history, signaling the end of the Republican resistance and the establishment of Franco's authoritarian regime.
07 Feb Spanish Republican Leaders Flee to France: On February 7, 1939, Spanish Prime Minister Juan Negrín and General Vicente Rojo Lluch crossed the border into France, marking a pivotal moment in the Spanish Civil War. Their exodus signaled the imminent defeat of the Republican forces by Nationalist troops led by Francisco Franco.
08 Feb End of Spanish Civil War and International Diplomacy: On February 8, 1939, a pivotal moment in Spanish history unfolded as Nationalist forces captured the town of Figueres, signaling the imminent conclusion of the Spanish Civil War. Spanish Prime Minister Juan Negrín and General Vicente Rojo Lluch were forced to flee across the border into France, marking the defeat of the Republican side. Simultaneously, the London Conference on Palestine commenced, highlighting the complex geopolitical landscape of the era.
09 Feb Wagner-Rogers Refugee Children Bill: Senator Robert Wagner of New York and Representative Edith Rogers of Massachusetts proposed a humanitarian bill to allow 20,000 refugee children aged 14 and under from Nazi-controlled territories to enter the United States. Despite its compassionate intent, the bill was ultimately unsuccessful, dying in congressional committee during the summer of 1939, tragically leaving vulnerable children without a safe haven.
10 Feb Spanish Civil War: Catalonia Falls to Nationalists: The Spanish Nationalist forces, led by General Francisco Franco, completed their conquest of Catalonia, effectively sealing the border with France. This marked a decisive moment in the Spanish Civil War, signaling the imminent defeat of the Republican forces.
11 Feb Soviet Union Launches Invasion of Finland: In a major military escalation, approximately 140,000 Soviet troops launched an attack on Finnish defensive positions. This invasion was part of the broader geopolitical tensions leading up to World War II, known as the Winter War, where the Soviet Union attempted to annex Finnish territory through military force.
13 Feb German Capture of Budapest During World War II: German forces successfully captured Budapest after a two-month siege, effectively driving Hungarian forces out of the city. This strategic military action was part of the larger Axis powers' operations in Eastern Europe during World War II, significantly impacting the geopolitical landscape of the region.
14 Feb Launch of the Bismarck Battleship: On February 14, 1939, the German battleship Bismarck was launched in Hamburg, Germany. This massive warship would become one of the most famous naval vessels of World War II, symbolizing Nazi Germany's naval power and ambitions.
15 Feb Launch of the Bismarck Battleship: The German battleship Bismarck was launched in Hamburg, Germany. Named after Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, this warship would become one of the most famous naval vessels of World War II, symbolizing Germany's naval power and ambitions.
16 Feb Death of Josef Moroder-Lusenberg in Buchenwald Concentration Camp: Josef Moroder-Lusenberg, a talented Austro-Italian artist, tragically perished in the Buchenwald concentration camp during the early stages of Nazi persecution. As a victim of the Holocaust, his death represents the profound human cost of the Nazi regime's systematic oppression and violence against artists, intellectuals, and minority groups during World War II.
17 Feb Nazi Regime Restricts Jewish Professionals: The Nazi Reich issued a discriminatory order prohibiting individuals of Jewish nationality from practicing professional careers in chemistry, veterinary medicine, and dentistry, further escalating the systematic persecution and marginalization of Jewish professionals in Nazi Germany.
18 Feb Golden Gate International Exposition Opens: The Golden Gate International Exposition, a significant world's fair, opened on Treasure Island in San Francisco, California. This exposition celebrated the city's two newly constructed bridges - the Golden Gate Bridge and the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge - and showcased technological innovations, cultural exhibits, and architectural marvels of the late 1930s.
19 Feb Peruvian Army Uprising of 1939: On February 19, 1939, a significant military uprising occurred in Peru, challenging the government of President Óscar R. Benavides. The revolt was initiated by a group of army officers who sought to destabilize the current political regime while the president was away on a maritime holiday. This event highlighted the political tensions and potential instability within Peru's military and governmental structures during the late 1930s.
20 Feb Nazi Rally at Madison Square Garden: On February 20, 1939, the largest pro-Nazi rally in United States history was held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. The German American Bund organized the event, attracting 20,000 members and sympathizers. The rally featured a massive stage with a portrait of George Washington flanked by swastikas, presenting itself as a 'pro-Americanism' event. Bund leader Fritz Julius Kuhn delivered speeches promoting Nazi ideology and anti-Semitic themes. Outside the venue, approximately 100,000 anti-Nazi counter-protesters gathered, with 1,700 police officers maintaining order and preventing potential violence.
21 Feb Nazi Rally at Madison Square Garden: The German American Bund organized a controversial Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden, attended by 20,000 people. The event featured a provocative stage with George Washington's portrait flanked by swastikas, drawing approximately 100,000 anti-Nazi counter-protesters.
22 Feb British Cabinet Authorizes Massive Military Aircraft Production: In a critical pre-World War II strategic decision, the British Cabinet authorized unprecedented levels of military aircraft production on February 22, 1939. This landmark decision prioritized national defense preparedness, removing financial constraints to rapidly expand the Royal Air Force's capabilities in anticipation of potential conflict.
23 Feb Walt Disney Receives Special Oscar for Snow White: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences honors Walt Disney with a Special Award for groundbreaking screen innovation in the animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Disney is presented with one full-sized Oscar statuette and seven miniature statuettes, symbolizing the film's unique achievement in animation technology and storytelling.
24 Feb Hungary Joins the Anti-Comintern Pact: On February 24, 1939, Hungary officially signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, aligning itself with Germany, Italy, and Japan in a strategic diplomatic agreement aimed at countering the spread of communism. This move signaled Hungary's increasing alignment with Axis powers in the lead-up to World War II, reflecting the growing geopolitical tensions in Europe during the late 1930s.
25 Feb Nazi Persecution of Jews in Berlin: Berlin police issued a discriminatory order requiring the Jewish community to provide lists of 100 Jews daily, who would then be compelled to leave Germany within two weeks. This directive was part of the escalating Nazi persecution and systematic marginalization of Jewish citizens, signaling the intensifying antisemitic policies preceding the Holocaust.
26 Feb Eleanor Roosevelt's Stand Against Racial Discrimination: On February 26, 1939, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt made a powerful statement against racial segregation by resigning her membership in the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Her resignation was a direct response to the organization's discriminatory decision to prevent renowned African American contralto Marian Anderson from performing at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C. This act of solidarity was a significant moment in the early civil rights movement, drawing national attention to racial inequality in the United States.
27 Feb Britain and France Recognize Franco's Spain: Britain and France formally recognized Francisco Franco's regime as the legitimate government of Spain, a significant diplomatic move during the Spanish Civil War's aftermath.
28 Feb Great Britain Recognizes Franco's Regime in Spain: The British government officially recognized Francisco Franco's Nationalist government in Spain, marking a significant diplomatic shift following the Spanish Civil War. This recognition signaled international acceptance of Franco's victory and consolidated his political power.
01 Mar Papal Conclave Begins: The Papal conclave convened to elect a new leader of the Catholic Church, a significant event in Vatican City that would determine the next Pope and potentially influence global religious dynamics.
02 Mar Gandhi Begins Protest Fast in Bombay: Mohandas Gandhi initiates a hunger strike in Bombay to protest against British colonial rule in India, demonstrating his commitment to non-violent resistance and independence.
03 Mar Gandhi's Hunger Strike in Bombay: Mohandas Gandhi initiated a hunger strike in Bombay (Mumbai) to protest against the autocratic British colonial rule in India, demonstrating his commitment to non-violent resistance and political reform.
04 Mar Uneventful Day in Pre-World War II Era: On March 4, 1939, no significant documented historical events were recorded. This period was characterized by rising tensions in Europe, with Nazi Germany's expansionist policies and the impending outbreak of World War II. While this specific date might seem unremarkable, the surrounding geopolitical climate was highly volatile, with diplomatic negotiations and military preparations intensifying across the continent.
05 Mar Spanish Civil War: National Defence Council Coup: On March 5, 1939, the National Defence Council executed a significant political maneuver by seizing control of the Republican government through a coup d'état. Their primary objective was to negotiate a peaceful resolution to the ongoing Spanish Civil War, which had been devastating the country since 1936. This internal power shift represented a critical moment in the conflict, signaling potential diplomatic efforts to end the prolonged and brutal struggle between Republican and Nationalist forces.
06 Mar Death of Ginepro Cocchi, Italian Catholic Priest: Ginepro Cocchi, a dedicated Italian Roman Catholic priest recognized as a Servant of God, passed away on March 6, 1939. Known for his spiritual devotion and service to the Catholic Church, Cocchi's life was marked by his commitment to religious principles and pastoral care.
07 Mar Gandhi Ends Fast, Accepts Conference Invitation: Mahatma Gandhi concluded his four-day fast and accepted an invitation from the Viceroy of India, the Marquess of Linlithgow, to attend a political conference in New Delhi, signaling potential diplomatic negotiations during India's independence movement.
08 Mar Franco Implements Total Naval Blockade During Spanish Civil War: On March 8, 1939, Generalissimo Francisco Franco escalated military tactics by declaring a comprehensive naval blockade of remaining Republican-controlled ports. The decree mandated that any vessel entering within three nautical miles of these ports would be either seized or summarily torpedoed, with the directive applying indiscriminately to ships of all nationalities. This aggressive maritime strategy was a critical moment in the final stages of the Spanish Civil War, signaling Franco's intent to completely isolate and defeat Republican forces.
09 Mar United States-Brazil Economic Cooperation Agreement: On March 9, 1939, the United States and Brazil formalized a significant bilateral economic assistance agreement. This diplomatic arrangement provided crucial financial support to Brazil during a period of global economic uncertainty, just prior to the outbreak of World War II. The agreements were designed to strengthen economic ties between the two nations and support Brazil's economic development through financial aid and potential trade collaborations.
10 Mar Stalin's Speech at the Eighteenth Party Congress: Soviet leader Josef Stalin delivered a pivotal speech at the Eighteenth Party Congress in Moscow, emphasizing Russia's isolationist stance. He declared that the Soviet Union would prioritize its own national interests and avoid involvement in external conflicts, signaling a strategic diplomatic approach on the eve of World War II.
11 Mar Flaco Jiménez, Legendary Tejano Musician: Flaco Jiménez, a renowned American accordionist and pioneer of Tejano and Norteño music, was recognized as a significant cultural figure. Known for his innovative accordion playing style, he helped popularize Tex-Mex music and collaborated with numerous prominent musicians across various genres.
12 Mar Anschluss: Nazi Germany Annexes Austria: German troops, led by Adolf Hitler, marched into Austria on March 12, 1939, effectively annexing the country in a process known as the Anschluss. The invasion was largely welcomed by many Austrians, reflecting the complex political and social dynamics of the time. This event significantly expanded Nazi Germany's territorial control and was a critical prelude to World War II.
13 Mar Birth of Glauber Rocha: Glauber Rocha, an influential Brazilian film director, was born on March 13, 1939. He would become a key figure in the Cinema Novo movement, known for his innovative and politically charged filmmaking that significantly impacted Latin American cinema.
14 Mar Nazi Germany Dissolves Czechoslovakia: On March 14, 1939, Nazi Germany officially dissolved the Republic of Czechoslovakia, marking a significant moment in the lead-up to World War II. This action was part of Hitler's expansionist strategy to dismantle Czechoslovakia and incorporate its territories into the German Reich.
15 Mar Czech President Surrenders to Hitler: Czech president Emil Hacha accepts Adolf Hitler's ultimatum to surrender the entire country, marking a critical moment of capitulation before Nazi aggression.
16 Mar Germany Occupies Czechoslovakia: Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler's leadership occupies Czechoslovakia, marking a significant escalation of territorial aggression before World War II. This strategic move further destabilized Central Europe and demonstrated Hitler's expansionist ambitions.
17 Mar Chamberlain's Defiant Speech Against German Expansionism: British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain delivers a pivotal speech in Birmingham, explicitly declaring Britain's commitment to opposing any German attempts at global domination, signaling a critical moment in pre-World War II diplomatic tensions.
18 Mar Soviet Diplomatic Proposal for Collective Security Against Germany: Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs Maxim Litvinov proposed a diplomatic meeting to British Ambassador Sir William Seeds, suggesting a multilateral conference involving the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, France, Poland, and Romania to discuss coordinated strategies in potential conflict with Nazi Germany.
19 Mar Germany's Territorial Expansion: Memel Annexation Threat: Adolf Hitler formally communicates Germany's intention to annex the strategic port of Memel (now Klaipėda, Lithuania) through an official registered letter to the Lithuanian government. This action was part of Nazi Germany's aggressive territorial expansion strategy in the lead-up to World War II, demonstrating Hitler's increasingly bold diplomatic pressure tactics.
20 Mar US Diplomatic Protest Against Nazi Expansion: In response to Nazi Germany's seizure of Czechoslovakia, the United States withdrew its ambassador, signaling diplomatic disapproval and growing international concern about German expansionist policies.
21 Mar Nazi Germany Demands Danzig from Poland: On March 21, 1939, Nazi Germany officially demanded the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) from Poland, escalating tensions in the lead-up to World War II. This territorial claim was part of Adolf Hitler's broader strategy of expansionism and challenging the post-World War I territorial settlements.
22 Mar Nazi Germany Annexes Memel Territory from Lithuania: On March 22, 1939, Nazi Germany successfully annexed the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory) from Lithuania following a diplomatic ultimatum issued on March 20. The ultimatum forced Lithuania to cede the territory, and German forces occupied the region the next day, marking a significant territorial expansion of Nazi Germany prior to World War II.
23 Mar Poland Prepares for Potential Conflict: Poland initiates a partial mobilization of its armed forces, signaling growing tensions in Central Europe during the lead-up to World War II.
24 Mar Franco Consolidates Power in Spain: Dictator Francisco Franco officially assumes full political control in Madrid, solidifying his position after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War and establishing a totalitarian regime that would last until 1975.
25 Mar Pope Pius XII Ascends to Papal Throne: Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli was elected as Pope Pius XII, becoming the head of the Roman Catholic Church during a critical period leading up to World War II. His papacy would be marked by complex challenges, including navigating the Church's position during the Holocaust and global conflict.
26 Mar Spanish Civil War: Final Nationalist Offensive: On March 26, 1939, the Nationalist forces under General Francisco Franco launched their decisive final offensive, marking the culminating military campaign of the Spanish Civil War. This strategic operation aimed to conclusively defeat the Republican forces and bring an end to the three-year-long conflict that had devastated Spain. The offensive represented the last major military push that would ultimately result in Franco's complete victory and the establishment of his authoritarian regime.
27 Mar First NCAA Men's Basketball Championship: The University of Oregon defeated Ohio State University 46-33 in Evanston, Illinois, to win the inaugural NCAA men's basketball tournament, marking a significant milestone in collegiate sports history.
28 Mar Poland Rejects Hitler's Territorial Demand: In a significant diplomatic moment, Poland firmly refuses Adolf Hitler's demand to cede the free city of Danzig (modern Gdańsk) to Germany, heightening tensions in pre-World War II Europe.
29 Mar Birth of Terence Hill: Mario Girotti, professionally known as Terence Hill, was born on March 29, 1939, in Venice, Italy. He would later become a renowned actor famous for his roles in spaghetti westerns and comedy films, particularly his collaborations with Bud Spencer.
30 Mar British and French Guarantee of Polish Independence: In a significant diplomatic move preceding World War II, the British and French governments formally guaranteed Poland's territorial integrity and independence. This guarantee was a direct response to growing German expansionist threats and was intended to deter potential Nazi aggression against Poland.
31 Mar British Military Support Pledge to Poland: Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain formally pledges British military support to the Second Polish Republic, committing to defend Poland in the event of an invasion by Nazi Germany. This diplomatic commitment was a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II, signaling Britain's intent to resist German expansionism.
01 Apr End of the Spanish Civil War: Generalissimo Francisco Franco of the Spanish State officially announces the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War, marking the surrender of the last Republican forces. This moment signifies the decisive victory of Franco's Nationalist forces and the establishment of his authoritarian regime in Spain.
02 Apr Ralph Guldahl Wins 6th Masters Golf Championship: Ralph Guldahl secured victory at the prestigious Augusta National Golf Club, winning the 6th Masters Tournament with an impressive total score of 279. His performance demonstrated exceptional skill and consistency across the challenging golf course, marking a significant moment in professional golf history.
03 Apr Hitler Orders Invasion Planning for Poland: Adolf Hitler issued a top-secret directive to the German military, code-named Fall Weiss (Case White), ordering the preparation of military operations against Poland. This directive set the stage for the imminent invasion that would trigger World War II.
04 Apr Death of King Ghazi I of Iraq: King Ghazi I of Iraq tragically died in a car accident, leading to the unexpected succession of his young son, Faisal II, to the throne. The sudden loss marked a significant moment in Iraqi royal history, with a three-year-old monarch becoming the new sovereign.
05 Apr Hitler Youth Membership Becomes Mandatory in Germany: The Nazi regime officially mandates compulsory membership in the Hitler Youth (Hitlerjugend), a paramilitary organization designed to indoctrinate German youth with Nazi ideology. This policy represents a significant escalation of the regime's efforts to control and shape the younger generation's political and social perspectives.
06 Apr British-Polish Military Alliance Signed: On April 6, 1939, Great Britain and Poland formalized a critical military cooperation agreement, signaling a united front against potential Axis aggression in Europe. This strategic pact was a significant diplomatic move in the lead-up to World War II, demonstrating Britain's commitment to supporting Poland's sovereignty in the face of growing German expansionist threats.
07 Apr Italy Invades Albania: World War II escalated as Italian forces launched a full-scale invasion of Albania on April 7, 1939. The military operation was swift and decisive, quickly overwhelming Albanian resistance and establishing Italian control over the strategically important Balkan nation.
08 Apr King Zog I Escapes Albania: King Zog I of Albania fled the country as Italian forces invaded and occupied Albania, marking the end of Albanian independence and the beginning of Italian control. This event was a significant moment in the lead-up to World War II, demonstrating the expansionist ambitions of Fascist Italy under Mussolini's leadership.
09 Apr Marian Anderson's Historic Lincoln Memorial Concert: On Easter Sunday, April 9, 1939, African-American contralto Marian Anderson performed a groundbreaking outdoor concert at the Lincoln Memorial after being denied the right to perform at Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution due to racial discrimination. A diverse crowd of 75,000 people attended the event, which was arranged with the support of Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes. Anderson opened her performance with the patriotic song 'My Country, 'Tis of Thee' and concluded with a poignant rendition of 'Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen', symbolizing the struggle against racial segregation. This concert became a pivotal moment in the civil rights movement, challenging racist policies and highlighting the injustice of racial discrimination in the arts.
10 Apr Border Mobilization in Response to Albanian Invasion: Tensions rise as countries mobilize troops in response to Italy's invasion of Albania, signaling increasing geopolitical instability in Europe preceding World War II.
11 Apr Hungary Withdraws from the League of Nations: On April 11, 1939, Hungary officially left the League of Nations, a significant diplomatic move that aligned with the growing German influence in Central Europe during the lead-up to World War II. This decision reflected Hungary's increasing alignment with Nazi Germany's geopolitical strategies and its desire to distance itself from the international organization that had been established after World War I.
12 Apr Birth of Alan Ayckbourn: Alan Ayckbourn, a renowned English playwright, was born on April 12, 1939, in London, England. He would go on to become one of the most significant and prolific playwrights of the 20th century, known for his insightful comedies that explore complex human relationships and social dynamics.
13 Apr Publication of 'The Grapes of Wrath': John Steinbeck's seminal novel 'The Grapes of Wrath' is first published, a powerful narrative depicting the struggles of migrant workers during the Great Depression. The book would go on to win the Pulitzer Prize and become a landmark work of American literature.
14 Apr French Diplomatic Efforts to Prevent War: In a critical diplomatic meeting in Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet discusses with Soviet Ambassador Jakob Suritz the potential formation of a 'peace front' involving France, Soviet Union, Great Britain, Poland, and Romania. This diplomatic initiative aimed to create a united diplomatic and potentially military deterrent against potential German aggression, reflecting the growing tensions in Europe just months before the outbreak of World War II.
15 Apr Albert Lebrun Elected President of France: Albert Lebrun was democratically elected as the President of France, serving during a critical period leading up to World War II. As the last President of the Third French Republic, Lebrun's tenure was marked by significant political challenges, including the growing threat of Nazi Germany and the impending global conflict.
16 Apr Soviet Union Seeks Anti-German Alliance: USSR's leader Josef Stalin formally requests a strategic alliance with Britain and France to counter the growing threat of Nazi Germany, seeking to form a united front against potential German aggression.
17 Apr USSR Signs Anti-German Pact with Britain and France: On April 17, 1939, Soviet leader Josef Stalin signed a significant diplomatic agreement with Britain and France, forming a strategic alliance against potential German aggression. This pact was a critical diplomatic maneuver in the lead-up to World War II, signaling growing international tensions and attempts to contain Nazi Germany's expansionist ambitions.
18 Apr Soviet Union Proposes 'Peace Front': The Soviet Union makes a diplomatic proposal for a 'peace front' aimed at resisting potential aggression, reflecting the complex geopolitical tensions of the pre-World War II period.
19 Apr Great Britain's Pre-War Diplomatic Commitment: Great Britain announces its commitment to defend Denmark, Netherlands, and Switzerland in the event of a potential military conflict, signaling a proactive diplomatic stance against potential German aggression in Europe.
20 Apr Billie Holiday Records 'Strange Fruit': Billie Holiday recorded 'Strange Fruit', a powerful and groundbreaking anti-lynching protest song that exposed the brutal racism of the American South. The song, written by Abel Meeropol, became a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights movement and musical protest history.
21 Apr Significant Day in American History: Monument Dedication, Baseball Debut, and Cultural Milestone: On April 21, 1939, multiple notable events occurred across different domains of American life. The San Jacinto Monument, commemorating Texas's independence from Mexico, was officially dedicated near Houston, symbolizing the state's rich historical heritage. In the world of baseball, Ted Williams, who would become one of the greatest hitters in MLB history, made his major league debut for the Boston Red Sox, going 1-for-4 with a double in a 2-0 loss to the New York Yankees. In the music world, Billie Holiday recorded 'Strange Fruit', a powerful protest song against racial violence that would become a landmark in African American cultural expression. Internationally, a customs union was established between Italy and Albania, reflecting the expanding geopolitical influence of fascist Italy in the lead-up to World War II.
23 Apr Ted Williams Hits First Major League Home Run: On April 23, 1939, Ted Williams, a legendary baseball player for the Boston Red Sox, hit his first home run in Major League Baseball. This milestone marked the beginning of what would become one of the most illustrious careers in baseball history. Williams, often referred to as 'The Kid', would go on to become one of the greatest hitters of all time, known for his exceptional batting skills and scientific approach to hitting.
24 Apr Bolivian Presidential Coup: Germán Busch Seizes Power: On April 24, 1939, Bolivian President Germán Busch dramatically dissolved the Constituent Assembly and unilaterally assumed dictatorial powers, effectively ending democratic processes in Bolivia. This action represented a significant shift in the country's political landscape, marking a period of authoritarian governance.
25 Apr Nazi Propaganda Broadcast in Arabic: The Zeesen short-wave radio transmitter in Nazi Germany initiated Arabic-language broadcasts targeting audiences in North Africa and the Middle East. This propaganda effort was part of Nazi Germany's strategic communication campaign to spread its ideology and influence in regions outside of Europe.
26 Apr Robert Menzies Becomes Prime Minister of Australia: Robert Menzies was sworn in as the 12th Prime Minister of Australia, marking a significant moment in the nation's political history. A prominent conservative leader, Menzies would go on to become one of the most influential Australian politicians of the 20th century, serving multiple terms and founding the Liberal Party of Australia.
27 Apr Hitler Denounces Nazi-Polish Non-Aggression Pact: Adolf Hitler officially announced that Nazi Germany would no longer honor the non-aggression pact signed with Poland in 1934. This provocative declaration prompted Polish authorities to urgently seek an alliance with London, significantly escalating tensions in Europe and foreshadowing the imminent outbreak of World War II.
28 Apr Hitler's Aggressive Reichstag Speech Denouncing International Agreements: On April 28, 1939, Adolf Hitler delivered a provocative speech at the Kroll Opera House in Berlin, Germany. In this significant address to the Reichstag, Hitler formally denounced the ten-year non-aggression pact with Poland, originally signed in January 1934, and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement from June 1935. He characterized the Anglo-Polish Agreement as a direct threat to Germany and dramatically demanded the return of Danzig (now Gdańsk) to German control. This speech was a critical diplomatic moment that signaled increasing tensions in Europe and foreshadowed the impending World War II.
29 Apr Whitestone Bridge Connects Bronx and Queens: The Whitestone Bridge, a significant infrastructure project, was officially opened on April 29, 1939, connecting the boroughs of the Bronx and Queens in New York City. Designed by renowned engineer David B. Steinman, the suspension bridge spans the East River and provides a crucial transportation link between these two populous areas of New York City. The bridge's construction was part of the broader urban development efforts during the late 1930s, improving mobility and connectivity in the greater New York metropolitan area.
30 Apr 1939-40 New York World's Fair Opens: The 1939-40 New York World's Fair inaugurated, showcasing technological innovations and cultural exhibits that would symbolize hope and progress during the tumultuous pre-World War II era. The fair represented a significant moment of optimism and forward-thinking design in American history.
01 May Batman Comics Debut: Batman, one of the most iconic comic book superheroes, first appeared in comic book publications, marking a significant moment in popular culture and comic book history.
02 May Lou Gehrig's Consecutive Games Streak Ends: Lou Gehrig's remarkable streak of 2,130 consecutive Major League Baseball games played comes to an end. Known as the 'Iron Horse', Gehrig's incredible durability and consistency set a record that would stand for 56 years until Cal Ripken, Jr. broke it in 1995. This moment marked the conclusion of one of the most impressive endurance records in sports history.
03 May Soviet Foreign Policy Shift: Vyacheslav Molotov replaces Maxim Litvinov as Soviet Foreign Commissar, signaling a significant diplomatic transition in the Soviet Union's foreign policy approach on the eve of World War II.
04 May SS St. Louis Departs with Jewish Refugees: The SS St. Louis departed from Hamburg, carrying 937 passengers, of whom over 900 were Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. This voyage would become a tragic symbol of the world's failure to provide sanctuary to Jews escaping the Holocaust, as most passengers would be denied entry to various countries and forced to return to Europe.
05 May Poland Stands Firm Against Nazi Territorial Demands: Poland firmly rejected Nazi Germany's aggressive territorial demands to annex the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor. This resolute stance demonstrated Poland's determination to maintain its sovereignty in the face of mounting German pressure, signaling a critical moment of tension leading up to World War II.
06 May Goerdeler Warns British About German-Soviet Negotiations: German anti-Nazi politician Carl Friedrich Goerdeler provided critical intelligence to the British government, revealing secret negotiations between Germany and the Soviet Union aimed at dividing Eastern Europe. He warned about Germany's economic instability and suggested that a firm diplomatic stance against Hitler could potentially prevent war.
07 May Formation of the Rome-Berlin Axis: Germany and Italy formally announce their military alliance, known as the Rome-Berlin Axis, which solidifies the strategic partnership between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. This pact, also referred to as the 'Pact of Steel', represents a significant diplomatic and military collaboration that would play a crucial role in the lead-up to World War II, signaling the growing alignment of Axis powers.
08 May Pre-World War II Period - May 8, 1939: While no specific major historical events are definitively documented for this exact date, the period of May 1939 was a critical time of rising international tensions preceding World War II. Europe was experiencing significant geopolitical strain, with Nazi Germany's expansionist policies and increasing diplomatic pressures across the continent. The world was on the brink of a massive global conflict, with diplomatic negotiations and military preparations intensifying.
09 May Spain Withdraws from League of Nations: Spain officially leaves the League of Nations, a significant diplomatic move reflecting the country's political isolation following the Spanish Civil War and the rise of Francisco Franco's nationalist government. This withdrawal symbolizes Spain's shifting international alignments in the lead-up to World War II.
10 May Hungarian Anti-Semitic Legislation Enacted: On May 10, 1939, the Hungarian government implemented a series of discriminatory laws targeting the Jewish population, marking a significant escalation of state-sanctioned persecution. These laws systematically stripped Hungarian Jews of their civil liberties, restricting their rights in employment, education, and social participation. This legislation was part of the broader Nazi-influenced anti-Semitic policies that would ultimately contribute to the Holocaust in Hungary.
11 May Hungarian Anti-Semitic Legislation Begins: The Hungarian government initiated state-sanctioned persecution of Jews through a series of discriminatory laws that systematically stripped Jewish citizens of their civil liberties. These early legislative actions were part of the broader Nazi-influenced antisemitic policies that would escalate during World War II.
12 May Anglo-Turkish Security Pact Signed: On May 12, 1939, Turkey and Great Britain formalized a strategic security agreement, strengthening their diplomatic and defensive ties in the lead-up to World War II. This bilateral pact was part of the broader European diplomatic maneuvering to create alliances and mutual defense arrangements in anticipation of potential conflict with Nazi Germany.
13 May SS St. Louis Departs with Jewish Refugees: The German ocean liner SS St. Louis departed Hamburg for Cuba, carrying 937 Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. The passengers held landing certificates, but the Cuban government had already canceled their entry permissions, creating a tragic humanitarian crisis.
14 May British White Paper Restricts Jewish Immigration: The British government issued the White Paper of 1939, implementing severe restrictions on Jewish immigration to the Palestine Mandate. This policy significantly impacted Jewish refugees seeking escape from rising Nazi persecution in Europe, effectively closing a critical escape route during the lead-up to World War II.
15 May Ravensbrück Concentration Camp Opens: The Ravensbrück concentration camp, primarily designed for women, was established by Nazi Germany. This camp would become one of the most notorious sites of human rights violations during the Holocaust, imprisoning and killing thousands of women, children, and other victims.
16 May First US Food Stamp Program Launch: The United States government initiated the first food stamp program in Rochester, New York, as part of the New Deal era's efforts to address food insecurity and support struggling farmers during the Great Depression. This innovative social welfare program would eventually become a critical component of national nutrition assistance.
17 May Nordic Countries Reject German Non-Aggression Pact: Sweden, Norway, and Finland collectively refused Germany's non-aggression pact offers, demonstrating their resistance to potential German diplomatic pressure in the lead-up to World War II. This decision reflected the Nordic countries' desire to maintain their independence and neutrality.
18 May Jewish Riots in Jerusalem Against British White Paper: On May 18, 1939, tensions erupted in Jerusalem as Jews protested against the British White Paper, which severely restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine. The riots resulted in approximately 100 injuries and highlighted the growing conflict between Jewish settlers, local Arab populations, and British colonial authorities during the pre-World War II period.
19 May Franco's Victory Parade in Madrid: Spanish Head of State Francisco Franco presided over the first victory parade marking the end of the Spanish Civil War in Madrid. Accompanied by military officials, including the Gran Visir del Jalifa de Tetuan and Generals Aranda and Saliquet, Franco celebrated his triumph. This event symbolized the establishment of his military dictatorship, during which an estimated 200,000 to 400,000 people died. Franco ruled Spain for 36 years until his death in 1975, earning the title 'El Caudillo' (the Chief).
20 May First Regular Transatlantic Airmail Service Launched: The inaugural regular transatlantic airmail route was established, connecting New York to Marseille, France, marking a significant milestone in international postal and aviation history.
21 May Pact of Steel Signed: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy formalized their military and political alliance by signing the Pact of Steel, a strategic agreement that would significantly impact the geopolitical landscape leading into World War II.
22 May Pact of Steel Signed in Berlin: On May 22, 1939, at the Reich Chancellery in Berlin, Italian Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop formally signed a comprehensive ten-year political and military alliance known as the 'Pact of Steel'. This strategic agreement solidified the Axis powers' military cooperation and mutual support, setting the stage for their joint military actions during World War II.
23 May Hitler's Threat to Poland: Adolf Hitler publicly declares his intention to invade Poland, signaling a critical escalation of tensions in Europe and foreshadowing the imminent outbreak of World War II.
24 May Chinese Victory in Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang: On May 24, 1939, the Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang concluded with a significant victory for Chinese forces. This battle was part of the Second Sino-Japanese War, representing another important moment of Chinese resistance against Japanese military expansion.
25 May Frank Watson Dyson Dies: Frank Watson Dyson, a distinguished British astronomer who made significant contributions to astronomical research and timekeeping, died on May 25, 1939. He was particularly known for his work on solar eclipses and precise astronomical measurements.
26 May United Kingdom Passes Military Training Act: The Military Training Act received Royal Assent, signaling the United Kingdom's preparations for potential military conflict. This legislative measure was part of the broader pre-World War II military mobilization efforts, indicating growing international tensions.
27 May SS St. Louis Tragedy: Refugees Denied Asylum: The SS St. Louis arrives in Havana Bay, Cuba, carrying 937 Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution. Tragically, they are denied entry and refused refuge, symbolizing the global indifference to the plight of Jews escaping the Holocaust. This event highlights the devastating humanitarian crisis of the pre-World War II era.
28 May Inaugural Event at Devín Amphitheatre: On May 28, 1939, the first significant public event was held at the Devín Amphitheatre, drawing an impressive crowd of approximately 10,000 attendees. Despite the venue being incomplete, the event marked an important milestone in the cultural infrastructure of the region. The large turnout demonstrated strong public interest and anticipation for the amphitheatre's potential as a cultural and entertainment venue.
29 May Albanian Fascist Leader Joins Italian Political Body: Tefik Mborja, a prominent Albanian fascist leader, was appointed as a member of the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations. This appointment reflected the growing political influence of fascist ideology and Italy's expanding control over Albania during the pre-World War II period.
31 May Nazi Celebration of Spanish Civil War Veterans: On May 31, 1939, Hamburg hosted a ceremonial event honoring 5,000 German fighters who had participated in the Spanish Civil War. Hermann Göring, a prominent Nazi leader, personally distributed 36 gold crosses for extraordinary valor, symbolizing Germany's military prowess and involvement in the Spanish conflict.
01 Jun Von Runstedt Returns to Military Service: Retired German Colonel-General Gerd von Runstedt was recalled to active military service, signaling Germany's increasing military preparations as World War II approached.
02 Jun Tragic Death of Austrian Motorcycle Racer Karl Gall: Karl Gall, a prominent Austrian motorcycle racer, tragically passed away on June 2, 1939, succumbing to severe injuries sustained during a high-speed racing accident. His death highlighted the inherent dangers of motorsports during the pre-World War II era, when safety regulations and protective gear were significantly less advanced than in modern racing.
03 Jun Churchill Warns of Impending German Aggression: In a prescient article published in Collier's magazine, Winston Churchill warned that Germany was likely to initiate war, suggesting that the probability of conflict was higher in the current year than in subsequent years. He emphasized the need for a significant change in Germany's political heart or leadership to prevent war.
04 Jun MS St. Louis Refugee Crisis: The MS St. Louis, a German ocean liner carrying 963 Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution, was denied entry to both Cuba and the United States. This tragic event symbolized the international community's callous indifference to the plight of Jewish refugees during the Holocaust. After being turned away from Florida's shores, the ship was forced to return to Europe. Tragically, over 200 of its passengers were later murdered in Nazi concentration camps, representing a devastating example of the systematic rejection and persecution of Jews during World War II.
05 Jun Charles Joseph Clark Becomes Canadian Prime Minister: Charles Joseph Clark, a prominent Progressive Conservative politician, served as the 16th Prime Minister of Canada from June 1979 to March 1980. Known as 'Joe Clark', he was one of the youngest Prime Ministers in Canadian history and led a minority government during a challenging period of economic and political transition.
06 Jun MS St. Louis Voyage of Desperation: The MS St. Louis, a ship carrying Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi persecution, was forced to return to Europe after being denied entry to multiple countries. Cuban President Laredo Brú ended negotiations, compelling the ship to sail back, ultimately leading to many passengers facing tragic fates in the Holocaust.
07 Jun Germany Signs Non-Aggression Pacts with Baltic States: Germany signed Non-Aggression Pacts with Latvia and Estonia in Berlin, a strategic diplomatic move that preceded World War II and demonstrated Germany's expanding geopolitical influence in Eastern Europe.
08 Jun British Monarch's Historic US State Visit: King George VI made a groundbreaking diplomatic visit to the United States, marking the first time a reigning British monarch had visited the country. This visit was particularly significant as tensions were rising in Europe with the impending World War II.
09 Jun Olympic Committee Selects 1944 Host Cities: On June 9, 1939, the International Olympic Committee made significant host city selections for the 1944 Olympic Games. Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, was chosen to host the Winter Olympics, while London, United Kingdom, was selected for the Summer Olympics. However, these Games would ultimately be canceled due to World War II, which began just months after this announcement.
10 Jun Barney Bear Cartoon Character Debuts: MGM introduces Barney Bear, an animated cartoon character, marking a significant moment in the golden age of American animation. The character would become a notable part of MGM's cartoon lineup during the late 1930s and early 1940s.
11 Jun British Monarchs Experience American Cuisine at White House: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth attended a historic diplomatic event at the White House, where they sampled their first hot dogs during a state visit with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This culinary moment symbolized the growing cultural exchange and strengthening relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States on the eve of World War II.
12 Jun National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Established: The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is officially established in Cooperstown, New York, marking a significant milestone in preserving the history and cultural legacy of America's national pastime. This institution would become the premier repository for baseball memorabilia, player records, and historical artifacts.
14 Jun Tientsin Incident: Anglo-Japanese Tensions Escalate: On June 14, 1939, Japan initiated a blockade of the British concession in Tianjin (Tientsin), China, creating a significant diplomatic crisis that nearly precipitated an armed conflict between Britain and Japan. The blockade was triggered by British officials' refusal to hand over four individuals accused of killing a prominent Chinese collaborator, highlighting the complex geopolitical tensions in pre-World War II Asia.
15 Jun Royal Farewell from North America: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth departed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, marking the conclusion of their historic royal tour of North America. A massive crowd of 150,000 people gathered to bid the royal couple a heartfelt farewell, symbolizing the strong diplomatic ties between the United Kingdom and Canada.
16 Jun Uneventful Day in World History: On June 16, 1939, no significant global events were recorded. This period was part of the tense pre-World War II era, with international tensions rising in Europe, but this specific date appears to have been relatively quiet in terms of major historical developments.
17 Jun Last Public Guillotining in France: On June 17, 1939, Eugen Weidmann, a convicted serial murderer, was publicly executed by guillotine outside the Saint-Pierre prison in Versailles. This event marked the final public execution in France, after which all subsequent executions were conducted privately. Weidmann was notorious for killing six people in France during a crime spree in 1937, and his execution was widely publicized and photographed, drawing significant public attention.
18 Jun Minnesota Tornado Disaster: A devastating tornado struck Minnesota, resulting in the tragic loss of at least 10 human lives. This natural disaster highlighted the destructive potential of severe weather events in the Midwestern United States.
19 Jun Lou Gehrig Diagnosed with ALS: On his 36th birthday, legendary New York Yankees first baseman Lou Gehrig was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a devastating neurodegenerative disease that would later become widely known as 'Lou Gehrig's disease'. This diagnosis marked the end of his remarkable baseball career and would ultimately lead to his famous farewell speech at Yankee Stadium, where he declared himself 'the luckiest man on the face of the earth' despite his terminal condition.
20 Jun SS Heimwehr Danzig Formation: The SS Heimwehr Danzig is formed, a paramilitary unit associated with Nazi Germany's expansion and territorial ambitions in the lead-up to World War II.
21 Jun Nazi Restrictions on Jewish Economic Rights: Reichsprotektor Konstantin von Neurath issued a comprehensive decree severely restricting the economic rights of Jews in Nazi-controlled territories. The restrictions prohibited Jews from acquiring real estate, stocks, bonds, entering new business contracts, and mandated reporting of valuable assets like gold and silver.
22 Jun Tense House of Commons Debate on International Crisis: A heated discussion in the House of Commons regarding the Tientsin situation escalated to the point where the Speaker intervened. Geoffrey Mander's pointed question to Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain highlighted the growing tensions and frustrations surrounding British foreign policy in the lead-up to World War II.
23 Jun Ankara Talks Resolve Hatay Dispute: French Ambassador René Massigli and Turkish Foreign Minister Şükrü Saracoğlu completed diplomatic negotiations in Ankara, successfully resolving the Hatay territorial dispute. The talks concluded with Turkey's annexation of the Hatay region, solidifying Turkey's territorial claims and demonstrating effective diplomatic resolution.
24 Jun Bombing in London's Theater District: On June 24, 1939, four bombs exploded in London's theater district, causing significant panic and resulting in at least twenty injuries. This incident heightened tensions in London during the lead-up to World War II, reflecting the growing atmosphere of uncertainty and potential conflict.
25 Jun Birth of Harold Melvin, Soul Music Pioneer: Harold Melvin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, marking the arrival of a significant figure in soul and R&B music. As the founder and leader of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, he would become an influential musician who helped shape the sound of Philadelphia soul in the 1970s. The group was particularly known for their hit songs and for launching the career of Teddy Pendergrass.
26 Jun Death of Ford Madox Ford: Ford Madox Ford, a prominent English novelist, literary critic, and editor, passed away. Known for his modernist literature and significant contributions to early 20th-century writing, Ford was an influential figure in the literary world.
27 Jun Nazi Anti-Jewish Economic Restrictions: Reichsprotektor Konstantin von Neurath implemented severe economic restrictions on Jews in Nazi-controlled territories. These decrees prohibited Jews from acquiring real estate, stocks, bonds, or entering new business contracts. Jews were also forbidden from buying, selling, or pawning valuables and were required to report such assets to banks.
28 Jun Pan American Airways Launches Southern Transatlantic Air Route: Pan American Airways (Pan Am) inaugurated its southern transatlantic air service with the Dixie Clipper, expanding international air travel capabilities and connecting North America with South America via a groundbreaking maritime air route.
29 Jun Poland Declares Readiness to Defend Danzig: Poland publicly declared its determination to defend Danzig (Gdańsk), with citizens nationwide swearing an oath to protect their access to the Baltic Sea, heightening tensions with Nazi Germany.
30 Jun Italian Racial Laws Expanded: The Fascist Grand Council approved additional discriminatory racial laws targeting the Jewish population in Italy, further restricting their civil rights. These laws prohibited Jews from practicing professions, owning radios, using vacation resorts, and placing newspaper advertisements, representing a severe escalation of antisemitic policies.
02 Jul Neuengamme Concentration Camp Established: The Neuengamme concentration camp near Hamburg, Germany, becomes an autonomous facility during the Nazi regime. This camp would become a site of significant human suffering, forced labor, and tragic deaths during World War II.
03 Jul Lou Gehrig's Farewell Speech at Yankee Stadium: Baseball legend Lou Gehrig delivers his iconic 'luckiest man' speech at Yankee Stadium, announcing his retirement due to his battle with ALS, marking a poignant moment in sports history.
04 Jul Lou Gehrig's Emotional Retirement Speech: On July 4, 1939, at Yankee Stadium, Lou Gehrig, recently diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), delivered a poignant and historic speech announcing his retirement from Major League Baseball. In front of a packed stadium, he famously declared himself 'the luckiest man on the face of the earth', demonstrating extraordinary grace and humility in the face of a devastating medical diagnosis.
05 Jul Japanese Army Retreats from Soviet Border Conflict: In a significant military engagement, the Japanese Imperial Army suffered substantial losses and was compelled to retreat from its conflict zone along the Soviet border. This event was part of the escalating tensions between Japan and the Soviet Union, which would later culminate in larger border conflicts known as the Nomonhan Incident or Khalkhin Gol War.
06 Jul Nazi Germany's Final Economic Assault on Jewish Businesses: On July 6, 1939, Nazi Germany implemented comprehensive anti-Jewish legislation that systematically closed the last remaining Jewish-owned enterprises and businesses. This action was part of the broader Nazi strategy of economic marginalization and persecution of Jewish citizens, effectively stripping them of their economic livelihood and preparing the ground for more severe forms of discrimination and persecution.
07 Jul Political Upheaval in Syria: Hashim al-Atassi resigned as President of Syria in protest against the French cession of the Republic of Hatay to Turkey. Following his resignation, the French authorities appointed Bahij al-Khatib as the new Head of State, marking a significant political transition during a tumultuous period in Syrian history.
08 Jul Neuengamme Concentration Camp Becomes Autonomous: The Neuengamme concentration camp, located near Hamburg, Germany, became an autonomous facility during the Nazi regime. This marked a significant escalation in the systematic persecution and imprisonment of targeted groups during the lead-up to World War II. The camp's autonomy signaled increased Nazi control and infrastructure for their oppressive policies.
09 Jul Nazi Provocation in Free City of Danzig: On July 9, 1939, Nazi Party officials organized large-scale rallies in the Free City of Danzig (modern-day Gdańsk, Poland), escalating tensions in the region. District Leader Albert Forster delivered an inflammatory speech, confidently asserting that Adolf Hitler would 'liberate' the city and demanding that Poland relinquish its rights to maintain arms in the Westerplatte munitions depot. This event was a significant prelude to the imminent German invasion of Poland, which would trigger World War II just two months later.
10 Jul Launch of the Passive Resistance Campaign in South Africa: On July 10, 1939, approximately 6,000 Indians gathered to initiate the Passive Resistance Campaign, a significant non-violent protest movement against the discriminatory apartheid and racial policies in South Africa. This event marked a pivotal moment in the struggle for civil rights and racial equality, demonstrating the power of peaceful resistance in challenging systemic oppression.
11 Jul 7th Major League Baseball All-Star Game: The 7th Annual Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held at Yankee Stadium in New York City. The American League, managed by Joe McCarthy, decisively defeated the National League with a score of 3-1. McCarthy strategically started 6 players from the New York Yankees, showcasing the team's dominance in the era. This game was part of the annual mid-season classic that brings together the best players from both leagues.
12 Jul Diplomatic Tension: Dino Grandi Recalled from London: In a significant diplomatic maneuver, Dino Grandi, a prominent Italian political figure, was abruptly recalled from his ambassadorial post in London. The recall was executed without formal notification to the British government, signaling growing tensions between Italy and the United Kingdom in the lead-up to World War II. This event highlighted the deteriorating diplomatic relations and the increasing political uncertainty in Europe during the late 1930s.
13 Jul Frank Sinatra made his recording debut
14 Jul Roosevelt Condemns Government Strikes During WPA Labor Dispute: During a critical period of the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt publicly denounced strikes against government agencies, specifically addressing the ongoing Works Progress Administration (WPA) labor dispute. He emphasized that strikes targeting government operations were fundamentally unacceptable and could potentially undermine the nation's economic recovery efforts. Roosevelt's stance highlighted the complex labor relations during the New Deal era, where government-sponsored employment programs were crucial for millions of unemployed Americans.
15 Jul Clara Adams Completes First Round-the-World Flight by a Woman: Clara Adams from New York City became the first woman to successfully complete a round-the-world flight, marking a significant milestone in aviation history and women's achievements in aerospace exploration.
16 Jul Sir Oswald Mosley's Controversial Speech at Earls Court: On July 16, 1939, British Fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley delivered a provocative speech at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, attended by over 20,000 people. In his address, Mosley advocated for a non-interventionist policy towards Eastern Europe, proposing disarmament in Western Europe, the return of colonies to Germany, and a focus on British imperial interests. His inflammatory rhetoric included a dismissive statement about potential German aggression against Jews, suggesting that Britain should not involve itself in such conflicts. Mosley's speech, delivered just weeks before the outbreak of World War II, exemplified the isolationist and antisemitic sentiments prevalent among some British fascist groups at the time.
17 Jul British Stance on Japanese Tensions in Far East: In a critical diplomatic moment, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain delivered a resolute statement in the House of Commons, firmly declaring that the British government would not alter its policy in the Far East. This statement was a direct response to Japanese diplomatic pressure regarding the tense Tientsin situation, signaling Britain's unwillingness to compromise under external demands.
18 Jul Roosevelt Warns of Impending European War: President Franklin D. Roosevelt met with key senators at the White House to discuss the escalating tensions in Europe. During the meeting, Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull emphasized the imminent threat of war. Senator William Borah of Idaho, however, remained skeptical, confidently asserting that no war would occur before January. When Hull urged Borah to review State Department intelligence cables, the senator dismissively rejected the suggestion, claiming he had superior information sources. This exchange highlighted the significant divide in understanding the geopolitical risks leading up to World War II.
19 Jul SS Heimwehr Danzig Arrests Suspected Marxists: The SS Heimwehr Danzig reported the arrest of twenty individuals they accused of being 'Marxists', alleging a conspiracy to bomb critical infrastructure in anticipation of potential conflict between Germany and Poland. This event highlights the rising tensions and political repression in pre-World War II Europe.
20 Jul Mussolini's Sicilian Land Reform Plan: On July 20, 1939, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini unveiled an ambitious agricultural and infrastructure development plan for Sicily. The proposal aimed to address long-standing land ownership inequalities by breaking up large estates (latifundia), implementing irrigation systems, and facilitating population resettlement. The plan also included provisions for constructing new infrastructure to support economic development in the region.
21 Jul Gandhi's Diplomatic Letter to Hitler Seeking Peace: On July 21, 1939, Mahatma Gandhi, the renowned Indian independence leader and advocate of non-violent resistance, wrote a personal and poignant letter to Adolf Hitler. In this extraordinary diplomatic communication, Gandhi appealed to Hitler's sense of humanity, urging him to prevent the impending global conflict that threatened to plunge the world into unprecedented destruction. The letter was a remarkable attempt to use peaceful dialogue and moral persuasion to avert the catastrophic World War II, reflecting Gandhi's unwavering commitment to non-violence and human understanding, even in the face of rising Nazi aggression.
22 Jul Jane Matilda Bolin Becomes First Black Woman Judge in the United States: On July 22, 1939, Jane Matilda Bolin made history by becoming the first African American woman to serve as a judge in the United States. She was appointed to the New York City Domestic Relations Court, breaking significant racial and gender barriers in the American judicial system. Bolin's groundbreaking achievement was a pivotal moment for civil rights and representation in the legal profession.
23 Jul Gandhi's Personal Letter to Hitler: On July 23, 1939, Mahatma Gandhi, the renowned Indian spiritual and political leader, wrote a remarkable personal letter to Adolf Hitler, addressing him as "My friend" and passionately appealing for peace. In this extraordinary diplomatic communication, Gandhi sought to prevent the impending global conflict by urging Hitler to reconsider his aggressive expansionist policies and avoid a war that could devastate humanity. The letter exemplified Gandhi's unwavering commitment to non-violence and his belief in the power of peaceful dialogue, even with a leader known for extreme brutality.
24 Jul Oswald Mosley's Controversial Pre-WWII Speech: British Fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley delivered a provocative speech at the Earls Court Exhibition Centre, advocating for a non-interventionist policy towards Eastern Europe. He proposed a controversial plan involving disarmament in Western Europe, returning colonies to Germany, and isolating the British Empire. Mosley's speech was marked by antisemitic rhetoric and a dismissive attitude towards potential German aggression against Jewish populations.
25 Jul First Girl Guide World Camp Convenes: Pax Ting, the inaugural global Girl Guide and Girl Scout World Camp, was inaugurated in Gödöllő, Hungary. The event was a significant international gathering, bringing together 5,800 Girl Guides from diverse countries, symbolizing global youth solidarity and cross-cultural understanding.
26 Jul U.S. Terminates Commerce Treaty with Japan: The United States officially gave Japan six months' notice of terminating the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, signaling growing diplomatic tensions and potential conflict in the lead-up to World War II.
27 Jul Birth of Irv Cross, NFL Sportscaster: Irv Cross, a pioneering African American sportscaster for CBS-TV, was born on July 27, 1939. He would later become a notable sports broadcaster, particularly known for his work in NFL coverage, and was an important figure in breaking racial barriers in sports media.
28 Jul Discovery of the Sutton Hoo Helmet: Archaeologists uncover the remarkable Anglo-Saxon Sutton Hoo helmet, a pivotal find that provides unprecedented insights into early medieval craftsmanship and royal burial practices in England. The helmet, intricately decorated and remarkably preserved, represents one of the most significant archaeological discoveries of the 20th century.
31 Jul Britain and France Initiate Military Negotiations with Soviet Union: In a significant diplomatic move, Britain and France announced the commencement of high-level military talks in Moscow, aimed at negotiating a potential strategic alliance with the Soviet Union. These negotiations were taking place against the backdrop of rising tensions in Europe and the growing threat of Nazi Germany's expansionist policies.
01 Aug German Invasion of Poland - Start of World War II: On August 1, 1939, Nazi Germany launched a massive, unprovoked military invasion of Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. The German Wehrmacht deployed an overwhelming force of 60 divisions, totaling approximately 1.5 million soldiers, supported by a formidable mechanized and aerial assault. The invasion force included over 2,000 tanks, nearly 900 bombers, and more than 400 fighter planes, demonstrating Germany's strategic military superiority and aggressive expansionist intentions. This coordinated attack, known as the September Campaign or Fall Weiss (Case White), swiftly overwhelmed Polish defenses and set the stage for the global conflict that would follow.
02 Aug Einstein and Szilard Warn Roosevelt About Nuclear Potential: Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard collaborate on a critical letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, alerting him to the potential development of an atomic weapon by Nazi Germany and urging the United States to begin research into nuclear technology. This historic communication would ultimately lead to the Manhattan Project, a secret research and development program that would dramatically alter the course of World War II and global geopolitics.
03 Aug Nazi Persecution of Jewish Doctors: In a stark escalation of antisemitic policies, Nazi Germany nullified the medical licenses of all Jewish doctors, systematically removing Jewish professionals from the healthcare system and marking another devastating step in the regime's persecution of Jewish citizens.
04 Aug British Parliament Prorogued Before World War II: Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain officially dismisses the British Parliament, scheduling its reconvening for October 3rd, 1939. This prorogation occurs during a critical period of escalating international tensions, just weeks before the outbreak of World War II.
05 Aug The Thirteen Roses Execution: On August 5, 1939, thirteen young female members of the Unified Socialist Youth were executed by Francoist forces in Madrid, Spain. These women, known as 'Las Trece Rosas' (The Thirteen Roses), were primarily young activists who were killed in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, symbolizing the brutal repression of political dissidents during Francisco Franco's regime.
06 Aug Dinah Shore Radio Debut: Dinah Shore, a renowned American singer, actress, and television personality, made her first national radio broadcast on NBC, marking the beginning of her influential media career.
07 Aug Pre-World War II Period - Tensions Rising: While no specific documented event is recorded for this exact date, August 1939 was a critical period of escalating international tensions preceding World War II. Just days before the Nazi invasion of Poland, diplomatic and military preparations were intensifying across Europe. The world was on the brink of a massive global conflict, with Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union secretly negotiating the Molotov-Ribbentrop Non-Aggression Pact, which would be signed on August 23, 1939.
08 Aug Large-Scale British Air Defence Demonstration: On August 8, 1939, the United Kingdom conducted an extensive air defence exercise involving 1,300 military aircraft. This massive aerial demonstration was a critical preparatory measure in the weeks leading up to World War II, showcasing Britain's military readiness and air power capabilities. The test was designed to assess the Royal Air Force's defensive strategies, coordination, and response times in anticipation of potential aerial threats.
09 Aug Romano Prodi Becomes European Commission President: Romano Prodi, a prominent Italian politician and economist, assumed the role of President of the European Commission, serving from 1999 to 2004. During his tenure, he played a crucial role in advancing European integration, overseeing significant policy developments and preparing for the expansion of the European Union to include several Eastern European countries.
10 Aug Formation of De Geer Government with Social Democrats: On August 10, 1939, the second Dutch government led by Dirk Jan de Geer was formed, marking a significant political milestone as it was the first Dutch government to include Social Democrats in its coalition. This development reflected the evolving political landscape of the Netherlands in the late 1930s, just before the outbreak of World War II.
11 Aug Sergei Rachmaninoff's Final European Concert Performance: On August 11, 1939, renowned Russian composer and pianist Sergei Rachmaninoff gave his last concert performance in Europe before the impending outbreak of World War II. This poignant moment marked the end of an era for the celebrated musician, who would soon emigrate permanently to the United States, leaving behind the continent of his birth.
12 Aug Tripartite Military Negotiations in Moscow: Military representatives from the Soviet Union, France, and Britain convened in Moscow to explore potential strategic alliance options amid rising tensions in Europe. These discussions were critical in the lead-up to World War II, as the major powers sought diplomatic and military solutions to the growing threat of Nazi Germany's expansionist policies.
13 Aug Count Ciano's Ominous Warning About German Aggression: Count Galeazzo Ciano, Italian Foreign Minister and son-in-law of Benito Mussolini, returned to Italy with a grave assessment of the impending European conflict. After diplomatic discussions, he was convinced that Nazi Germany was irrevocably committed to war. In his personal diary, he dramatically noted that Germany was 'possessed by the demon of destruction' and would likely initiate conflict regardless of diplomatic concessions.
14 Aug First Night Baseball Game at Comiskey Park: On August 14, 1939, Comiskey Park in Chicago hosted its inaugural night baseball game, marking a significant milestone in baseball history. The Chicago White Sox defeated the Saint Louis Browns 5-2 under the lights, ushering in a new era of baseball entertainment that would transform the sport's viewing experience. Night games allowed working-class fans to attend matches after their workday and dramatically increased stadium attendance and revenue.
15 Aug The Wizard of Oz Hollywood Premiere: The iconic MGM musical 'The Wizard of Oz', starring Judy Garland, premiered at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles, California. This landmark film would go on to become one of the most beloved movies in cinema history.
16 Aug Critical Intelligence Transfer: Enigma Machine Obtained: Captain Bertrand of the French Signals Intelligence provides a Polish-built replica of the German Enigma coding machine and related materials to a British Secret Service Liaison officer, a pivotal moment in intelligence gathering just before World War II.
17 Aug The Wizard of Oz Premieres in New York: The iconic film 'The Wizard of Oz', starring Judy Garland, opens at Loew's Capitol Theater in New York City. This landmark movie, based on L. Frank Baum's beloved children's novel, would go on to become one of the most celebrated films in cinematic history, introducing the world to memorable characters like Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion.
18 Aug German Occupation of Slovakia: On August 18, 1939, Nazi Germany completed its strategic military occupation of Slovakia, effectively transforming the country into a puppet state and expanding its territorial control in Central Europe. This occupation was a critical prelude to World War II, demonstrating Germany's aggressive expansionist policy under Adolf Hitler's leadership.
19 Aug Nazi Germany Prepares for Invasion of Poland: Adolf Hitler orders the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) to initiate preliminary operations for 'Fall Weiss' (Case White), the planned invasion of Poland. German naval vessels and submarines are positioned for the impending military campaign. According to historian William L. Shirer, Hitler was anxious about the timing of negotiations with the Soviet Union, concerned that diplomatic delays might disrupt the invasion schedule.
20 Aug Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Announced: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union shocked the international community by announcing a surprising trade and non-aggression pact, a pivotal diplomatic agreement that would dramatically reshape the geopolitical landscape on the eve of World War II.
21 Aug Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Confirmed: On August 21, 1939, Adolf Hitler received a telegram from Josef Stalin confirming the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, a non-aggression agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Hitler's excited reaction - banging his fist on the table and exclaiming "I have them!" - revealed his strategic satisfaction with the diplomatic breakthrough. This secret protocol effectively divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence, setting the stage for the imminent invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.
22 Aug Hitler's Decisive War Speech to Military Leadership: In a pivotal address to his military commanders-in-chief, Adolf Hitler explicitly announced his strategic decision to invade Poland. During this speech, he outlined his motivations for the impending military action and candidly discussed potential international repercussions, setting the stage for the outbreak of World War II.
23 Aug Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Signed: In a pivotal diplomatic moment, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed a Treaty of Non-Aggression in Moscow. The agreement included a secret protocol that strategically divided Eastern Europe into spheres of influence. The Soviet Union would gain control of eastern Poland, Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Bessarabia, while Germany would control western Poland and Lithuania. This pact shocked the world and set the stage for the imminent invasion of Poland, effectively triggering World War II.
24 Aug Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Signed: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed a 10-year non-aggression pact, secretly agreeing to divide Eastern European territories between themselves. This shocking diplomatic agreement stunned the international community and set the stage for the imminent invasion of Poland.
25 Aug Poland-Britain Mutual Assistance Agreement: In London, a critical Agreement of Mutual Assistance is signed between Poland and Great Britain, establishing a formal military alliance. The treaty stipulates that if Germany attacks either nation, the other will provide military support and defense.
26 Aug Belgium Mobilizes for Potential Conflict: As tensions escalated in Europe, Belgium initiated a national mobilization of its military forces in response to growing geopolitical uncertainties.
27 Aug First Jet Aircraft Flight by Erich Warsitz: On August 27, 1939, German test pilot Erich Warsitz made history by piloting the Heinkel He-178, the world's first jet-propelled aircraft. This groundbreaking flight marked a pivotal moment in aviation technology, demonstrating the potential of jet propulsion and revolutionizing aerospace engineering.
28 Aug German Troop Buildup Observed on Polish Border: British journalist Clare Hollingworth (corrected name spelling) makes a critical observation of massive German military preparations, witnessing 'hundreds of tanks, armored cars, and field guns' positioned along the Polish border, signaling imminent invasion.
29 Aug DUPE - Hitler's Diplomatic Maneuver: Adolf Hitler proposes a diplomatic meeting with Polish leadership, suggesting negotiations. However, this gesture was largely performative, as Warsaw swiftly rejected the invitation to send a delegation to Berlin. This event was part of the escalating tensions that would lead to the invasion of Poland and the start of World War II.
30 Aug Nazi Germany Initiates Invasion of Poland: Adolf Hitler orders German armed forces to launch a strategic military invasion of Poland, marking a critical moment that effectively triggers the start of World War II in Europe.
31 Aug Hitler's Invasion Order: At 12:40 pm on August 31, 1939, Adolf Hitler formally issued orders for military hostilities against Poland, scheduling the invasion to commence at 4:45 the following morning, marking the imminent outbreak of World War II.
01 Sep Nazi Germany Invades Poland, Starting World War II: On September 1, 1939, Nazi Germany launched a comprehensive invasion of Poland from multiple directions, marking the official beginning of World War II in Europe. German forces attacked from three primary directions: Army Group South under Colonel General Gerd von Rundstedt from the west over Silesia, General Johannes Blaskowitz's 8th Army advancing toward Lodz, General Wilhelm List's 14th Army moving to Krakow, and General Walter von Reichenau's forces spearheading an assault toward Warsaw.
02 Sep Luftwaffe Decimates Polish Air Force: On September 2, 1939, the German Luftwaffe effectively destroys the Polish air force during the second day of the invasion, critically undermining Poland's defensive capabilities and accelerating the country's military defeat.
03 Sep Britain Declares War on Germany: At 1110 hours London time, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain officially declares that the United Kingdom is at war with Germany, marking the formal start of World War II in Western Europe.
04 Sep Poland-France Mutual Assistance Protocol Signed: A strategic Protocol of Mutual Assistance is signed between Poland and France, establishing military cooperation in response to German aggression during the early stages of World War II.
05 Sep United States Declares Neutrality in World War II: The United States formally declares its neutrality in the escalating global conflict, marking an initial stance of non-intervention at the war's outbreak.
06 Sep German Invasion of Poland: German forces capture Cracow, Poland, as part of the broader invasion that marks the beginning of World War II, signaling the aggressive expansion of Nazi Germany into Eastern Europe.
07 Sep Westerplatte Fortress Surrenders in World War II: At 1100 hours, Polish defenders of the Westerplatte Fortress in Danzig Harbor (now Gdańsk, Poland) surrender after a heroic multi-day defense against German invasion, marking a significant early moment in World War II.
08 Sep German Invasion of Warsaw Begins: At 0515 hours, the first German troops enter the Polish capital Warsaw, marking a critical moment in the early stages of World War II's invasion of Poland.
09 Sep Battle of the Bzura Begins: Polish Poznań Army, led by General Kutrzeba, launched the Battle of the Bzura, the largest and most organized Polish counter-offensive of the 1939 campaign. Initially successful, the Polish forces temporarily forced German units to retreat, but were ultimately overwhelmed by German mechanized units and Luftwaffe air superiority.
10 Sep Canada Declares War on Germany: At 1:10 PM in Ottawa, Canada, the Governor-General of Canada, Lord Tweedsmuir, officially announces that the Canadian Parliament has declared war on Germany, effective from the start of the day. This declaration marks Canada's formal entry into World War II, demonstrating the country's commitment to supporting the Allied powers against Nazi aggression.
11 Sep British Government Rejects Peace with Hitler: The British Ministry of Information officially declares that the British Government would not negotiate or conclude peace with any German government led by Adolf Hitler, signaling a firm stance against Nazi leadership during the early stages of World War II.
12 Sep Anglo-French War Council Delays Military Action: The Anglo-French Supreme War Council strategically decided to postpone military operations against Germany on September 12, 1939, likely to assess military readiness and coordinate allied strategies in the early days of World War II.
13 Sep Nazi Germany Annexes Free City of Danzig: Germany annexes the Free City of Danzig (modern Gdańsk, Poland), forcibly overwhelming Polish resistance at the city's Post Office, marking a significant territorial expansion and escalation of hostilities in the early stages of World War II.
14 Sep German Forces Encircle Warsaw: German military troops successfully complete the strategic encirclement of Warsaw, Poland, effectively trapping Polish defenders and isolating the city from potential reinforcements.
15 Sep German Wehrmacht Besieges Warsaw: During World War II, various elements of the German Wehrmacht surrounded Warsaw and demanded its surrender. The Polish forces categorically refused, marking the beginning of an intense siege that would become a significant moment in the early stages of the war.
16 Sep Border War Between Soviet Union and Japan Ends: A ceasefire is declared in the undeclared Border War between the Soviet Union (with Mongolian allies) and Japan, temporarily reducing tensions in the region.
17 Sep Soviet Invasion of Eastern Poland: At 0400 hours, Soviet Russian armies crossed the entire eastern frontier of Poland, claiming the Polish State no longer exists. They justified their invasion by stating they were 'protecting their own interests and the White Russian and Ukrainian minorities'.
18 Sep German-Soviet Invasion and Partition of Poland: Russian and German military forces converge in Poland, meeting at strategic locations like Vilna and Brest-Litovsk. A joint German-Soviet military commission convenes to draft plans for the systematic partition of Polish territory, marking a critical moment in the early stages of World War II.
19 Sep Hitler's Speech on Poland's Fate: Adolf Hitler delivers a pivotal speech in Danzig, declaring that Poland's future will be determined by Germany and Russia. He claims to have accepted the western border and emphasizes no war aims against Britain or France, signaling the early stages of the Nazi invasion of Poland.
20 Sep German Army Declares Polish Campaign Complete: German Colonel General Walther von Brauchitsch announces the completion of military operations in Poland. In just twenty days of warfare, German forces have occupied approximately 100,000 square miles of territory and captured 400,000 Polish prisoners, marking a swift and decisive conquest.
21 Sep Heydrich's Meeting on Jewish 'Final Solution': Reinhard Heydrich convened a critical meeting in Berlin to discuss the Nazi plan for the systematic removal and persecution of Jewish populations, marking an early stage of the Holocaust.
22 Sep Soviet Forces Occupy Polish Cities: Soviet military forces occupied the strategically important Polish cities of Brest-Litovsk and Bialystok as part of the coordinated invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, marking a critical moment in the early stages of World War II.
23 Sep Cookie Lavagetto's Historic Baseball Performance: On September 23, 1939, Brooklyn Dodgers player Cookie Lavagetto achieved an extraordinary batting performance, going 6 for 6 at the plate during a remarkable game against the Philadelphia Phillies. The Dodgers overwhelmingly dominated the game, securing a stunning 22-4 victory and recording an impressive 27 total hits.
24 Sep Massive German Bombing of Warsaw: On September 24, 1939, a massive aerial assault was launched by Germany, with 1,150 aircraft bombing the city of Warsaw during the early stages of World War II.
25 Sep Warsaw Falls to Nazi Germany: On September 25, 1939, the city of Warsaw was captured by Nazi German forces, representing a critical moment in the invasion of Poland and signaling the imminent collapse of Polish resistance during the initial phase of World War II.
26 Sep First German Aircraft Shot Down by British Forces in WWII: On September 26, 1939, the Luftwaffe attempted to attack the British Home Fleet between Scotland and the Skaggerak. During this engagement, a Dornier Do 18 was shot down by a Blackburn Skua fighter from the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, marking the first German aircraft destroyed by British forces in World War II.
27 Sep Warsaw Falls to German Forces: At 2010 hours, Warsaw, Poland officially surrenders to German troops after a grueling 21-day siege during the opening stages of World War II. The city's resistance was heroic but ultimately overwhelmed by superior German military force and aerial bombardment.
28 Sep German-Soviet Treaty of Frontier Regulation and Friendship: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed a treaty in Leningrad, finalizing the partition of Poland. The agreement, negotiated by German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and Soviet Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov, transferred control of Lithuania to the Soviet Union and redrew territorial boundaries in Eastern Europe.
29 Sep Invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union: On September 29, 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union launched a coordinated invasion of Poland, effectively partitioning the country between them. This event marked the beginning of World War II in Europe, with both totalitarian powers executing a pre-planned strategy to eliminate Poland's sovereignty. The invasion was a direct result of the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed in August 1939, which divided Eastern European territories between Germany and the Soviet Union.
30 Sep Nazi-Soviet Partition of Poland: Germany and Soviet Russia agree to partition Poland, a devastating diplomatic agreement that effectively divides and conquers Polish territory at the start of World War II.
01 Oct Fall of Warsaw: After a grueling one-month siege that demonstrated the fierce resistance of Polish forces, hostile forces successfully entered Warsaw, marking a critical moment in the early stages of World War II and signaling the imminent defeat of Poland.
02 Oct Pan-American Neutrality Zone Established: During a significant pan-American conference, a strategic 300-mile wide neutrality zone was established off the coasts of the Americas. This diplomatic measure excluded Canada and European colonial territories, aiming to create a protective buffer during the early stages of World War II.
03 Oct German Submarine U-35 Sinks Greek Cargo Ship: The German submarine U-35 torpedoed and sank the Greek cargo ship Diamantis west of the Isles of Scilly. Demonstrating an unusual act of maritime compassion, the U-35 rescued all 28 crew members and safely transported them to Dingle Bay, Ireland the following day.
04 Oct Fall of Poland in World War II: The last Polish military units officially surrender, marking the complete conquest of Poland by Nazi Germany and Soviet forces during the September Campaign. This event signaled the end of Poland's initial resistance and the beginning of brutal occupation.
05 Oct US Navy Establishes Hawaiian Detachment: On October 5, 1939, the United States Navy officially opened its Hawaiian Detachment at Pearl Harbor in the Territory of Hawaii. This strategic military installation would later become critically important following the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941, marking the United States' entry into World War II.
06 Oct Hitler's Anti-Semitic Rhetoric: Hitler publicly announces plans to 'regulate' the Jewish population, an ominous prelude to the systematic persecution and genocide that would follow during the Holocaust.
07 Oct Himmler Establishes Commission for German Nationhood: Heinrich Himmler established the Commission for the Strengthening of German Nationhood, a sinister initiative aimed at systematically eliminating populations deemed 'inferior' and forcibly deporting German Jews to Poland, marking an escalation of Nazi racial policies.
08 Oct Germany Annexes Western Poland During World War II: As part of the ongoing German invasion of Poland, Nazi Germany formally annexed the western territories of Poland into the Third Reich, marking a significant escalation of territorial aggression in the early stages of World War II.
09 Oct Hitler's Directive No. 6 for Western Offensive: Adolf Hitler issued Directive No. 6 outlining a strategic military offensive through Luxembourg, Belgium, and Holland. The directive detailed plans for a comprehensive military campaign aimed at defeating the French Army, securing strategic territories in Western Europe, and establishing a protective buffer zone for the critical Ruhr industrial region. Hitler's primary motivation was to preempt potential Allied invasion and create a strategic advantage against British forces.
10 Oct Final Polish Military Surrender to Germany: The last remaining units of the Polish military officially surrender to German forces, marking the complete military defeat of Poland during the September Campaign of 1939. This event signifies the end of Poland's resistance and the successful German invasion, which began on September 1st, 1939.
11 Oct Einstein Warns Roosevelt About Atomic Potential: Albert Einstein writes a critical letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt, alerting him to the potential development of an atomic weapon by Nazi Germany and the urgent need for the United States to begin nuclear research.
12 Oct France Rejects Hitler's Peace Proposal: French Premier Édouard Daladier firmly declines Adolf Hitler's peace overtures, demonstrating France's commitment to resisting German expansionism and maintaining its diplomatic stance against Nazi Germany's aggressive policies.
13 Oct German Submarine U-40 Sinks in English Channel: During the early stages of World War II, the German submarine U-40 struck a mine and sank in the English Channel. This incident highlighted the dangerous maritime conditions and the significant risks faced by submarine crews during naval warfare in 1939.
14 Oct Sinking of HMS Royal Oak: In a daring and devastating naval operation during the early stages of World War II, German U-boat U-47, commanded by Günther Prien, successfully infiltrated the British Royal Navy's primary anchorage at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands, Scotland. The submarine torpedoed the British battleship HMS Royal Oak, causing her to sink rapidly. The attack resulted in the tragic loss of 833 British sailors, marking a significant early psychological blow to British naval supremacy.
15 Oct Antarctic Treaty Conference Begins: The final conference on the Antarctic Treaty convenes in Washington, D.C., initiating a six-week negotiation process that would result in 12 countries signing an agreement to preserve Antarctica for peaceful scientific research, establishing a groundbreaking international cooperation model.
16 Oct German Troops Cross Western Frontier into France: German military forces advanced across the western frontier into French territory, engaging in a battle that resulted in the loss of twenty tanks during the initial stages of World War II.
17 Oct German U-boats Attack British Atlantic Convoy: On October 17, 1939, German U-boats launched their first coordinated submarine attack against British Atlantic convoy HG-3. In this strategic maritime engagement, three German submarines successfully sank three Allied merchant ships, marking an early and significant naval operation of World War II that demonstrated the German Navy's emerging submarine warfare tactics.
18 Oct Hitler's Directive for Western Front Invasion: Adolf Hitler issued Directive No. 7, which outlined strategic preparations for a potential attack in the Western European theater. This directive was a critical military planning document that would later contribute to the German invasion strategies during World War II.
19 Oct Anglo-French-Turkish Mutual Assistance Treaty: On October 19, 1939, Turkey signed a strategic Treaty of Mutual Assistance with Great Britain and France in Ankara (formerly Angora). The treaty established a critical diplomatic agreement wherein France and Great Britain committed to providing military support if Turkey were to enter World War II or be attacked by Axis powers. This diplomatic arrangement was particularly significant given the geopolitical tensions of the early stages of World War II, aiming to secure Turkey's strategic position and potential alliance.
20 Oct Pope Pius XII Issues First Encyclical: Pope Pius XII publishes his first papal encyclical, Summi pontificatus, addressing critical global issues of the time, including racism, totalitarian dictators, and international treaty violations.
21 Oct First United States Advisory Committee on Uranium Meeting: On October 21, 1939, the first meeting of the United States Advisory Committee on Uranium was held under the chairmanship of Lyman Briggs. This pivotal meeting would later contribute to the development of the Manhattan Project and the eventual creation of the atomic bomb during World War II.
22 Oct First Television Broadcast of an NFL Game: On October 22, 1939, a groundbreaking moment in sports broadcasting occurred when the Philadelphia Eagles played against the Brooklyn Dodgers in the first televised National Football League game. This historic event marked a significant milestone in the intersection of sports and media technology, introducing professional football to a broader audience through the emerging medium of television.
23 Oct Birth of Zane Grey, Influential Western Novelist: Zane Grey, a pioneering American author renowned for his Western fiction, was born on this date in 1872. Grey would become one of the most popular writers of the early 20th century, helping to shape the Western genre and romanticize the American frontier through his numerous novels and stories. His works, such as 'Riders of the Purple Sage', significantly influenced popular perceptions of the Old West and inspired many subsequent Western literature and film narratives.
24 Oct First Nylon Stockings Introduced to Market: DuPont introduces nylon stockings for the first time in Wilmington, Delaware, marking a significant moment in textile and fashion history. This innovation would revolutionize women's hosiery and demonstrate the potential of synthetic materials.
25 Oct Antisemitic Discrimination in Włocławek: In Nazi-occupied Poland, the administration of Włocławek mandates that Jewish residents wear yellow badges, a discriminatory measure designed to publicly identify and marginalize the Jewish population, foreshadowing the Holocaust.
26 Oct Nazi Forced Labor of Polish Jews: On October 26, 1939, Nazi authorities implemented a systematic forced labor policy targeting Polish Jews, effectively initiating a brutal system of slave labor that would become a hallmark of the Holocaust. This discriminatory practice was part of the broader Nazi strategy of economic exploitation and dehumanization of Jewish populations.
27 Oct Pope Pius XII Publishes Encyclical Summi Pontificatus: Pope Pius XII issued the landmark encyclical Summi Pontificatus, a powerful theological and moral statement that explicitly denounced totalitarian ideologies and racial discrimination. The document emphasized universal human dignity and compassion, offering a critical moral stance against the rising nationalist and racist movements in Europe during the early stages of World War II.
28 Oct First German Aircraft Shot Down Over Britain: A British Spitfire fighter aircraft successfully shot down a German Heinkel He 111 bomber over Scotland, marking an important early aerial combat victory for the Royal Air Force during World War II.
29 Oct Anti-German Demonstrations in Czechoslovakia: Widespread anti-German demonstrations and strikes erupted in Czechoslovakia, reflecting growing tensions and resistance against Nazi Germany's expanding influence in the region during the early stages of World War II.
30 Oct Nazi-Soviet Partition of Poland: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union finalize their secret agreement to divide Poland between them, following their joint invasion earlier that month. As part of this agreement, Adolf Hitler initiates the systematic deportation of Jewish populations from occupied territories.
31 Oct Mussolini Reshuffles Military and Political Leadership: On October 31, 1939, Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini conducted a significant leadership purge, dismissing three key military chiefs (Alberto Pariani, Giuseppe Valle, and Luigi Russo) and two cabinet ministers. This administrative shake-up reflected the internal tensions and strategic recalibrations within the Italian government on the eve of World War II.
01 Nov Oslo Report: Critical Intelligence Leak: Physicist Hans Ferdinand Mayer compiled and passed the Oslo Report to British Secret Intelligence Service, providing crucial intelligence about German weapons systems during the early stages of World War II.
02 Nov Soviet Invasion of Finland: The Winter War Begins: On November 2, 1939, the Soviet Union launched a surprise military invasion of Finland without issuing a formal declaration of war. This aggressive action initiated the Winter War, a conflict that would demonstrate Finland's remarkable resistance against the significantly larger Soviet military force. The Soviet Union, under Joseph Stalin's leadership, sought to annex Finnish territory and expand its geopolitical influence, but encountered fierce and unexpected resistance from the Finnish military and population.
03 Nov Nazi Germany Annexes Free City of Danzig: The Free City of Danzig, a strategically important port city with a predominantly German population, is forcibly incorporated into the Third Reich. The final resistance at the Polish Post Office is brutally suppressed, marking another significant territorial expansion by Nazi Germany in the lead-up to World War II. This annexation further destabilizes the political landscape of Eastern Europe and demonstrates Germany's aggressive territorial ambitions.
04 Nov Sonderaktion Krakau: Nazi Action Against Polish Academics: During the early stages of World War II, German forces initiate Sonderaktion Krakau, a targeted operation against scientists and academics from the University of Kraków and other local universities, representing a brutal suppression of intellectual freedom.
05 Nov Failed Assassination Attempt on Adolf Hitler: On November 5, 1939, a significant assassination attempt was made against Adolf Hitler at the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich. The plot, which ultimately failed, was part of a broader resistance movement against the Nazi regime. A bomb was planted with the intention of eliminating Hitler, but the Führer survived, which would have profound implications for the course of World War II and global history.
06 Nov Sonderaktion Krakau: Nazi Assault on Polish Academia: During World War II, the Nazi German forces launched a brutal operation targeting Polish intellectuals in Krakow, known as Sonderaktion Krakau. This systematic attack was designed to decimate the academic leadership of Poland by arresting and deporting university professors, effectively attempting to destroy the intellectual infrastructure of the Polish nation.
07 Nov World War II: Global Tensions Escalate: By November 7, 1939, World War II was in its early stages, with Nazi Germany having invaded Poland on September 1st, triggering declarations of war from Britain and France. While no specific singular event is documented for this exact date, the global geopolitical landscape was intensely volatile. Europe was experiencing significant military mobilization, diplomatic tensions, and the early phases of what would become the most destructive conflict in human history.
08 Nov Assassination Attempt on Hitler in Munich: At 2120 hours, a powerful bomb exploded in the Bürgerbräukeller in Munich, killing eight people and injuring sixty-three. The bomb was strategically placed by Georg Elser in a gap beneath a wooden panel, with some historians speculating potential involvement of Heinrich Himmler in the plot. The explosion occurred just fifteen minutes after Adolf Hitler had left the building, narrowly missing the Nazi leader.
09 Nov Hitler Survives Assassination Attempt: At the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, Adolf Hitler narrowly escapes death when a bomb planted by communist Georg Elser fails to kill him, marking a significant moment in World War II history.
10 Nov Finnish Nobel Laureate in Literature: Finnish author Frans Emil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, becoming the first Finnish writer to receive this prestigious international recognition. His works often depicted rural Finnish life and human experiences with profound psychological depth.
11 Nov Kate Smith Debuts "God Bless America": On November 11, 1939, renowned singer Kate Smith first performed Irving Berlin's patriotic anthem "God Bless America" on her radio program. The song, written by Berlin in 1918 and revised in 1938, would become a significant cultural touchstone during World War II, symbolizing American unity and national pride. Smith's powerful rendition helped popularize the song, transforming it from a relatively obscure composition to a beloved national hymn.
12 Nov French Diplomatic Response to German Aggression: In response to German territorial expansions, France declared that any peace negotiations would require Germany to first address and rectify the forceful annexations of Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. This statement highlighted the diplomatic tensions and France's principled stance against Nazi territorial aggression in the lead-up to World War II.
13 Nov Finnish Delegation Rejects Soviet Demands: The Finnish diplomatic delegation in Moscow definitively refused Soviet territorial demands and subsequently terminated the ongoing negotiations, marking a critical moment of diplomatic tension preceding the Winter War.
14 Nov Polish Government Establishes Exile Headquarters in London: Following the Nazi invasion of Poland in September 1939, the Polish government officially relocated its administrative operations to London, United Kingdom. This strategic move allowed the Polish leadership to continue resistance efforts, coordinate with Allied powers, and maintain governmental continuity during World War II, symbolizing Poland's determination to resist German occupation.
15 Nov Nazi Mass Murder of Warsaw Jews Begins: The Nazi German forces initiated systematic mass killings of Jewish residents in Warsaw, marking an escalation of the Holocaust and the brutal persecution of Jewish populations in occupied Poland.
16 Nov France Delivers Ultimatum to Germany: The French Government issued a final diplomatic ultimatum to Germany, which went unanswered. This critical moment effectively brought France into World War II, marking a significant escalation of the conflict.
17 Nov Nazi Persecution of Czech Students: On November 17, 1939, the Nazi regime executed nine Czech students in a brutal crackdown following anti-Nazi demonstrations prompted by the death of Jan Opletal. As part of this systematic oppression, all Czech universities were forcibly shut down, and over 1,200 students were deported to concentration camps. This horrific event became a pivotal moment in resistance against Nazi tyranny, leading to the establishment of International Students' Day, which is now commemorated annually in many countries, particularly in the Czech Republic.
18 Nov Dutch Passenger Ship Simon Bolivar Sunk by German Mine: On November 18, 1939, during the early stages of World War II, the Netherlands KNSM passenger ship Simon Bolivar struck a German naval mine in the North Sea, approximately 20 miles off the coast of Harwich, England. The maritime disaster resulted in the tragic loss of 86 lives out of approximately 400 passengers and crew on board. This event highlighted the dangerous maritime conditions during the early period of World War II, with naval mines posing significant risks to civilian shipping.
19 Nov Warsaw Ghetto Isolation Begins: Nazi German authorities officially announced the establishment of barricades around the Warsaw Ghetto, marking the beginning of strict control and segregation of Jewish districts. This action was a critical early step in the systematic isolation and persecution of Jewish populations during World War II.
20 Nov Nazi Regime Escalates Anti-Semitic Economic Persecution: In a severe escalation of anti-Semitic policies, Nazi Germany blocked all Jewish assets in banks within the General Government (occupied Polish territories). Simultaneously, Adolf Hitler issued Directive No. 8, which outlined further preparations for military operations in Western Europe, signaling the impending expansion of the war.
21 Nov British Government Declares Naval Blockade Against Germany: In response to maritime incidents including the sinking of the SS Athenia and SS Simon Bolivar, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announced in the House of Commons that the British government would implement a comprehensive blockade. German exports and goods of German origin would be subject to seizure on international waters, escalating economic warfare during the early stages of World War II.
22 Nov British Capture of German Magnetic Mine Reveals Critical Intelligence: During World War II, the German Luftwaffe accidentally dropped an intact magnetic mine near Shoeburyness at the mouth of the Thames Estuary. This unexpected incident provided British Admiralty scientists with an unprecedented opportunity to closely examine and comprehend the sophisticated mechanism of German naval mine technology. By studying the unexploded device, British experts could develop effective countermeasures and defensive strategies against this advanced naval weapon, significantly enhancing their maritime defense capabilities.
23 Nov World War II: HMS is sunk by the German battleships and .
24 Nov Soviet Shelling of Mainila: In a calculated false flag operation, Soviet artillery deliberately shelled the Finnish border village of Mainila, creating a fabricated pretext for invasion. This provocative incident marked the beginning of the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland, showcasing Soviet strategic deception and territorial aggression.
25 Nov World War II: Quiet Period in European Theater: On November 25, 1939, during the early stages of World War II, tensions remained high across Europe following the German invasion of Poland in September. While no major military engagements were recorded on this specific date, the conflict was simmering, with both Allied and Axis powers preparing their strategic positions. The period was characterized by diplomatic maneuvering and military preparations, known as the 'Phoney War' or 'Sitzkrieg', where active combat was minimal but the threat of escalation was constant.
26 Nov Shelling of Mainila: Soviet False Flag Operation: The Soviet Army deliberately orchestrated a staged artillery attack on the village of Mainila near the Finnish-Russian border, creating a fabricated pretext for military intervention. This calculated provocation was designed to provide a false justification for launching the Winter War against Finland, a significant geopolitical manipulation that would soon lead to armed conflict.
27 Nov World War II Period - No Specific Event Recorded: While no specific historical event was documented for November 27, 1939, this date falls within the early stages of World War II. By this time, Nazi Germany had already invaded Poland in September, triggering the war's outbreak. The European powers were in a state of heightened tension, with military preparations and strategic movements ongoing across the continent.
28 Nov Soviet Abrogation of Non-Aggression Pact with Finland: The Soviet government unilaterally revokes the non-attack treaty with Finland, signaling escalating tensions and setting the stage for the imminent Winter War. This diplomatic action represents a critical moment in Soviet expansionist policies preceding World War II.
29 Nov Soviet Union Severs Diplomatic Ties with Finland: The Soviet Union officially terminates diplomatic relations with Finland, escalating tensions in the lead-up to the Winter War. This diplomatic rupture signals the imminent military conflict between the two nations, which would begin shortly after this date.
30 Nov Soviet Invasion of Finland - Winter War Begins: The Soviet Union launches a military offensive against Finland, initiating the Winter War. Soviet forces conduct air raids on Helsinki and cross the Finnish border with substantial military resources, marking the start of a significant conflict during the early stages of World War II.
01 Dec Nazi Deportation of Polish Jews Begins: SS-Führer Heinrich Himmler initiates the systematic deportation of Polish Jews, marking a critical and horrific moment in the early stages of the Holocaust. This event represents the beginning of a systematic persecution and forced relocation of Jewish populations under Nazi control.
02 Dec La Guardia Airport Begins Operations: On December 2, 1939, New York's La Guardia Airport officially began operations when an airliner from Chicago landed precisely one minute after midnight, marking a significant milestone in American aviation infrastructure.
03 Dec Soviet Invasion of Finland during Winter War: Soviet forces advanced into Finnish territory, forcing Finnish troops to strategically retreat to the heavily fortified Mannerheim Line, a defensive border fortification designed to resist potential Soviet invasion. This event marks a critical moment in the Winter War, highlighting Finland's resistance against Soviet territorial aggression.
04 Dec HMS Nelson Mine Strike During World War II: During World War II, the British battleship HMS Nelson was struck by a mine laid by the German submarine U-31 off the Scottish coast. The damage was significant enough to require extensive repairs, and the vessel was laid up in dry dock until August 1940, effectively removing a key naval asset from active service during a critical period of the early war.
05 Dec Soviet Army Halted at Mannerheim Line During Winter War: During the Winter War, the Soviet Army's initial advances were decisively stopped by the formidable Finnish defensive fortifications known as the Mannerheim Line. This strategic defensive position, named after Finnish military leader Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim, proved to be a significant obstacle for Soviet forces attempting to invade Finland.
06 Dec Battle of Taipale Begins in Winter War: The Battle of Taipale commenced as part of the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland. This battle was a significant engagement in the conflict, taking place in the Karelian Isthmus and representing Finland's determined defense against Soviet invasion.
07 Dec Nordic Countries Declare Neutrality in Soviet-Finnish War: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Italy officially declared their neutrality in the ongoing conflict between the Soviet Union and Finland, known as the Winter War. This diplomatic stance reflected the complex geopolitical tensions of the early stages of World War II, with these nations seeking to avoid direct involvement in the military confrontation between the Soviet Union and Finland.
08 Dec World War II Ongoing Period: While no specific event was initially recorded for December 8, 1939, this date falls within the early stages of World War II, which began on September 1, 1939, with Germany's invasion of Poland. During this period, global tensions were high, and many countries were preparing for potential conflict or aligning their strategic positions.
09 Dec Soviet Air Raid on Helsinki during Winter War: On December 9, 1939, the Soviet Air Force conducted a strategic bombing raid on Helsinki, the capital of Finland, marking a significant escalation in the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland. The aerial attack targeted civilian infrastructure and was part of the Soviet Union's broader military campaign to pressure Finland into territorial concessions.
10 Dec 1939 Nobel Prize Awards Ceremony: The Nobel Prize ceremony was held in Stockholm, with notable recipients including Ernest Lawrence (Physics), Adolf Butenandt and Leopold Ružička (Chemistry), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine), and Frans Eemil Sillanpää (Literature). Due to World War II tensions, some German laureates were initially forced to decline their awards, later accepting them after the war.
11 Dec Anti-Jewish Measures Implemented in Poland: During the early stages of World War II, the Nazi-occupied Polish territories saw the implementation of discriminatory anti-Jewish policies, marking an escalation of persecution against the Jewish population. These measures were part of the broader systematic oppression that would eventually lead to the Holocaust.
12 Dec Winter War: Battle of Tolvajärvi: During the Winter War, Finnish forces achieved a significant strategic victory against Soviet troops at the Battle of Tolvajärvi. This engagement marked a crucial moment in Finland's resistance against Soviet invasion, demonstrating the Finnish military's tactical prowess and determination in defending their homeland.
13 Dec Battle of the River Plate: The Battle of the River Plate was a significant naval engagement fought off the coast of Uruguay during the early stages of World War II. The German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, commanded by Captain Hans Langsdorff, engaged three Royal Navy cruisers: HMS Exeter, HMNZS Achilles, and HMS Ajax. This naval battle was the first major naval confrontation of World War II in the South Atlantic, demonstrating the German Navy's commerce raiding strategy and the British Royal Navy's efforts to protect maritime trade routes.
14 Dec Soviet Union Expelled from League of Nations over Winter War: On December 14, 1939, the League of Nations officially expelled the Soviet Union for its aggressive invasion of Finland, known as the Winter War. This diplomatic action was a significant international condemnation of Soviet military aggression against Finland.
15 Dec Gone with the Wind Premiere in Atlanta: The epic historical romance film 'Gone with the Wind', starring Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Leslie Howard, and Olivia de Havilland, receives its world premiere at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia. The film would go on to become the highest inflation-adjusted grossing film in cinema history.
16 Dec Finnish Ski Troops Introduce Molotov Cocktails in Winter War: During the Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union, Finnish ski troops pioneered the use of improvised incendiary weapons known as 'Molotov Cocktails'. These homemade explosive devices became a crucial defensive tool for Finnish forces fighting against Soviet tanks and infantry, showcasing innovative guerrilla warfare tactics.
17 Dec Canadian Troops Arrive in Britain: The first contingent of Canadian military forces arrived in the United Kingdom, marking Canada's formal military commitment to the Allied war effort in World War II. This deployment signaled Canada's significant role in supporting Britain and fighting against Axis powers.
18 Dec First Major Air Battle of World War II: The Battle of the Heligoland Bight marked the first significant aerial engagement of World War II, taking place over the North Sea near the German Heligoland islands. This battle was a crucial early test of aerial combat strategies and technologies.
19 Dec Soviet Attack on Finnish Positions during Winter War: On December 19, 1939, Soviet forces launched a coordinated air and ground offensive against Finnish defensive positions near Summa, which was a critical location during the Winter War. This attack was part of the Soviet Union's broader military campaign to invade and annex Finnish territory, marking an intense period of conflict between the two nations.
20 Dec Captain Hans Langsdorff's Tragic End in World War II: Captain Hans Langsdorff, commander of the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee, commits suicide in Buenos Aires, Argentina, following the ship's defeat in the Battle of the River Plate. His decision to take his own life was a symbolic act of personal honor, reflecting the complex moral dilemmas faced by military personnel during World War II.
21 Dec Nazi Leadership Appointment: Adolf Eichmann's Role in Jewish Affairs: On December 21, 1939, Adolf Hitler appointed Adolf Eichmann as the leader of 'Referat IV B', a critical administrative department within the Nazi SS responsible for Jewish emigration and deportation policies. This appointment would prove pivotal in the systematic planning and execution of the Holocaust, with Eichmann becoming a key architect of the Nazi regime's genocidal strategies.
22 Dec Finnish Counter-Offensive at Petsamo: During the Winter War, Finnish forces launched a strategic counter-offensive in the Petsamo region, demonstrating Finland's resistance against Soviet invasion.
23 Dec Canadian Troops Arrive in Britain: 7,500 Canadian soldiers arrived in Britain, marking a significant moment of military cooperation and support during the early stages of World War II, reinforcing the Allied military presence.
24 Dec Pope Pius XII's Christmas Eve Peace Appeal During World War II: On Christmas Eve 1939, Pope Pius XII delivered a significant papal address calling for peace amid the escalating tensions of World War II. In his heartfelt appeal, the pontiff urged world leaders and nations to seek diplomatic resolution and end the growing conflict that was threatening global stability. This moment represented a critical humanitarian intervention by the Catholic Church during one of the most tumultuous periods of the 20th century.
25 Dec Introduction of Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: Montgomery Ward stores officially introduced Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer, a character that would become an iconic part of Christmas folklore and popular culture.
26 Dec Borinage Miners' Strike in Belgium: Coal miners in the Borinage region of Belgium initiated a labor strike, likely protesting working conditions, wages, or industrial relations during the tumultuous period preceding World War II. This strike represented the ongoing labor movement and workers' rights struggles in European industrial regions.
27 Dec Devastating Erzincan Earthquake: A catastrophic 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck eastern Turkey, causing massive destruction in Erzincan. The earthquake resulted in at least 32,700 fatalities, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters of 1939.
28 Dec First Flight of the B-24 Liberator Bomber: On December 28, 1939, the Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber prototype made its maiden flight, marking a significant milestone in aviation and military technology. The B-24 would go on to become one of the most widely produced American military aircraft in history, playing a crucial role during World War II as a long-range heavy bomber.
29 Dec First Flight of the B-24 Liberator: The Consolidated B-24 Liberator made its maiden flight, marking a significant milestone in military aviation technology. This heavy bomber would become one of the most widely used aircraft during World War II, playing a crucial role in strategic bombing campaigns in multiple theaters of war.
30 Dec Admiral Graf Spee Scuttled in River Plate Estuary: The German pocket battleship 'Admiral Graf Spee' was deliberately sunk in the River Plate Estuary near Montevideo, Uruguay, following significant damage sustained during the Battle of the River Plate, a notable early naval engagement of World War II.
31 Dec Finnish Winter War Victory: During the Winter War, the Finnish military successfully decimated the Soviet Union's 163rd Division in the middle of Finland, demonstrating remarkable defensive capabilities against the Soviet invasion.

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