Major Events of 1933: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll explore the most significant occurrences from 1933, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

Major Events of 1933 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan Remembering Harriet Brooks: Canadian Physicist: Harriet Brooks, a pioneering Canadian physicist who was active in the early days of nuclear research, passed away in 1933. She was an important early female scientist who made notable contributions to the understanding of radioactivity.
02 Jan US Troops Withdraw from Nicaragua: The United States completed its military withdrawal from Nicaragua, marking the end of a prolonged military occupation and signaling a shift in U.S. foreign policy in Central America.
03 Jan First Female State House Speaker in US History: Minnie D. Craig made history by becoming the first female elected as Speaker of the North Dakota House of Representatives, breaking significant ground for women in political leadership roles in the United States.
04 Jan Hitler Appointed Chancellor of Germany: In a pivotal moment of German political history, Franz von Papen, a conservative politician, strategically negotiated with Adolf Hitler, facilitating his appointment as Chancellor of Germany. Von Papen, severely underestimating Hitler's political ambition, believed he could manipulate and control Hitler and the Nazi Party from within the government. This miscalculation would prove catastrophic, as Hitler would quickly consolidate power and transform Germany into a totalitarian state, leading to World War II and the Holocaust.
05 Jan Golden Gate Bridge Construction Begins: On January 5, 1933, construction of the iconic Golden Gate Bridge commenced in San Francisco Bay, marking the start of one of the most ambitious engineering projects of the 20th century. Workers began excavating for the bridge's critical anchorages on both the San Francisco and Marin County sides, initiating a complex infrastructure project that would dramatically transform transportation in the Bay Area.
06 Jan Clyde Barrow Kills Deputy Sheriff Malcolm Davis: In a violent incident in West Dallas, Texas, notorious American gangster Clyde Barrow, part of the infamous Bonnie and Clyde criminal duo, murdered Malcolm Davis, a Deputy Sheriff for Tarrant County. This event was part of the escalating criminal activities of Barrow and his partner Bonnie Parker during the Great Depression era.
07 Jan People and Fatherland First Published: The first edition of 'People and Fatherland' (Dutch: Volk en Vaderland), a significant publication, was released in the Netherlands. This periodical was likely associated with nationalist or ideological movements prevalent during the early 1930s, reflecting the complex political landscape of the time.
08 Jan Tragic Death of U.S. Representative Samuel A. Kendall: U.S. Representative Samuel A. Kendall of Pennsylvania died by suicide in his office at the U.S. Capitol, marking a deeply tragic moment in congressional history. The circumstances surrounding his death remain a somber reminder of the personal struggles that can affect public figures.
09 Jan Amsterdam Confectionery Workers Strike: In January 1933, confectionery workers in Amsterdam organized a labor strike to protest against proposed wage reductions during the challenging economic period of the Great Depression. The workers united to defend their economic rights and resist further financial hardship.
10 Jan Leonard John Coldwell: English Cricket Player: Leonard John Coldwell was an English medium-fast cricket bowler who represented his national team between 1962 and 1964. During his international career, he played in 7 Test matches, contributing to England's cricket legacy during the early 1960s.
11 Jan First Commercial Flight Between Australia and New Zealand: Aviation pioneer Sir Charles Kingsford Smith successfully completed the inaugural commercial flight connecting Australia and New Zealand, marking a significant milestone in transtasman aviation history. This groundbreaking journey demonstrated the expanding capabilities of long-distance air travel and opened new possibilities for transportation and communication between the two nations.
12 Jan United States Recognizes Philippine Independence: On January 12, 1933, the United States Congress officially recognized the independence of the Philippines, marking a significant milestone in the decolonization process and the end of American colonial rule in the archipelago. This legislative act was a crucial step towards the Philippines' eventual full independence, which would be realized in 1946.
13 Jan Nurdin Jivraj Birth: Nurdin Jivraj, a prominent Tanzanian-British entrepreneur and hotel industry leader, was born on this date. He would later become known for founding and leading Buckingham International, a significant hospitality business that played a role in the development of international hotel management and investment.
14 Jan Bodyline Cricket Controversy: Australian Captain Struck: During the 1932-1933 Ashes series, the English cricket team, under captain Douglas Jardine, employed the highly controversial 'Bodyline' bowling tactic. This strategy involved deliberately bowling at the body of batsmen to limit their scoring opportunities, which was considered unsportsmanlike and potentially dangerous. The tension reached its peak when Australian captain Bill Woodfull was struck near his heart, causing significant diplomatic and sporting outrage between England and Australia.
15 Jan Political Violence Erupts in Spain: A period of intense political instability in Spain resulted in widespread violence, causing nearly 100 fatalities. This event highlights the deep political tensions and social unrest prevalent in Spain during the early years of the Second Spanish Republic, reflecting the growing polarization between left-wing and right-wing factions.
16 Jan Birth of Susan Sontag: Susan Sontag, a prominent American writer, intellectual, filmmaker, and political activist, was born in New York City. She would become a highly influential cultural critic and essayist known for her groundbreaking works on photography, illness, art, and contemporary culture. Her writings challenged conventional thinking and explored complex social and philosophical themes throughout the 20th century.
17 Jan U.S. Congress Supports Philippine Independence: The United States Congress votes in favor of Philippine independence, directly challenging President Herbert Hoover's stance and marking a significant moment in colonial policy.
18 Jan Ray Dolby Birth: Ray Dolby, a pioneering sound engineer and inventor of the revolutionary Dolby noise reduction system, was born in Portland, Oregon. His groundbreaking audio technology would transform sound recording and reproduction across multiple industries, from music to film.
20 Jan Franklin D. Roosevelt's Presidential Inauguration: Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as the 32nd President of the United States during the depths of the Great Depression. In his famous inaugural address, he delivered the iconic line "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself," inspiring hope and resilience among Americans during one of the most challenging economic periods in the nation's history. His inauguration marked the beginning of the New Deal era, which would introduce sweeping economic and social reforms to combat unemployment and economic hardship.
21 Jan Iron Guard Anti-Jewish Riots in Romania: On January 21, 1933, violent anti-Semitic riots erupted in Romania, orchestrated by the fascist paramilitary organization known as the Iron Guard. These brutal attacks resulted in the systematic persecution and murder of hundreds of Jewish citizens, marking a dark chapter in Romanian history during the rise of far-right nationalist movements in Europe. The riots were characterized by extreme violence, targeting Jewish communities, businesses, and individuals, reflecting the growing antisemitic sentiment and political instability of the period.
22 Jan Death of Elisabeth Marbury, Pioneering Literary Agent: Elisabeth Marbury, a groundbreaking American literary agent and cultural influencer, passed away on January 22, 1933, at the age of 77. She was renowned for representing prominent literary figures such as Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw, playing a crucial role in shaping the literary landscape of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Marbury was not just an agent but a significant cultural connector who helped introduce innovative and controversial writers to broader audiences.
23 Jan 20th Amendment Changes Presidential Inauguration Date: The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, officially changing the presidential inauguration date from March 4 to January 20. This amendment aimed to reduce the transition period between the election and the new president taking office, modernizing the presidential succession process.
24 Jan 20th Amendment Ratification: The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, significantly altering the transition periods for federal elected officials. This amendment modernized the presidential inauguration process and clarified the succession of congressional and executive leadership, reducing the 'lame duck' period between elections and taking office.
25 Jan Birth of Corazon Aquino: Corazon Aquino, a pivotal figure in Philippine democracy, is born in Paniqui, Tarlac, Philippines. She would later become the 11th President of the Philippines, serving from 1986 to 1992, and is widely recognized for her crucial role in restoring democracy after the Marcos regime through the People Power Revolution.
26 Jan Uneventful Day in Global History: While no major historical events were prominently recorded for January 26, 1933, this date occurred during the early years of the Great Depression and the rise of Nazi Germany. The global political and economic landscape was undergoing significant transformations during this period, even if this specific day did not witness a landmark event.
27 Jan Diplomatic Dinner between British Ambassador and German Presidential Official: On January 27, 1933, British Ambassador Sir Horace Rumbold had a diplomatic dinner meeting with Otto Meissner, the Head of the German President's Office. This meeting occurred during a critical period in German history, just days before Adolf Hitler would be appointed Chancellor, signaling potential diplomatic tensions and information exchanges.
28 Jan Hitler Appointed Chancellor of Germany: Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg, marking a pivotal moment in German history that would lead to the rise of the Nazi regime and ultimately World War II.
29 Jan Hitler Appointed Chancellor of Germany: On January 29, 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg officially appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of Germany, a pivotal moment that would dramatically alter the course of world history. This appointment marked a critical turning point in German politics, effectively enabling Hitler's Nazi Party to transition from a marginal political movement to the dominant governing power. Despite initial expectations that Hitler would be controlled by conservative elites, he would quickly consolidate power and transform Germany into a totalitarian state.
30 Jan Hitler Appointed Chancellor of Germany: German President Paul von Hindenburg offers the Chancellorship to Adolf Hitler, who accepts, marking a pivotal moment in German political history that would lead to the rise of the Nazi regime.
31 Jan Hitler's Promise of Parliamentary Democracy: Adolf Hitler makes a public promise to maintain parliamentary democracy in Germany, a statement that would soon prove to be misleading as he consolidated power and transformed the government into a totalitarian Nazi regime.
01 Feb Hitler's Proclamation to the German People: Adolf Hitler delivers his 'Proclamation to the German People' in Berlin, a significant speech marking his early consolidation of power as Chancellor of Germany and signaling the beginning of the Nazi regime.
02 Feb Hitler Dissolves German Parliament: Just two days after becoming Chancellor, Adolf Hitler takes a significant step towards consolidating power by dissolving the German Parliament (Reichstag), marking a critical moment in the Nazi Party's rise to absolute control.
03 Feb Hitler's Expansionist Plans Revealed to German Generals: In a pivotal secret meeting, German Chancellor Adolf Hitler disclosed his strategic vision to top military commanders, emphasizing his determination to conquer territories to the east, laying groundwork for future Nazi expansionist policies.
04 Feb Hitler's Press Suppression Ordinance: On February 4, 1933, with the approval of German President Paul von Hindenburg, Adolf Hitler decreed the 'Ordinance for the Protection of the German People'. This significant legal measure effectively curtailed press freedoms by empowering police to ban publications deemed a threat to public order. Under this ordinance, violators could be arrested and detained without a warrant for up to three months, marking a critical step in the Nazi regime's systematic suppression of free speech and media.
05 Feb Dutch Navy Suppresses Naval Mutiny with Deadly Force: The Dutch Navy responded to a ship mutiny with extreme measures. After sending an ultimatum giving mutineers ten minutes to surrender, the navy ordered an airstrike when leaders refused. The bombing resulted in 22 fatalities on the ship's deck, demonstrating the harsh colonial military response to internal dissent.
06 Feb 20th Amendment Implementation: The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution goes into effect, officially changing the presidential inauguration date from March to January, streamlining the transition of executive power.
07 Feb Nazi Propaganda Against Marxism in Berlin: During a Social-Democratic meeting in Berlin, Germany, a public declaration was made proclaiming the supposed 'death' of Marxism, reflecting the rising political tensions and Nazi propaganda of the early 1930s.
08 Feb Roosevelt Confirmed as President-elect: Franklin Delano Roosevelt was formally declared the President-elect of the United States during a joint session of Congress. Vice-President Charles Curtis announced the electoral college results, confirming Roosevelt's victory and John Nance Garner as Vice-President elect.
09 Feb Oxford Union's Controversial 'King and Country' Debate: On February 9, 1933, the Oxford Union student debating society in England passed a historic resolution stating, 'That this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and country.' This controversial debate reflected the growing anti-war sentiment among young intellectuals in the interwar period, symbolizing the disillusionment with militarism following World War I.
10 Feb Hitler Proclaims End of Marxism: Adolf Hitler, newly appointed as Chancellor of Germany, publicly declares his intention to end Marxist influence in German political and social life, signaling a dramatic shift in the country's political landscape.
11 Feb Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were recorded for February 11, 1933, this period was part of the challenging early years of the Great Depression in the United States. During this time, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was preparing to implement his New Deal policies to address the economic crisis that had gripped the nation since the stock market crash of 1929.
12 Feb Nazi Vice-Chancellor Seeks Catholic Support: German Vice-Chancellor Franz von Papen actively sought support from the Catholic Church for the Nazi Party, attempting to build political alliances during the critical early period of Nazi consolidation of power.
13 Feb Warsaw Convention on International Air Carriage: The Warsaw Convention, a landmark international treaty formally titled 'Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to the International Carriage by Air', officially went into effect. This agreement standardized regulations for international air transportation, significantly impacting global aviation law and passenger rights.
14 Feb Uneventful Day in 1933: While no major global events were recorded on February 14, 1933, this day was part of a tumultuous period in world history. Adolf Hitler had recently been appointed Chancellor of Germany in January, and the world was in the midst of the Great Depression. Local and regional events may have occurred that were not widely documented.
15 Feb Assassination Attempt on FDR in Miami: In Miami, Florida, Giuseppe Zangara attempted to assassinate President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt. Instead, he shot and fatally wounded Chicago Mayor Anton J. Cermak, who died of his wounds on March 6, 1933. The assassination attempt occurred shortly after Roosevelt delivered a speech at Bayfront Park, with Zangara firing multiple shots and injuring four other people.
16 Feb U.S. Senate Approves Repeal of 18th Amendment: The U.S. Senate voted 63-23 to approve an altered version of the proposed repeal of the 18th Amendment, signaling the end of nationwide alcohol prohibition and a significant shift in American social policy.
17 Feb Blaine Act Ends Prohibition: The United States Senate accepted the Blaine Act on February 17, 1933, a pivotal legislative move that effectively began the process of ending nationwide alcohol prohibition. This act paved the way for the 21st Amendment, which would formally repeal the 18th Amendment and restore legal alcohol consumption.
18 Feb Birth of Yoko Ono: Yoko Ono was born in Tokyo, Japan, on February 18, 1933. She would later become a renowned avant-garde artist, musician, peace activist, and the second wife of John Lennon, a member of the legendary Beatles rock band. Throughout her career, Ono made significant contributions to conceptual art, performance art, and the peace movement of the 1960s and 1970s.
19 Feb Nazi Suppression of Catholic Press: Hermann Göring, as Prussian Minister, issued a decree banning all Catholic newspapers, marking an early step in the Nazi regime's systematic suppression of independent media and religious freedom.
20 Feb Hitler's Secret Fundraising Meeting: Adolf Hitler secretly meets with German industrialists to arrange financing for the Nazi Party's upcoming election campaign, a pivotal moment in the party's rise to power.
21 Feb Birth of Nina Simone: Nina Simone, born Eunice Kathleen Waymon, was a groundbreaking African American musician who profoundly influenced jazz, blues, folk, and R&B music. Her powerful voice and passionate commitment to civil rights made her not just a musical icon, but also a significant cultural figure of the 20th century. Known for transformative songs like 'Mississippi Goddam' and 'Young, Gifted and Black', Simone used her art as a platform for social justice and racial equality during the tumultuous Civil Rights Movement.
22 Feb First Nazi Concentration Camps Established: Adolf Hitler authorizes the creation of the first Nazi concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), initiating a systematic process of political repression by imprisoning regime opponents. This marks a critical moment in the early stages of Nazi totalitarian control.
23 Feb Japanese Invasion of Rehe Province: The Imperial Japanese Army launched a strategic invasion of Rehe province in northern China, marking another significant expansion of Japanese military aggression in the lead-up to the Second Sino-Japanese War. This invasion was part of Japan's broader imperial ambitions in East Asia during the 1930s.
24 Feb German Communist Party's Final Public Demonstration: In a pivotal moment of political tension, the German Communist Party held its final public demonstration in Berlin. This event symbolized the increasing political suppression and the rising power of the Nazi regime, which was systematically eliminating opposition parties.
25 Feb USS Ranger Aircraft Carrier Launch: The USS Ranger was launched at Newport News, Virginia, marking a significant milestone in US naval aviation history as the first purpose-built aircraft carrier commissioned by the US Navy.
26 Feb Marinus van der Lubbe Detained: Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was kept overnight in a police cell, a significant event connected to the political tensions in Germany during the rise of the Nazi regime. Van der Lubbe was later implicated in the Reichstag fire, a pivotal moment in Nazi Germany's consolidation of power.
27 Feb Reichstag Fire: A Pivotal Moment in Nazi Germany: On February 27, 1933, the Reichstag (German parliament) building in Berlin was set ablaze in a dramatic and historically significant event. Marinus van der Lubbe, a young Dutch Communist, was arrested at the scene and claimed responsibility for the fire. However, historians widely believe the Nazi Party orchestrated the fire as a false flag operation to consolidate power and suppress political opposition.
28 Feb Reichstag Fire Decree Implemented: The Nazi regime passes the Reichstag Fire Decree, a pivotal legal instrument that suspends constitutional civil liberties and enables widespread political repression.
01 Mar US Bank Holiday Crisis of 1933: In a critical economic intervention during the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared bank holidays in six US states to halt widespread bank runs and prevent potential financial collapse. This emergency measure was part of the initial steps of the New Deal to stabilize the banking system and restore public confidence in financial institutions.
02 Mar Franklin D. Roosevelt Inaugurated as U.S. President: U.S. President Herbert Hoover is succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), who delivers his iconic inaugural address referencing the Great Depression, famously stating "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself". FDR is sworn in by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, marking the last Inauguration Day on March 4th in United States history.
03 Mar Ernst Thälmann's Arrest: Ernst Thälmann, the presidential candidate for the German Communist Party (KPD), was arrested by Nazi authorities. This event was part of the broader political suppression following Hitler's rise to power, marking a critical moment in the erosion of democratic freedoms in Germany.
04 Mar Franklin D. Roosevelt Outlines New Deal in Inaugural Address: During his inauguration, President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivers a landmark speech outlining his comprehensive economic recovery plan known as the 'New Deal', aimed at addressing the severe economic challenges of the Great Depression. His famous quote, 'The only thing we have to fear is fear itself', becomes a rallying cry for national resilience and hope.
05 Mar Nazi Party Gains Significant Electoral Victory in Germany: Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party receives 43.9% of the vote in the Reichstag elections, a pivotal moment that would later enable the passage of the Enabling Act and the establishment of a totalitarian dictatorship in Germany.
06 Mar FDR Declares Nationwide Bank Holiday: In a critical response to the ongoing Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a nationwide bank holiday, effectively halting all banking transactions to prevent further financial collapse and restore public confidence in the banking system.
07 Mar Dollfuss Establishes Authoritarian Rule in Austria: Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss suspended parliamentary procedures, effectively transforming Austria's democratic system into an authoritarian regime. This marked a significant shift in Austrian political governance, setting the stage for increased political tensions in the lead-up to World War II.
08 Mar Soviet Committees of Unwealthy Peasants Abolished: The Soviet government dissolved the Committees of Unwealthy Peasants, a group that had been instrumental in enforcing collective farming policies. These committees had previously been responsible for confiscating grain from local farmers for government use. In a tragic irony, the committee members themselves were left to starve alongside the villagers they had previously oppressed, reflecting the brutal consequences of Stalin's agricultural collectivization policies.
09 Mar New Deal Begins: Emergency Banking Act Submitted: During the depths of the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated a landmark legislative period by submitting the Emergency Banking Act to Congress, marking the start of his transformative New Deal policies aimed at economic recovery.
10 Mar Long Beach Earthquake of 1933: A devastating 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck Long Beach, California, causing widespread destruction and significant loss of life. The earthquake killed 127 people, injured over 5,000 individuals, and destroyed more than 1,300 brick-and-mortar buildings, including most of the public schools in Long Beach. This seismic event highlighted the critical need for improved building codes and earthquake preparedness in California.
11 Mar Franklin D. Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address and the Banking Crisis: On March 11, 1933, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt had just delivered his famous inaugural address four days earlier, declaring 'the only thing we have to fear is fear itself'. Following his speech, Roosevelt had initiated emergency banking reforms to stabilize the financial system. The Emergency Banking Act, passed on March 9, was beginning to restore public confidence in the banking system, with banks gradually reopening and citizens starting to redeposit their money.
12 Mar FDR's First Fireside Chat and National Address: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt addressed the nation for the first time as President of the United States, delivering his inaugural 'Fireside Chat' directly from the White House. This groundbreaking radio broadcast was designed to reassure and inform Americans during the depths of the Great Depression, speaking plainly and directly to citizens about the economic challenges facing the country.
13 Mar Great Depression: Bank Holiday Ends: President Franklin D. Roosevelt's mandated bank holiday concludes, allowing banks across the United States to reopen and begin restoring public confidence in the financial system during the depths of the Great Depression.
14 Mar Churchill Advocates for Air Defense: In a pivotal speech to the British House of Commons, Winston Churchill passionately urged the creation of a robust air force capable of defending the civilian population, demonstrating early foresight into the growing military tensions in Europe.
15 Mar NAACP Launches Anti-Segregation Campaign: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) initiated a coordinated legal and social strategy to challenge racial segregation and discrimination in the United States.
16 Mar Hitler Appoints Hjalmar Schacht to Reichsbank Presidency: On March 16, 1933, Adolf Hitler appointed Hjalmar Schacht as President of the Reichsbank (Bank of Germany), a pivotal moment in the economic restructuring of Nazi Germany. Schacht, a prominent economist and central banker, would play a crucial role in implementing Hitler's economic policies and rebuilding Germany's financial infrastructure after the economic devastation of the Weimar Republic.
17 Mar Hitler Appoints Hjalmar Schacht as Economic Adviser: Adolf Hitler appointed Hjalmar Schacht as his chief economic adviser, a strategic move that would significantly influence Nazi Germany's economic policies and reconstruction efforts in the early years of the Third Reich.
18 Mar Death of Italian Explorer Luigi A, Duke of the Abruzzi: Luigi A, Duke of the Abruzzi, a renowned Italian explorer famous for his expeditions in the Ruwenzori mountain range, passed away at the age of 60. Known for his mountaineering and geographical exploration achievements, he was a significant figure in early 20th-century Italian exploration.
19 Mar Uneventful Day in 1933: While no major historical events were recorded for March 19, 1933, this period was during the early years of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency and the Great Depression. The United States was in the midst of implementing New Deal policies to address economic challenges and rebuild the nation's economy following the stock market crash of 1929.
20 Mar Establishment of Dachau Concentration Camp: Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler officially ordered the creation of Dachau concentration camp as Chief of Police of Munich and appointed Theodor Eicke as the camp commandant. This marked a critical moment in the Nazi regime's systematic persecution and imprisonment of political opponents and targeted groups.
21 Mar Establishment of Dachau Concentration Camp: The first Nazi concentration camp, Dachau, was completed near Munich, Germany. This marked the beginning of the systematic imprisonment and persecution of political opponents, Jews, and other groups deemed undesirable by the Nazi regime. Dachau would become a model for future concentration camps and a symbol of the Holocaust's early infrastructure.
22 Mar Establishment of Dachau Concentration Camp: Nazi Germany opens its first concentration camp, Dachau, marking a dark milestone in the early stages of the Nazi regime's systematic persecution. Located outside Munich, the camp was initially established to detain political opponents and would later become a model for other concentration camps during the Holocaust.
23 Mar Enabling Act Transforms Germany into Dictatorship: The Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, granting Chancellor Adolf Hitler unprecedented dictatorial powers. By a vote of 441-94, the legislation allowed Hitler to enact laws without legislative approval, effectively dismantling Germany's democratic processes and establishing the legal foundation for Nazi totalitarian rule.
24 Mar Nazi Germany's Enabling Act: The German Reichstag passes the Enabling Act of 1933, a pivotal legislative measure that grants Adolf Hitler unprecedented dictatorial powers, effectively transforming Germany from a democratic republic to a totalitarian state. This act allows Hitler to enact laws without the consent of the Reichstag, marking a critical moment in the rise of Nazi power.
25 Mar First Car Race at Donington Park: On March 25, 1933, the historic Donington Park racing circuit in Leicestershire, England, hosted its inaugural automobile racing event. This marked a significant milestone in British motorsport history, establishing Donington Park as a pivotal venue for automotive competition. The circuit, located in the East Midlands, would go on to become one of the most renowned racing tracks in the United Kingdom, attracting motorsport enthusiasts and professional racers alike.
26 Mar Death of Eddie Lang, Jazz Guitar Pioneer: Eddie Lang, a groundbreaking American jazz guitarist and influential musician of the early 20th century, passed away on March 26, 1933. Known for his innovative playing style and significant contributions to jazz and popular music, Lang was a key figure in developing the guitar's role in jazz ensembles. He collaborated with many notable musicians of his era, including Bing Crosby and Joe Venuti, and is considered one of the first important jazz guitar virtuosos.
27 Mar Hitler Granted Dictatorial Powers: The German Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, effectively transforming Adolf Hitler into an absolute dictator with unprecedented legislative powers, marking a critical moment in the rise of Nazi Germany.
28 Mar Hitler Granted Dictatorial Powers by German Reichstag: In a pivotal moment of German political history, the Reichstag voted to confer extraordinary dictatorial powers on Adolf Hitler, effectively transforming the democratic Weimar Republic into a totalitarian Nazi regime. This legislative act, known as the Enabling Act, allowed Hitler to enact laws without parliamentary consent, marking a critical turning point in the rise of Nazi power.
29 Mar First Western Report on Holodomor Famine-Genocide: Gareth Jones, a courageous Welsh journalist, published the first comprehensive report in the Western media about the devastating Holodomor, a systematic man-made famine engineered by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin to suppress Ukrainian national identity and resistance. His groundbreaking reporting exposed the brutal reality of mass starvation in Ukraine, where millions of people were deliberately starved to death between 1932-1933 as part of Soviet agricultural collectivization policies.
30 Mar 1933 Sanriku Earthquake and Tsunami: On March 30, 1933, a devastating magnitude 8.1 earthquake struck off the Sanriku coast of Honshū, Japan, triggering a massive tsunami that caused widespread destruction. The powerful seismic event and subsequent massive waves resulted in approximately 3,000 fatalities, significant infrastructure damage, and profound economic disruption in the coastal regions of northeastern Japan. The disaster highlighted the region's vulnerability to geological hazards and prompted subsequent improvements in earthquake and tsunami preparedness and building codes.
31 Mar Hitler Assumes Power in Germany: The German Republic transfers political power to Adolf Hitler, marking a critical turning point in German history and the rise of Nazi totalitarianism.
01 Apr Nazi Boycott of Jewish Businesses: The recently elected Nazi Party, under Julius Streicher, organized a nationwide one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany, marking a significant escalation of state-sponsored anti-Semitism and the beginning of systematic persecution that would ultimately lead to the Holocaust.
02 Apr First Flight Over Mount Everest: A groundbreaking British expedition, led by the Marquis of Clydesdale and financially supported by Lucy, Lady Houston, successfully completed the first aerial crossing over Mount Everest, marking a significant milestone in aviation and exploration history.
03 Apr First Flight Over Mount Everest: The British Houston-Mount Everest Flight Expedition successfully completed the first aerial crossing over Mount Everest, a groundbreaking achievement in aviation history. Led by the Marquis of Clydesdale and financially supported by Lucy, Lady Houston, this expedition marked a significant milestone in exploring the world's highest mountain range. The flight demonstrated remarkable technological prowess and human courage in navigating the treacherous Himalayan terrain.
04 Apr Roosevelt's Gold Ownership Ban: President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, declaring a national emergency and making private gold ownership illegal for American citizens. This unprecedented economic policy was part of the New Deal's strategy to stabilize the U.S. financial system during the Great Depression.
05 Apr Gold Confiscation Executive Order: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6102, mandating that American citizens surrender their gold certificates, bullion, and coins to the Federal Reserve. This unprecedented move was part of the government's strategy to stabilize the economy during the Great Depression by controlling gold ownership and monetary policy.
06 Apr U.S. Senate Passes Black-Connery Bill for 30-Hour Work Week: In a significant labor reform moment, the U.S. Senate passed the Black-Connery bill with a decisive 53-30 vote. The proposed legislation aimed to establish a 30-hour work week without reducing workers' pay, representing a progressive approach to labor rights during the Great Depression era. This bill was part of broader New Deal efforts to improve working conditions and stimulate economic recovery by redistributing work hours among more employees.
07 Apr First Nazi Anti-Jewish Laws Enacted: The Nazi regime in Germany passed the first systematic legal measures discriminating against Jewish citizens, barring them from legal and public service positions, marking a significant escalation of state-sponsored antisemitism.
08 Apr Manchester Guardian Warns of Nazi Terror: The Manchester Guardian published a critical warning about the emerging Nazi regime's potential for widespread political repression and violence, highlighting growing international concerns about Hitler's rising power.
09 Apr Scottsboro Boys Trial: Haywood Patterson Retrial: On April 9, 1933, the first retrial of the Scottsboro Boys case concluded with Haywood Patterson being once again found guilty of rape and sentenced to death. This trial was part of a highly controversial legal proceeding that highlighted the deep racial injustices in the American judicial system during the Jim Crow era. The case involved nine young African American men who were falsely accused of raping two white women on a train in Alabama in 1931, and became a significant symbol of systemic racism and unequal treatment under the law.
10 Apr Nazi Book Burning Campaign Announced: The Nazi regime's Main Office for Press and Propaganda of the German Student Union officially launches a nationwide campaign to burn books deemed 'un-German', marking a significant moment of cultural suppression and ideological censorship in Nazi Germany.
11 Apr USS Akron Airship Disaster: In a tragic maritime aviation incident, the USS Akron, a U.S. Navy rigid airship, was destroyed by a violent storm off the coast of New Jersey. The catastrophic crash resulted in the deaths of 73 out of 76 crew members, marking one of the deadliest airship accidents in history.
12 Apr US Mint Restricts Gold Coin Exchange: The United States government implemented a new policy prohibiting the exchange of gold scrap for gold coins at the US Mint. This restriction was part of the broader economic measures during the Great Depression era, aimed at controlling gold circulation and stabilizing the national currency.
13 Apr Nazi Germany Census Targeting Jews: Nazi Germany announced a systematic census designed to identify and categorize Jewish and non-Aryan populations. The Reich Statistical Office, led by Friedrich Bürgdorfer, collaborated with IBM and its German subsidiary Dehomag to use advanced computing technology to rapidly process demographic data, setting the stage for future discriminatory policies.
14 Apr Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were recorded for April 14, 1933, this period was during the early years of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency and the Great Depression era. The United States was in the midst of implementing New Deal policies to address economic challenges following the stock market crash of 1929.
15 Apr Roy Clark Birth: Roy Clark, a legendary American country musician, guitarist, and television host, was born in Meherrin, Virginia. Known for his exceptional musical talent and charismatic personality, Clark would later become a pivotal figure in country music, co-hosting the popular variety show 'Hee Haw' and being inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame.
16 Apr Easter Sunday in 1933: On April 16, 1933, Christians around the United States celebrated Easter Sunday, commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ. This religious holiday was marked by church services, family gatherings, and traditional celebrations including Easter egg hunts and special meals.
17 Apr Chicago Bears Secure First NFL Victory: In a thrilling early season matchup, the Chicago Bears achieved a significant milestone by defeating the New York Giants 23-21 in their first NFL game. This victory marked an important moment in the team's nascent professional football history, demonstrating their competitive spirit and potential as a formidable franchise.
18 Apr Fascist Violence Against Jewish Community in Chernivtsi: On April 18, 1933, a violent antisemitic riot erupted in Chernivtsi, Romania, where fascist militants systematically attacked the local Jewish business district. The mob violently smashed storefront windows and physically assaulted Jewish pedestrians, resulting in approximately 100 people being injured. This event was part of the broader rise of antisemitic sentiment and fascist movements in Eastern Europe during the early 1930s, reflecting the growing political tensions and ethnic hostilities of the period.
19 Apr United States Abandons Gold Standard: President Franklin D. Roosevelt officially announced that the United States would be abandoning the gold standard, a significant economic policy shift during the Great Depression that allowed the government more flexibility in monetary policy and helped stimulate economic recovery.
20 Apr Soviet Union Approves Forced Labor Village Deportation Project: The Soviet government approved a controversial project to establish 'labor villages' in western Siberia and the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, with plans to forcibly deport and relocate approximately one million prisoners. This initiative was part of the Soviet regime's broader strategy of using forced labor and population displacement as tools of political and economic control.
21 Apr Establishment of the Gestapo: The Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police) is officially established in Germany, becoming a notorious instrument of Nazi terror and political repression.
22 Apr Nazi Germany Bans Kosher Ritual Slaughter: On April 22, 1933, the Nazi regime in Germany outlawed shechita, the traditional Jewish method of animal slaughter, as part of a broader campaign of antisemitic policies targeting Jewish religious practices and cultural traditions.
23 Apr Electric Trolley Bus System Launches in Dayton: On this date, Dayton, Ohio inaugurated its Electric Trolley Bus (ETB) system, introducing an innovative public transportation method powered by overhead electric wires. This technological advancement represented a significant step in urban transit infrastructure, moving away from gasoline-powered vehicles.
24 Apr Nazi Germany Begins Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses: On April 24, 1933, Nazi Germany escalated its systematic oppression by shutting down the Watch Tower Society office in Magdeburg, marking the beginning of a coordinated campaign of religious persecution against Jehovah's Witnesses throughout the country.
25 Apr United States and Canada Abandon Gold Standard: The United States and Canada officially dropped the Gold Standard, a pivotal economic decision that fundamentally transformed monetary policy and international financial systems during the Great Depression era.
26 Apr Establishment of the Gestapo in Nazi Germany: Hermann Göring officially establishes the Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei or Secret State Police), which would become a notorious instrument of terror and oppression during the Nazi regime, responsible for political surveillance, persecution, and systematic human rights violations.
27 Apr Nazi Germany Establishes Ministry of Aviation: Adolf Hitler authorizes the establishment of the Reich Ministry of Aviation (Reichsluftfahrtministerium), led by Hermann Göring. This ministry would play a crucial role in rapidly rebuilding Germany's air power in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles, becoming a key component of Nazi Germany's military rearmament strategy.
28 Apr First Female US Mint Director Appointed: On April 28, 1933, the United States Senate approved Nellie Tayloe Ross as the director of the United States Mint, marking a significant milestone for women in government leadership roles. Ross was not only the first woman to serve in this position but also a pioneering figure in breaking gender barriers in federal administrative roles during the early 20th century.
29 Apr First Public Television Broadcast in the United States: On April 29, 1933, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) achieved a groundbreaking milestone by conducting the first public television broadcast in the United States during the New York World's Fair. This historic event marked a pivotal moment in media and communication technology, demonstrating the potential of visual broadcasting to a live audience. The broadcast represented a significant leap forward in how information and entertainment could be transmitted to the public, setting the stage for the television revolution that would transform global media in the coming decades.
30 Apr Assassination of Peruvian President Luis M. Sanchez Cerro: On April 30, 1933, Peruvian President Luis M. Sanchez Cerro was assassinated by Abelardo Mendoza Leywa at the Santa Beatriz horseracing track in Lima, Peru. This political murder occurred during a tumultuous period in Peruvian history, marking a significant moment of political instability and violence.
01 May Nazi Germany Establishes Labor Day: The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler declared May 1st as 'National Labor Day', transforming it into a paid legal holiday. This move was part of the Nazi strategy to control labor movements and create a facade of worker solidarity under the Third Reich's ideology.
02 May Hitler Suppresses Trade Unions: Under the terms of the Reichstag Fire Decree, Adolf Hitler ordered the comprehensive suppression of German trade unions, specifically targeting the German General Trade Union Federation. This action was a critical step in eliminating independent worker organizations and consolidating Nazi control over labor and economic structures.
03 May Nellie T. Ross Becomes First Female US Mint Director: Nellie Tayloe Ross makes history by becoming the first woman to lead the United States Mint, breaking significant gender barriers in government financial leadership.
04 May Archibald MacLeish Wins Pulitzer Prize for 'Conquistador': On May 4, 1933, renowned American poet Archibald MacLeish was awarded the prestigious Pulitzer Prize for his epic poem 'Conquistador'. The work, which explores themes of exploration, conquest, and historical narrative, solidified MacLeish's reputation as a significant literary figure of the early 20th century. MacLeish, who was also a lawyer, playwright, and later served as the Librarian of Congress, was known for his innovative poetic style and engagement with historical and social themes.
05 May Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves: Karl Jansky, a pioneering engineer at Bell Laboratories, reported the groundbreaking detection of radio waves originating from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. This remarkable scientific observation was published in the New York Times and fundamentally transformed our understanding of astronomical research. Jansky's work marked the birth of radio astronomy, a field that would allow scientists to explore celestial phenomena beyond traditional optical telescopes.
06 May Nazi Students Attack Institute of Sexual Science: On May 6, 1933, members of the Deutsche Studentenschaft (German Student Association), aligned with Nazi ideology, violently attacked Magnus Hirschfeld's Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin. They ransacked the pioneering research center focused on human sexuality and gender studies, and subsequently burned many of its books and research materials. This event was part of the broader Nazi campaign to suppress progressive scientific research and marginalize LGBTQ+ scholarship.
07 May FDR's Second Fireside Chat: On May 7, 1933, eight weeks after his inauguration, President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his second Fireside Chat. In this groundbreaking radio address, he directly communicated with the American people about the progress of his administration and the details of the New Deal program, helping to build public trust and understanding during the Great Depression.
08 May Nazi Book Burning Campaign: Nazi authorities orchestrate massive public book burnings across Germany, symbolizing the regime's ideological suppression of intellectual freedom and targeting works by Jewish, communist, and other 'undesirable' authors.
09 May Spanish Anarchist General Strike of 1933: On May 9, 1933, Spanish anarchists organized a nationwide general strike to protest against working conditions, government policies, and to demonstrate the labor movement's collective power. The strike was part of the broader social and political tensions in Spain during the early years of the Second Spanish Republic, reflecting the growing influence of anarcho-syndicalist movements.
10 May Nazi Book Burnings in Germany: University students in 34 university towns across Germany burned over 25,000 books, including works by Jewish authors like Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, as well as blacklisted American authors such as Ernest Hemingway and Helen Keller. The event was accompanied by a speech from Joseph Goebbels in Berlin's Opera Square, where he declared the era of extreme Jewish intellectualism to be at an end.
11 May Louis Farrakhan Born: Louis Farrakhan was born on this date, a prominent African American religious and political leader who would become the influential minister of the Nation of Islam and a key organizer of the historic Million Man March in 1995, advocating for Black empowerment and social justice.
12 May New Deal Legislation Signed by President Roosevelt: On May 12, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed three critical pieces of New Deal legislation aimed at addressing the economic challenges of the Great Depression. These laws included the Federal Emergency Relief Act to fund public works projects, the Agricultural Adjustment Act to stabilize farm income by controlling agricultural production, and the Emergency Farm Mortgage Act to provide financial relief and extended repayment schedules for struggling farmers.
13 May 59th Preakness Stakes Horse Race: On May 13, 1933, jockey Charley Kurtsinger rode the horse Head Play to victory in the 59th running of the Preakness Stakes, a prestigious horse racing event held at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland. The race, which is part of the Triple Crown series, was completed with a time of 2 minutes and 2 seconds.
14 May Eugenic Sterilization Law Enacted: In a deeply controversial moment of American legal history, the United States passed a Eugenic Sterilization Law that permitted the forced sterilization of individuals deemed 'unfit' by state authorities. This law represented a dark chapter in medical ethics, targeting marginalized populations including people with disabilities, mental illnesses, and certain racial and ethnic groups under the pseudoscientific guise of genetic improvement.
15 May Formation of the Luftwaffe: On May 15, 1933, all military aviation organizations within or under the control of the Reich Air Ministry (RLM) of Germany were officially and covertly merged to form the Wehrmacht's air arm, the Luftwaffe. This strategic consolidation marked a significant step in Nazi Germany's military reorganization and rearmament efforts.
16 May Max Planck's Plea to Hitler: Renowned physicist Max Planck personally met with Adolf Hitler on May 16, 1933, in a courageous but ultimately unsuccessful attempt to intercede on behalf of his Jewish scientific colleagues who were facing systematic dismissal from academic positions under the rising Nazi regime.
17 May Formation of Nasjonal Samling in Norway: On May 17, 1933, Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort established the Nasjonal Samling (National Unity), a Norwegian far-right nationalist and fascist political party. This party would later collaborate with Nazi Germany during World War II and become infamous for its role in Norway's occupation period.
18 May Nazino Island Tragedy: Approximately 5,000 forced deportees were transported to Nazino Island in the Soviet Union, where horrific conditions led to widespread death through disease, violence, and reported instances of cannibalism within thirteen weeks.
19 May Tientsin Railway Station Bombing: A devastating terrorist attack occurred at the Tientsin (now Tianjin) railway station, resulting in the tragic loss of over 100 civilian lives. This bombing was part of the broader context of political instability and conflict in China during the early 1930s, reflecting the tumultuous period of Japanese imperial expansion and internal strife.
20 May Establishment of the Vaterländische Front in Austria: Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss established the Vaterländische Front (Fatherland Front), a fascist political organization that unified right-wing political parties under a single authoritarian movement. This marked a significant shift towards an autocratic regime in Austria, effectively ending democratic pluralism and setting the stage for the country's eventual annexation by Nazi Germany.
21 May Mt Davidson Cross lit by FDR via telegraph
22 May US Currency Legal Tender Declaration: The United States Congress passed a significant monetary policy measure, declaring all currency in circulation as legal tender, effectively standardizing the dollar's value and providing economic stability during the Great Depression era.
23 May J.P. Morgan Jr. Senate Tax Testimony: J. P. Morgan, Jr. testified before a U.S. Senate subcommittee, revealing that he and his partners at J.P. Morgan & Co. had paid no income tax. This testimony highlighted the significant tax avoidance practices of wealthy financial elites during the early years of the Great Depression, sparking public debate about economic inequality and tax fairness.
24 May Harold Louderback Impeachment Trial Concludes: The U.S. Senate impeachment trial of District Judge Harold Louderback concluded with his acquittal on all five counts. This judicial proceeding highlighted the complex process of judicial accountability in the United States during the early 1930s.
25 May Walt Disney's Three Little Pigs Premiere: On May 25, 1933, Walt Disney's groundbreaking animated short film 'Three Little Pigs' premiered at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. The cartoon, which featured the iconic song 'Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?', became a cultural phenomenon during the Great Depression era. The film's musical number became a powerful metaphor of resilience and hope during challenging economic times, resonating deeply with audiences and becoming a significant moment in animation history.
26 May Nazi Eugenic Sterilization Law Enacted: The Nazi Party in Germany introduced a deeply unethical law legalizing forced sterilization as part of their eugenics program, aimed at controlling population genetics and promoting their racist ideology of a 'pure' race.
27 May Federal Securities Act Signed: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Federal Securities Act, a landmark piece of New Deal legislation designed to increase transparency in financial markets and protect investors by requiring comprehensive disclosure of investment information.
28 May Nazi Party Wins Majority in Danzig Parliamentary Elections: On May 28, 1933, parliamentary elections were held in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland), resulting in the Nazi Party securing a majority of seats. This election marked a significant political shift in the region, reflecting the growing influence of Nazi ideology in the early years of Adolf Hitler's rise to power.
29 May Standard Oil's Saudi Arabia Oil Agreement: The Standard Oil Company of California (now Chevron Corporation) signed a groundbreaking petroleum exploration and development agreement with Saudi Arabia, marking a pivotal moment in global energy geopolitics. This landmark contract would fundamentally transform the economic landscape of the Middle East and set the stage for Saudi Arabia's emergence as a major global oil producer.
30 May Indianapolis 500 Race with Fatal Accident: The prestigious Indianapolis 500 automobile race takes place, marking another significant event in motorsport history. During the race, driver Mark Billman tragically loses his life after a fatal crash on lap 79, highlighting the inherent dangers of high-speed racing.
31 May Nazi Germany Excludes Jews from Military Service: On May 31, 1933, the Nazi regime officially barred Jews from serving in the German armed forces, marking an early and significant step in the systematic discrimination and marginalization of Jewish citizens in Germany. This discriminatory policy was part of the broader antisemitic policies implemented by the Nazi government, which would eventually lead to the Holocaust.
01 Jun BOGUS - Nazi Marriage Law Discriminating Against Non-Aryans: Nazi Germany implemented a deeply discriminatory marriage law that provided financial incentives (marriage loans) exclusively to Aryan couples, reflecting the regime's racist ideology and systematic marginalization of non-Aryan populations.
02 Jun Nazi Regime Implements Discriminatory Youth Organization Ban: Bernhard Rust, Minister of Science, Art, and Education for Prussia, issued a discriminatory order banning Jews from youth, welfare, and gymnastic organizations. This directive was part of the Nazi regime's systematic persecution and marginalization of Jewish citizens, signaling the escalating antisemitic policies of the early Nazi period.
03 Jun Papal Excommunication of Spanish Government Officials: Pope Pius XI excommunicated Spanish President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora and other prominent government members for signing laws that nationalized Catholic Church properties, marking a significant moment of religious-political conflict in Spain.
04 Jun Launch of Radio Luxembourg's English Broadcast: Radio Luxembourg began broadcasting as an innovative English-language radio station, strategically challenging the British Broadcasting Corporation's monopoly on domestic radio. This marked a significant moment in media diversity, offering alternative programming and breaking the BBC's broadcasting hegemony.
05 Jun United States Abandons Gold Standard: On June 5, 1933, the U.S. Congress passed a landmark joint resolution (48 Stat. 112) that effectively abolished the gold standard, nullifying creditors' rights to demand payment in gold. This significant economic policy change was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal efforts to combat the Great Depression by providing more monetary flexibility.
06 Jun First Drive-In Cinema Opens in Camden, New Jersey: Richard Hollingshead opens the first drive-in cinema in the United States on a 10-acre site in Camden, New Jersey, with capacity for 400 cars. The innovative theater features a massive 40 by 30 feet screen, marking a revolutionary moment in entertainment history.
07 Jun Four-Power Pact Initialled in Rome: Representatives from France, Britain, Germany, and Italy formally initialled the Four-Power Pact in Rome, a diplomatic agreement aimed at maintaining European peace and promoting mutual disarmament efforts. The pact symbolized an attempt to prevent future conflicts and establish a collaborative framework among major European powers in the early 1930s.
08 Jun Max Baer Defeats Max Schmeling in Boxing Match: In a dramatic boxing match at Yankee Stadium, California boxer Max Baer knocked out German boxer Max Schmeling before a massive crowd of 56,000 spectators. This fight was significant in the context of pre-World War II international sporting rivalries and tensions.
09 Jun Early German Rocket Testing: German scientists Rudolf Nebel and Herbert Schaefer conducted the first test launch of a rocket for the 'Magdeburg Project', an early attempt at space exploration. Despite the test flight's failure at Wolmirstedt, the project was a precursor to future advancements in rocketry and space technology.
10 Jun Taurus Express Train Disaster: A tragic train derailment occurred on the Taurus Express route between Istanbul and Adana in Turkey, resulting in 50 fatalities. The accident at Eskişehir was one of the most significant railway disasters of the early 1930s.
11 Jun First FIFA World Cup Qualification Matches Begin: The inaugural qualification matches for the FIFA World Cup commenced, with teams from 27 countries competing for 16 available spots in the 1934 tournament to be hosted in Italy. In a notable match, Sweden decisively defeated Estonia 6-2 at the Olympic Stadium in Stockholm, marking the start of a significant international football competition.
12 Jun World Economic Conference of 1933: The London Economic Conference opened with representatives from 66 countries to address critical global economic challenges in the aftermath of the Great Depression. The conference aimed to discuss strategies for reducing international trade barriers, resolving outstanding war debts, stabilizing exchange rates, and coordinating monetary policies among participating nations.
13 Jun Federal Home Owners Loan Corporation Authorization: The Federal Home Owners Loan Corporation was authorized as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal economic recovery efforts, aimed at providing financial relief during the Great Depression.
14 Jun Jimmie Mattern's Solo World Flight Attempt: On June 14, 1933, pioneering aviator Jimmie Mattern embarked on a daring solo circumnavigation flight, departing from Khabarovsk, Russia. This ambitious journey was part of the early 20th-century era of record-breaking aerial expeditions, where pilots sought to push the boundaries of aviation technology and human endurance. Mattern's attempt was a bold endeavor to become the first person to complete a solo flight around the globe, following in the footsteps of other legendary aviators like Wiley Post.
15 Jun Glass-Steagall Act Passes Congress: The Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 was a landmark financial regulation passed by both houses of Congress during the Great Depression. This critical legislation severely restricted private banks from making risky investments using depositors' capital, aiming to prevent speculative practices that contributed to the 1929 stock market crash and subsequent economic collapse.
16 Jun Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Established: The U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is created to protect bank depositors and restore public confidence in the banking system during the Great Depression.
17 Jun Detailed Union Station Massacre Account: The Union Station Massacre on June 17, 1933, was a significant criminal event involving the attempted rescue of Frank Nash, a convicted bank robber. After Nash's recapture in Hot Springs, Arkansas, he was being transported to Leavenworth when three allies attempted a violent intervention. The resulting gunfight killed Nash, multiple law enforcement officers, and drew national attention. The incident notably propelled J. Edgar Hoover's reputation and helped secure increased funding and recognition for the emerging FBI.
18 Jun Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were documented for June 18, 1933, this was during the Great Depression era in the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented during this period, aimed at economic recovery and providing relief to Americans struggling with widespread unemployment and economic hardship.
19 Jun Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss Bans Nazi Organizations: On June 19, 1933, Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss took decisive action against the rising Nazi movement by officially banning Nazi organizations within Austria. This move was part of Dollfuss's efforts to prevent the spread of Nazi ideology and protect Austria's political independence in the face of growing German expansionist ambitions. The ban was a critical moment in Austrian political history, reflecting the tensions between authoritarian governance and emerging fascist movements in Europe.
20 Jun Completion of the Belomorkanal (White Sea-Baltic Canal): The Soviet Union completed the ambitious Belomor Canal, a massive infrastructure project connecting the White Sea to the Baltic Sea. This 227-kilometer canal was constructed primarily using forced labor from the Gulag system, with thousands of prisoners working under extremely harsh conditions. The canal was a significant engineering achievement of the early Stalin era, demonstrating the Soviet regime's ability to mobilize massive human resources for large-scale industrial projects.
21 Jun Nazi Regime Bans Political Opposition: On June 21, 1933, the Nazi government officially forbade all non-Nazi political parties in Germany, effectively eliminating democratic political pluralism and consolidating Adolf Hitler's totalitarian control.
22 Jun Nazi Suppression of Social Democratic Party: The Nazi regime officially forbids the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), a critical step in eliminating political opposition and consolidating Adolf Hitler's totalitarian control. This action was part of the broader Nazi strategy to dismantle democratic institutions and establish a single-party state.
23 Jun Nazi Party Establishes Single-Party Dictatorship in Germany: On June 23, 1933, the Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler officially banned all non-Nazi political parties, effectively transforming Germany into a single-party totalitarian state. This critical moment marked a significant escalation of Nazi control, eliminating political opposition and consolidating power through legal means. The move effectively dismantled Germany's democratic institutions and paved the way for the Nazi Party's complete political dominance.
24 Jun A Quiet Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were documented for June 24, 1933, this period was during the Great Depression era in the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented during this time, aimed at economic recovery and providing relief to Americans struggling with widespread unemployment and economic hardship.
25 Jun Jehovah's Witnesses Protest Nazi Persecution in Berlin: Delegates gathered at the Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen in Berlin to publicly protest the systematic persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses by the Nazi regime. This event highlights the early resistance against religious discrimination and the Nazi government's oppressive policies targeting religious minorities.
26 Jun First Electronic Pari-Mutuel Betting Machine Unveiled: The American Totalisator Company introduced a groundbreaking electronic pari-mutuel betting machine at Arlington Park race track near Chicago, marking a significant technological advancement in horse racing betting systems. This innovation automated the complex process of calculating betting odds and payouts, revolutionizing the horse racing industry's wagering mechanisms.
27 Jun London Jews Protest Against Nazi Persecution: On June 27, 1933, a significant anti-Nazi demonstration was organized by the Jewish community in London, expressing strong opposition to the rising antisemitism and oppressive policies of the Nazi regime in Germany. This rally was an early and powerful public statement against the growing threat of Nazi ideology and its discriminatory practices towards Jewish people.
28 Jun Hitler Outlines Media Control Policy: Adolf Hitler delivered a significant speech to German newspaper publishers, explicitly detailing the Nazi government's new journalistic policy. This speech marked a critical moment in the regime's efforts to control and manipulate media narrative, effectively establishing state propaganda mechanisms and suppressing independent journalism.
29 Jun First Electronic Pari-Mutuel Betting Machine: The American Totalisator Company introduced its groundbreaking first electronic pari-mutuel betting machine at Arlington Park race track near Chicago, marking a significant technological advancement in horse racing betting systems.
30 Jun Mass Anti-Fascism Demonstration in Antwerp: A significant political demonstration of 50,000 people took place in Antwerp, Belgium, protesting against fascism and the growing threat of war in the early 1930s, reflecting the rising tensions in Europe.
01 Jul London Passenger Transport Board Established: The London Passenger Transport Board is founded, a significant reorganization of London's public transportation system, consolidating various transit services under a single administrative body.
02 Jul Carl Hubbell's Historic Pitching Performance: In a remarkable display of pitching prowess, Carl Hubbell of the New York Giants achieved a remarkable shutout against the Saint Louis Cardinals, winning 1-0 in an extraordinary 18-inning game. Hubbell's exceptional control was highlighted by the fact that he did not issue a single walk throughout the entire marathon game, demonstrating remarkable skill and endurance.
03 Jul Declaration of Independence Revision Process Continues: The ongoing revision of the Declaration of Independence proceeded through July 3 and extended into the early morning hours of July 4, with delegates meticulously reviewing and refining the historic document that would soon declare the American colonies' independence from British rule.
04 Jul Gandhi's Imprisonment: On July 4, 1933, Mahatma Gandhi was sentenced to prison in India, continuing his nonviolent resistance against British colonial rule. This imprisonment was part of his ongoing civil disobedience campaign, which played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence and would inspire global civil rights movements.
05 Jul Dissolution of German Catholic Center Party: On July 5, 1933, the Catholic Center Party (Zentrum), a significant political party representing Catholic interests in Germany, voluntarily dissolved itself under increasing pressure from the Nazi regime. This marked a critical moment in the consolidation of Nazi power, effectively eliminating the last major organized political opposition in the Weimar Republic.
06 Jul First Major League Baseball All-Star Game: The inaugural Major League Baseball All-Star Game was played at Comiskey Park in Chicago, marking a historic moment in baseball history. The American League emerged victorious, defeating the National League with a score of 5-2. This groundbreaking event brought together the best players from both leagues in a showcase of baseball talent and sportsmanship.
07 Jul Jack Crawford Wins Wimbledon Men's Singles Title: In a thrilling men's singles final at the Wimbledon Championships, Australian tennis player Jack Crawford defeated American player Ellsworth Vines, securing his first Wimbledon title. This match was a significant moment in the international tennis landscape of the 1930s, highlighting the competitive spirit between American and Australian players during that era.
08 Jul Public Works Administration Established: The Public Works Administration (PWA), a major New Deal agency created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, became effective. This agency was crucial in providing employment and implementing large-scale public infrastructure projects during the Great Depression.
09 Jul International Narcotic Drugs Convention Takes Effect: The Convention for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, signed in 1931 by 39 nations, officially came into effect. The United States ratified the international agreement the following day, representing a significant global effort to control drug manufacturing and distribution.
10 Jul Failed Right-Wing Coup Attempt in Japan: A right-wing group called the 'Divine Soldiers' attempted to overthrow the Japanese government by planning to bomb Prime Minister Saitō Makoto's office during a cabinet meeting. The conspirators intended to establish a new government led by either Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni or Prince Chichibu. The plot was ultimately foiled by Tokyo police, and the conspirators received surprisingly lenient sentences. The details of this attempted coup were suppressed for several years.
11 Jul Roosevelt Creates Executive Council: President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6202A, establishing a 24-member Executive Council that integrated cabinet members and federal agency administrators. The council was designed to meet weekly on Tuesday afternoons, enhancing governmental coordination during the Great Depression era.
12 Jul First US Federal Minimum Wage Law Established: On July 12, 1933, the United States Congress passed the first federal minimum wage law, setting the hourly wage rate at 33 cents per hour. This landmark legislation was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal economic reforms, aimed at providing workers with a basic standard of living during the Great Depression.
13 Jul Nazi Regime Mandates Compulsory Greeting and Salute: On July 13, 1933, the Nazi regime, through Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, officially mandated that all German government employees must use the 'Heil Hitler!' greeting and perform the distinctive Nazi salute (raising the right arm and hand upward). This directive was a critical step in enforcing ideological conformity and demonstrating loyalty to the Nazi Party, symbolizing the increasing totalitarian control over public and professional life in Germany.
14 Jul Nazi Gleichschaltung Decree: Adolf Hitler issued the Gleichschaltung decree, effectively abolishing all political parties in Germany except the Nazi Party. This was a critical step in establishing total Nazi control over the political system, eliminating democratic opposition and consolidating the Nazi regime's power.
15 Jul Four-Power Pact Signed in Rome: Representatives from the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy signed the Four-Power Pact in Rome, a diplomatic agreement aimed at reducing weapons proliferation and maintaining international peace by committing to a ten-year non-aggression understanding.
16 Jul Groundbreaking of Grand Coulee Dam: Construction officially began on the Grand Coulee Dam, a massive hydroelectric and irrigation project located on the Columbia River in Washington state. This landmark infrastructure project would become one of the largest concrete structures in the world and a critical component of the New Deal's economic recovery and infrastructure development strategy.
17 Jul NIRA Cotton Textile Code Implemented: The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) Cotton Textile Code was enacted, significantly improving working conditions for American mill workers. The code reduced the standard workweek from 54 to 40 hours without wage reduction and established a minimum weekly wage of $13, representing a landmark labor rights achievement during the Great Depression.
18 Jul Edwin H. Land Patents Polarized Lens Technology: Edwin H. Land was granted U.S. Patent 1,918,848 for the mass production of polarized lenses, a groundbreaking technological innovation that would later form the foundation of the Polaroid Corporation. This patent represented a significant advancement in optical technology, enabling widespread production of polarized eyewear and camera lenses.
19 Jul Lucille Ball's Hollywood Journey Begins: At age 22, Lucille Ball, a New York model, boarded a train to Hollywood after being signed by an agent to appear in the chorus of the movie 'Roman Scandals', marking the start of her legendary entertainment career.
20 Jul Vatican-Nazi Germany Concordat Signed: Vatican State Secretary Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) signs a controversial diplomatic accord with Nazi Germany, establishing a formal agreement between the Catholic Church and the emerging Nazi regime.
21 Jul Opening of Haifa Harbor in British Mandate Palestine: On July 21, 1933, the strategically important Haifa Harbor was officially opened, marking a significant milestone in the maritime infrastructure of British Mandate Palestine. This modern port facility would play a crucial role in the region's economic development and trade capabilities, serving as a key connection point between the Mediterranean and the Middle Eastern hinterland.
22 Jul Wiley Post's Historic Solo World Flight: Aviator Wiley Post completed the first solo flight around the world, landing at Floyd Bennett Field in New York City after an extraordinary journey. He traveled 15,596 miles (25,099 km) in 7 days, 18 hours, and 49 minutes, demonstrating remarkable aviation skill and endurance.
23 Jul Georges Speicher Triumphs in the 27th Tour de France: On July 23, 1933, French cyclist Georges Speicher emerged victorious in the grueling 27th edition of the Tour de France, a prestigious multi-stage bicycle race that tests the endurance and skill of the world's top cyclists. Speicher's win was a significant moment for French cycling, demonstrating the nation's prowess in this challenging international sporting event.
24 Jul Legal Proceedings Against Van der Lubbe: German judge Vogt formally signed the deed of accusation against Marinus van der Lubbe, a key figure in the controversial Reichstag fire incident that played a significant role in the Nazi Party's rise to power.
25 Jul Duke Ellington's Historic Dutch Radio Performance: On July 25, 1933, Duke Ellington made history by performing in the first live radio concert in the Netherlands. This groundbreaking event marked a significant moment in Dutch broadcasting and jazz music, introducing the legendary American jazz musician to a European audience through the innovative medium of radio.
26 Jul Battersea Power Station Begins Electricity Generation: A significant moment in London's industrial history, the Battersea Power Station commenced electricity generation, marking an important step in modernizing urban infrastructure and electrical power distribution in the United Kingdom.
27 Jul Discovery of Asteroid 1312 Vassar: On the same day, July 27, 1933, Belgian-American astronomer George Van Biesbroeck discovered asteroid #1312 Vassar. Van Biesbroeck was a renowned astronomer who made numerous contributions to the field of asteroid and planetary research during his career at the Yerkes Observatory.
28 Jul Spain Recognizes the Soviet Union: On July 28, 1933, Spain officially recognized the Soviet Union, a significant diplomatic milestone that represented a growing international acceptance of the Soviet state and marked an important moment in early 20th-century geopolitical relations.
30 Jul Great Britain Triumphs in Davis Cup Tennis Championship: In a thrilling international tennis competition, the Great Britain national tennis team defeated France in a closely contested Davis Cup match held in Paris. The final score was 3-2, showcasing the exceptional skill and determination of the British players in this prestigious tennis tournament.
31 Jul Death of Former U.S. Senator Karl C. Schuyler: Former U.S. Senator Karl C. Schuyler tragically passed away on July 31, 1933, after succumbing to injuries sustained when he was struck by an automobile while walking in New York City's Central Park. The incident highlights the growing dangers of urban traffic in the early 20th century and the vulnerability of pedestrians during a time of rapidly increasing automobile usage.
01 Aug National Recovery Administration Established: The National Recovery Administration (NRA) is established as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal economic recovery program, aimed at stimulating economic growth during the Great Depression.
02 Aug 1933 Summer Olympics Open in Los Angeles: The 1933 Summer Olympics commenced in Los Angeles, California, marking an important moment in international sports and marking the first time the Olympic Games were held in the United States west of the Mississippi River.
03 Aug Castlewood Dam Catastrophic Collapse: The Castlewood Dam on Colorado's Cherry Creek catastrophically collapsed, sending a massive 20-foot high wall of water through Denver, Colorado, and the surrounding towns of Parker and Sullivan. Despite an hour's warning before the 6:15 AM deluge, the disaster resulted in two fatalities and the evacuation of approximately 5,000 people.
04 Aug Tear Gas Attack at New York Stock Exchange: On August 4, 1933, a dramatic incident unfolded at the New York Stock Exchange when an unexpected tear gas attack disrupted trading operations. The attack caused hundreds of brokers to rapidly evacuate the trading floor, leading to an immediate suspension of trading activities. This event highlighted the volatile and sometimes unpredictable nature of financial markets during the tumultuous early years of the Great Depression.
05 Aug Devastating Tillamook Burn Forest Fire Extinguished: On August 5, 1933, firefighters successfully contained the massive Tillamook Burn forest fire that had ravaged the Coast Range of Oregon. The wildfire destroyed approximately 240,000 acres of pristine forest land, making it one of the most significant environmental disasters in Oregon's history. The extensive damage prompted major changes in forest management and fire prevention strategies in the Pacific Northwest region.
06 Aug Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were documented for August 6, 1933, this period was during the Great Depression era in the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented during this time, aimed at economic recovery and providing relief to Americans struggling with widespread unemployment and economic hardship.
07 Aug Simele Massacre of Assyrians in Iraq: On August 7, 1933, the Kingdom of Iraq carried out a systematic massacre of Assyrian civilians in the village of Simele, resulting in the deaths of over 3,000 Assyrians. This tragic event is commemorated as Assyrian Martyrs Day, marking a dark moment of ethnic violence and persecution against the Assyrian minority in Iraq.
08 Aug National Recovery Act Implementation: The National Recovery Administration publicly displayed its iconic Blue Eagle emblem as the National Recovery Act went into effect, symbolizing President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal economic recovery efforts during the Great Depression.
09 Aug Cuban Presidential Decree of Martial Law: On August 9, 1933, President Gerardo Machado of Cuba declared a state of war across the entire island, signaling escalating political tensions. He ordered military troops to converge on Havana, the capital city, in preparation for potential conflict. This decree came during a period of significant political unrest, as Machado's authoritarian regime faced growing opposition from various political factions and revolutionary movements.
11 Aug Simele Massacre in Iraq: On August 11, 1933, the Iraqi Army, under the command of General Bakr Sidqi, carried out a systematic and brutal massacre of unarmed Assyrian Christians in the town of Simele. Soldiers systematically targeted and killed men and boys with machine guns. Official army reports later confirmed the horrific toll: 305 men, 4 women, and 6 children were murdered, representing a significant act of ethnic violence.
12 Aug Churchill Warns of German Rearmament: On August 12, 1933, Winston Churchill delivered a significant public speech warning about the growing military threat posed by Nazi Germany's rearmament efforts. This prescient address highlighted the potential dangers of Hitler's regime and the increasing militarization of Germany, which would later prove to be a critical moment in understanding the lead-up to World War II.
13 Aug Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy: In response to political unrest in Cuba, President Franklin D. Roosevelt outlined the 'Good Neighbor Policy' during an emergency conference with Secretary of State Cordell Hull. This diplomatic approach signaled a fundamental shift in U.S. foreign relations with Latin America, emphasizing cooperation and mutual respect over military intervention.
14 Aug Tillamook Burn Forest Fire of 1933: On August 14, 1933, loggers accidentally caused a devastating forest fire in the Coast Range of Oregon, which became known as the first Tillamook Burn. The massive wildfire raged until September 5, ultimately destroying approximately 240,000 acres (970 square kilometers) of forest land. This catastrophic event marked a significant moment in Oregon's environmental history, highlighting the potential destructive power of human-induced wildfires.
16 Aug Christie Pits Riot: A Significant Moment of Ethnic Tension in Canadian History: On August 16, 1933, the Christie Pits Riot erupted in Toronto, marking one of the most significant and violent instances of ethnic conflict in Canadian history. The incident was triggered by Nazi-sympathetic youth who deliberately displayed a swastika flag during a public baseball game, intentionally provoking the local Jewish community. What began as a provocative gesture quickly escalated into widespread street violence involving approximately 10,000 participants and spectators. The riot reflected the deep-seated antisemitic tensions and rising fascist influences in Toronto during the early 1930s. After intense confrontations and widespread destruction, the violence was ultimately suppressed by mounted police and motorcycle-mounted law enforcement units.
17 Aug Lou Gehrig Sets Consecutive Games Record: Baseball legend Lou Gehrig set a remarkable record by playing in his 1,308th consecutive game, demonstrating extraordinary durability and commitment in Major League Baseball. This achievement highlighted Gehrig's incredible athletic consistency and earned him further recognition as one of baseball's most resilient players.
18 Aug Nazi Propaganda Radio: The Volksempfänger Debut: On August 18, 1933, the Nazi regime introduced the Volksempfänger ('People's Receiver'), a strategically designed low-cost radio at a public exhibition. Joseph Goebbels, the Minister of Propaganda, dramatically proclaimed the radio as the 'eighth great power', signaling the Nazi government's intent to use mass media as a powerful tool for ideological control and public manipulation.
19 Aug First Soapbox Derby Race: The inaugural Soapbox Car Race was held in Dayton, Ohio, organized by Dayton Daily News reporter Myron Scott. This event would become a significant grassroots motorsport competition for children and youth, encouraging creativity, engineering skills, and community participation.
20 Aug Gandhi's Hospitalization During Hunger Strike: On August 20, 1933, Mahatma Gandhi was removed from jail and transferred to a hospital in Poona (now Pune) due to the prolonged and intense hunger strike he was conducting. This event was part of his non-violent resistance against British colonial rule in India, highlighting his commitment to peaceful protest and personal sacrifice in the struggle for Indian independence.
21 Aug First MLB All-Star Game Played: The inaugural Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held, with Babe Ruth hitting a memorable home run that led the American League to a 4-2 victory. This historic game marked the beginning of what would become an annual celebrated tradition in professional baseball.
22 Aug Austrian Nazi Party Threatens National Sovereignty: Austria's national sovereignty was significantly challenged by the mobilization of approximately 6,000 members of the Austrian Nazi Party along the country's border, signaling growing political tension and the potential for future conflict in the lead-up to World War II.
23 Aug Gandhi Released After Hunger Strike: Mohandas K. Gandhi, the iconic leader of India's peaceful independence movement, was released from jail following a strategic hunger strike against British colonial rule. This event highlighted Gandhi's non-violent resistance tactics and continued to draw international attention to India's struggle for freedom.
24 Aug Gandhi Released from Jail: Mahatma Gandhi was released from jail in India following another hunger strike, continuing his non-violent resistance against British colonial rule and drawing international attention to the Indian independence movement.
25 Aug Haavara Agreement: The Haavara Agreement, signed on August 25, 1933, was a controversial transfer agreement between Nazi Germany's Ministry of the Economy and Zionist representatives. The agreement allowed German Jews to emigrate to Palestine by transferring part of their financial assets and personal possessions, providing a complex mechanism for Jewish emigration during the early Nazi period.
26 Aug Jack McGurn Captured at Golf Tournament: Notorious gangster Jack McGurn, a key associate of Al Capone, was arrested at the Western Open Golf Championship while competing under the alias Vincent Gebhardi. His capture represented a significant moment in law enforcement's efforts to combat organized crime during the Prohibition era.
27 Aug First Afrikaans Bible Introduced: The first complete Afrikaans translation of the Bible was ceremonially presented during a significant Bible Festival in Bloemfontein, marking a pivotal moment in linguistic and religious history for South African Afrikaans-speaking communities.
28 Aug Roosevelt's Gold Ownership Executive Order: On August 28, 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6260, which strategically modified the government's strict gold ownership policies. The order provided nuanced exemptions to the previous comprehensive gold ownership ban, specifically allowing individuals to: 1. Retain up to $100 in gold currency 2. Keep gold coins with recognized numismatic collector value This executive order was part of Roosevelt's broader economic strategy during the Great Depression, aimed at stabilizing the national monetary system and preventing gold hoarding.
29 Aug US Government Regulates Gold Production: On August 29, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order Number 6261, which mandated that all American gold producers must sell their extracted gold directly to the United States government. This order was part of the broader economic reforms during the Great Depression, aimed at stabilizing the nation's monetary system and preventing gold hoarding.
30 Aug Establishment of PIDE in Portugal: António de Oliveira Salazar, the authoritarian leader of Portugal, formally created the secret police organization known as PIDE (Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado). This notorious organization would become a key instrument of state repression, responsible for monitoring, suppressing, and persecuting political opponents during Salazar's Estado Novo regime.
31 Aug Murder's Impact on Einstein's Perception of Nazi Germany: The murder of an individual (likely a Jewish intellectual) in 1933 profoundly affected Albert Einstein's perspective on the growing dangers in Nazi Germany. This tragic event reportedly solidified Einstein's belief that returning to Germany would be perilous for Jewish intellectuals and scientists, further influencing his decision to remain in exile and speak out against the rising Nazi regime.
01 Sep PWA Anti-Discrimination Order: U.S. Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes issued a landmark order prohibiting racial discrimination in hiring for all Public Works Administration (PWA) funded projects, marking an early federal effort to combat workplace discrimination during the Great Depression.
02 Sep Italy and Soviet Union Sign Non-Aggression Pact: On September 2, 1933, in a surprising diplomatic move, the Fascist government of Italy and the Communist-governed Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship, neutrality, and non-aggression. This unexpected agreement bridged the ideological divide between two seemingly incompatible political systems, highlighting the complex geopolitical maneuverings of the interwar period.
03 Sep Hitler's Attack on Modern Art: At a Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg, Adolf Hitler denounced modern artistic movements, calling for a 'new artistic renaissance of the Aryan human being'. He explicitly rejected Jewish and Bolshevik artistic styles, including abstract art, cubism, Dadaism, and surrealism, signaling the Nazi regime's ideological control over cultural expression.
04 Sep Cuban Army Uprising and Provisional Government: On September 4, 1933, Sergeant Fulgencio Batista led a significant military uprising of non-commissioned officers against their Army superiors at Camp Columbia, near Havana. The revolt resulted in the collapse of military discipline, with sergeants taking command and numerous officers being arrested. The Directorio subsequently agreed to overthrow President Céspedes and established a five-member civilian executive commission to lead a provisional government, marking a pivotal moment in Cuban political history.
05 Sep Cuban Revolution of 1933: Presidential Transition: On September 5, 1933, during a pivotal moment in Cuban political history, President Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada was informed by members of the revolutionary junta that they were prepared to take control of the government. In response, he peacefully vacated the Presidential Palace, marking a significant shift in Cuba's political landscape.
06 Sep Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were documented for September 6, 1933, this period was during the early years of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency and the Great Depression era. The United States was in the midst of implementing New Deal policies aimed at economic recovery and social reform.
07 Sep US Naval Deployment to Cuba During Political Unrest: In response to ongoing political instability and potential escalating tensions, the United States Navy dispatched a squadron of 16 destroyers to Cuban waters. This naval presence was intended to protect American interests and potentially stabilize the volatile political situation during a period of significant uprising and potential conflict.
08 Sep Italy and Soviet Union Sign Non-Aggression Treaty: In a surprising diplomatic move, the Fascist government of Italy and the Communist-governed Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship, neutrality, and non-aggression, temporarily bridging their ideological differences.
09 Sep Miss America Pageant Revival: The Miss America Pageant was officially revived after a six-year hiatus, returning to its traditional home in Atlantic City, New Jersey. This marked a significant moment in the pageant's history, signaling renewed cultural interest and entertainment during the challenging early years of the Great Depression.
10 Sep First Negro League All-Star Game at Comiskey Park: The inaugural Negro League All-Star Game was held at Comiskey Park in Chicago, with the West team defeating the East team 11-7. This groundbreaking event showcased the exceptional talent of African American baseball players during the era of racial segregation in professional sports.
11 Sep Fulgencio Batista's Military Uprising in Cuba: On September 11, 1933, Sergeant Fulgencio Batista led a pivotal uprising at Camp Columbia, a Cuban Army base near Havana. By seizing control of the military installation and inciting a revolt against Army superiors, Batista set in motion a series of events that would result in the overthrow of the national government the following day. This event marked the beginning of Batista's rise to power in Cuban politics, ultimately leading to his long and controversial leadership of the country.
12 Sep Leo Szilard Conceives Nuclear Chain Reaction: While waiting at a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, London, physicist Leo Szilard had a groundbreaking scientific insight: the concept of a nuclear chain reaction, which would later become fundamental to nuclear physics and atomic energy development.
13 Sep First Woman Elected to New Zealand Parliament: Elizabeth McCombs made history on September 13, 1933, by becoming the first woman elected to the New Zealand Parliament. She succeeded her late husband and broke significant ground for women's political representation in the country.
14 Sep Reichstag Fire Shadow Trial Begins in London: The shadow trial related to the Reichstag fire commenced in London, examining the controversial event that played a crucial role in the Nazi Party's rise to power in Germany.
15 Sep Mysterious Disappearance of Mabel Smith Douglass: Mabel Smith Douglass's capsized boat was discovered on Lake Placid, New York, marking the beginning of a decades-long mystery. Her body would not be found until nearly 30 years later, creating a haunting narrative of an unsolved disappearance.
16 Sep CBS Radio Network Establishes Columbia News Service: On September 16, 1933, the CBS Radio Network formally incorporated the Columbia News Service, marking a significant milestone in the development of broadcast journalism. This new organization was specifically created to enable CBS to gather and produce its own news content, moving away from reliance on external news sources. The Columbia News Service would eventually evolve into the modern CBS News, becoming one of the most prominent news divisions in American broadcasting history.
17 Sep Establishment of Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden: The Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden (National Representation of German Jews) was formally established, consolidating Jewish organizational representation in Germany during the early years of Nazi rule. This organization would attempt to represent and protect Jewish interests during an increasingly hostile political environment.
18 Sep Tennessee Valley Authority Established: On September 18, 1933, as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal economic recovery program, the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was officially established. This groundbreaking federal corporation was designed to provide electricity, flood control, and economic development to the economically depressed Tennessee Valley region. The TVA represented a significant government intervention in regional economic planning and infrastructure development, becoming a model for large-scale public works projects during the Great Depression.
19 Sep New York Giants Win National League Pennant: On September 19, 1933, the New York Giants secured the National League pennant after the Pittsburgh Pirates were eliminated in the second game of a doubleheader. This victory solidified the Giants' position as the top team in the National League for the 1933 season, setting the stage for their potential World Series appearance.
20 Sep Jewish Resistance During Nazi Era: Despite growing Nazi oppression, German Jews demonstrated remarkable resilience by achieving record-breaking attendance at synagogues during Rosh Hashanah. This act of collective defiance symbolized the community's strength and refusal to be intimidated by anti-Semitic decrees.
21 Sep Marinus van der Lubbe Trial Begins: The trial of Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag building in Germany, opened. This trial was a pivotal moment in the early Nazi era, with significant political implications for the rise of the Nazi regime.
22 Sep Establishment of Nazi Cultural Control Mechanism: On September 22, 1933, Joseph Goebbels, as the Reich Minister of Propaganda, formally established the Reichskulturkammer (Reich Chamber of Culture). This organization was designed to control and regulate all aspects of cultural production in Nazi Germany, including art, music, literature, film, theater, press, and radio. By creating this centralized institution, the Nazi regime sought to suppress artistic freedom, eliminate 'degenerate' cultural expressions, and ensure that all cultural output aligned with Nazi ideology and propaganda goals.
23 Sep Stalin's Narrow Escape from NKVD Rifle Fire: During a boat trip on the Black Sea near Sukhumi, Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin experienced a harrowing incident when local NKVD secret police guards mistakenly fired rifles at his vessel, initially believing it to be carrying foreign spies. Stalin initially showed mercy, administering standard disciplinary measures. However, during the Great Purge four years later, these same guards were retrospectively executed, demonstrating Stalin's notorious unpredictability and ruthlessness.
24 Sep Klaus Fuchs Arrives in England, Escaping Nazi Persecution: Klaus Fuchs, a brilliant German nuclear physics student and communist sympathizer, arrived in England after narrowly escaping arrest during a Nazi crackdown on suspected communists. His arrival would later prove pivotal in the complex geopolitical landscape of scientific espionage during World War II and the early Cold War period.
25 Sep Tampico Hurricane Disaster: A devastating hurricane struck Tampico, Mexico, causing massive destruction and reportedly claiming approximately 5,000 lives. This natural disaster was one of the most significant meteorological events of 1933.
26 Sep Machine Gun Kelly Surrenders to FBI: Notorious gangster George 'Machine Gun' Kelly surrendered to FBI agents in Memphis, Tennessee, dramatically shouting the now-famous line, "Don't shoot, G-Men!" This moment became iconic in law enforcement history, popularizing the term 'G-Men' as a nickname for FBI agents.
27 Sep Nazi Regime Consolidates Control of Protestant Church: On September 27, 1933, Ludwig Müller was elected as the first Reichsbischof (Reich Bishop) of the German Evangelical Church, marking a significant moment of Nazi infiltration and control over religious institutions. Müller, a prominent supporter of the Nazi ideology, was part of the Deutsche Christen (German Christians) movement, which sought to align Protestant Christianity with Nazi racial and nationalist principles. This election represented a critical step in the Nazi regime's strategy to subordinate religious organizations to state control and propagate their ideological agenda.
28 Sep Critical Warning About Jewish Deportations in Denmark: German diplomat Georg Duckwitz courageously warned the Jewish community in Denmark about imminent Nazi deportation plans, a pivotal moment that would ultimately help save many Danish Jews from the Holocaust.
29 Sep Little King Cartoon Character Debuts: On September 29, 1933, the animated cartoon character 'Little King' was first introduced by the Von Beuren animation studio. This whimsical character, known for his rotund appearance and regal attire, marked an important moment in early American animation history. The cartoon series featured a jovial, childlike monarch who often found himself in humorous and endearing situations, reflecting the lighthearted entertainment style of the Great Depression era.
30 Sep "As Thousands Cheer" Ballet Premieres in New York City: On September 30, 1933, the groundbreaking ballet "As Thousands Cheer" premiered in New York City. Created by the collaborative talents of Berlin, Hart, Heyman, and Myers, this performance was a significant cultural event during the Great Depression era, showcasing innovative choreography and artistic expression.
01 Oct Assassination Attempt on Engelbert Dollfuss: An assassination attempt against Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, leader of the Fatherland's Front, resulted in serious injuries. This event highlights the political tensions and violent political climate in Austria during the early 1930s, preceding the rise of Nazi influence in the country.
02 Oct Birth of John Bertrand Gurdon: John Bertrand Gurdon was born in Dippenhall, Hampshire, England. He would later become a renowned developmental biologist who made groundbreaking contributions to cellular reprogramming and stem cell research. In 2012, Gurdon was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his revolutionary work demonstrating that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.
03 Oct Formation of Flemish National Covenant: On October 3, 1933, Gustave Staf de Clerq established the Flemish National Covenant (Vlaams Nationaal Verbond), a significant political movement advocating for Flemish nationalism and cultural autonomy in Belgium. This organization played a crucial role in promoting Flemish identity and political interests during a complex period of Belgian national politics.
04 Oct First Publication of Esquire Magazine: Esquire magazine, a groundbreaking men's lifestyle and culture publication, was first published on October 4, 1933. Founded during the Great Depression, the magazine quickly became known for its sophisticated writing, high-quality photography, and stylish approach to men's fashion and culture. It featured notable writers like Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald, and helped redefine the concept of men's periodicals in the United States.
05 Oct Formation of Air France: Air France is formed by merging five French airline companies, marking a significant milestone in French aviation history. The newly established national carrier begins operations with an impressive fleet of 250 planes, positioning France as a major player in the emerging commercial aviation industry.
06 Oct Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were recorded for October 6, 1933, this period was part of the Great Depression era in the United States. During this time, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented to help the country recover from economic hardship. The absence of a notable event does not diminish the significant socio-economic transformations happening during this period.
07 Oct Air France Officially Established: On October 7, 1933, Air France was officially inaugurated through the strategic merger of five French airline companies. This consolidation represented a significant milestone in French aviation history, creating a national carrier that would become a symbol of French technological and transportation prowess.
08 Oct Martinez Barrios Forms Spanish Government: Diego Martínez Barrios, a prominent Spanish Republican politician, formed a new government during a tumultuous period in Spanish political history, just two years before the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. This government formation was part of the complex political landscape of the Second Spanish Republic.
09 Oct Birth of Peter Mansfield, Nobel Prize-Winning Physicist: Peter Mansfield, a distinguished British physicist, was born on October 9, 1933. He would later become renowned for his groundbreaking work in medical imaging and be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his significant contributions to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology.
10 Oct First Proven Commercial Aviation Sabotage: A United Airlines Boeing 247 is destroyed by a bomb near Chesterton, Indiana, killing all 7 passengers and crew. This incident represents the first definitively proven case of sabotage in commercial aviation history, raising serious security concerns for the emerging airline industry.
11 Oct Birth of Thomas Atcitty, Native American Politician: Thomas Atcitty was born on October 11, 1933. He was an American politician of Native American descent who would later contribute to political representation and advocacy for indigenous communities in the United States.
12 Oct John Dillinger's Dramatic Jail Break: Three notorious members of John Dillinger's gang—Harry Pierpont, Russell Clark, and Charles Makley—launched a violent prison break in Lima, Ohio. They successfully freed Dillinger from the city jail and tragically killed Sheriff Jesse Sarber during the operation.
13 Oct 1933 Palestine Riots Erupt: Tensions escalated in British-controlled Palestine when police forcibly dispersed a banned demonstration organized by the Arab Executive Committee. This event marked a significant moment of political unrest and highlighted the growing tensions between Arab and Jewish communities under British mandate.
14 Oct Germany's International Diplomatic Withdrawal: On October 14, 1933, Nazi Germany dramatically withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference, signaling a significant shift in its international diplomatic stance. This unilateral action marked a critical moment in the lead-up to World War II, demonstrating Nazi Germany's increasing isolation and defiance of international diplomatic norms.
15 Oct Nazi Cultural Event in Munich: Adolf Hitler presided over a significant Nazi cultural ceremony in Munich, participating in the Day of German Art. During the event, he watched a parade and laid the foundation stone for the House of German Art, which was planned to replace the Glass Palace. Hitler also greeted Alberto Vassallo di Torregrossa, the Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria, highlighting the political and cultural symbolism of the event.
16 Oct Estonia Approves New Constitution: On October 16, 1933, Estonia successfully ratified its new constitution after three consecutive referendums. This constitutional process was significant in the young nation's democratic development, following its independence from the Russian Empire in 1918. The new constitution likely aimed to solidify Estonia's democratic governance structure and national sovereignty during the interwar period.
17 Oct Einstein's Escape from Nazi Germany: On October 17, 1933, renowned physicist Albert Einstein fled Nazi Germany, seeking refuge in the United States. As a prominent Jewish intellectual who had been outspoken against the rising Nazi regime, Einstein recognized the growing danger to his life and academic freedom. His departure marked a significant moment in the exodus of Jewish scholars and intellectuals from Germany during the early years of Nazi rule. Einstein would go on to become a permanent resident of the United States, continuing his groundbreaking scientific work and becoming an important voice against fascism and for human rights.
18 Oct First Flight of Grumman F2F Fighter: On October 18, 1933, the Grumman F2F fighter airplane completed its maiden flight, piloted by test pilot Jimmy Collins. This early naval fighter represented an important milestone in the development of United States naval aviation technology during the interwar period.
19 Oct Nazi Eugenics Law Passed: The Berlin Reichstag enacted the 'Law for the Prevention of Genetically Diseased Offspring,' a deeply unethical legislation that legalized involuntary sterilization and institutionalized Nazi racial pseudoscience, targeting individuals deemed 'genetically inferior' by the regime.
20 Oct Lack of Documented Historical Events - October 1933: While no specific historical events were found for October 20, 1933, this period was part of the Great Depression era, characterized by significant economic challenges and social transformations globally.
21 Oct Germany Withdraws from League of Nations: German Chancellor Adolf Hitler formally withdrew Germany from the League of Nations, a significant diplomatic move that signaled Germany's increasing isolation and defiance of post-World War I international agreements. This action was part of Hitler's broader strategy to challenge the Treaty of Versailles and reassert German sovereignty.
22 Oct Primo Carnera Wins Heavyweight Boxing Championship: On October 22, 1933, Italian boxer Primo Carnera defeated Paulino Uzcudun in a 15-round heavyweight championship bout, securing his place in boxing history. Carnera, known for his impressive size and strength, successfully claimed the world heavyweight title through a decisive victory.
23 Oct Birmingham's 40,000th Council House Opened: On October 23, 1933, Neville Chamberlain, who was then Chancellor of the Exchequer, officially opened the 40,000th council house in Birmingham, located on the Weoley Castle estate. This milestone represented a significant achievement in the city's public housing development during the interwar period, reflecting the British government's commitment to providing affordable housing for working-class families.
24 Oct Premiere of Mulatto by Langston Hughes: On October 24, 1933, Langston Hughes' groundbreaking play 'Mulatto' premiered in New York City. The play, which explored racial tensions and identity in the American South during the early 20th century, was a significant work in African American theatrical history. Hughes, a prominent figure of the Harlem Renaissance, used the play to critically examine racial dynamics, interracial relationships, and the complex social structures of segregation era America.
25 Oct Roosevelt's Gold Purchase Program Initiated: On October 25, 1933, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented a significant economic policy shift by introducing a gold purchase program. This initiative involved buying gold at prices higher than the existing standard rate of $20.67 per ounce, which was a key component of his broader New Deal economic recovery strategy during the Great Depression.
26 Oct Formation of Albert Sarraut's Government in France: On October 26, 1933, Albert Sarraut formed a new government in France, taking leadership during a period of political complexity in the Third Republic. Sarraut, a prominent Radical Socialist politician, assumed the role of Prime Minister during a time of economic challenges and rising international tensions.
27 Oct Nazi Government Passes Discriminatory Editors Law: On October 27, 1933, the Nazi regime in Germany enacted the 'Editors Law' (Schriftleitergesetz), which was a critical component of their systematic efforts to control media and promote racial discrimination. This law mandated that only individuals of 'Aryan' descent could work as journalists, effectively purging Jewish and other non-'Aryan' professionals from the media industry. The legislation was part of the broader Nazi strategy to control information dissemination and promote their racist ideology, severely restricting press freedom and marginalizing minority groups.
29 Oct Death of Paul Painlevé, French Mathematician and Politician: On October 29, 1933, Paul Painlevé, a prominent French mathematician and political figure, passed away at the age of 69. Painlevé was notable for his contributions to mathematics and his brief but significant political career, having served as Prime Minister of France twice - in 1917 and 1925. His work bridged the worlds of academic scholarship and national leadership during a tumultuous period in French history.
30 Oct President Roosevelt's Administrative Day: On October 30, 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt engaged in a series of high-level governmental meetings, demonstrating the intense administrative work during the early years of the New Deal. His day involved consultations with key officials including Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr., Secretary of State Cordell Hull, and Senator Gerald P. Nye. The meetings likely focused on economic recovery strategies, banking reforms, and ongoing policy development in response to the Great Depression.
31 Oct Samuel Insull Evades Legal Prosecution in Greece: Samuel Insull, a prominent American utilities tycoon and former head of Commonwealth Edison, successfully avoided extradition from Greece after fleeing the United States to escape multiple financial fraud charges. Insull had been accused of massive investor fraud and mismanagement during the early years of the Great Depression, which led to significant financial losses for thousands of shareholders. His legal maneuvering in Greece represented a dramatic chapter in one of the most notorious corporate scandals of the 1930s.
01 Nov Establishment of Dachau Concentration Camp Regulations: On November 1, 1933, Theodor Eicke, the commandant of Dachau concentration camp, formalized a set of brutal regulations that would become a systematic model for Nazi concentration camps. The regulations were exceptionally harsh, including a provision under Article 12 that authorized immediate execution of prisoners who refused to work or created disturbances while laboring. These guidelines represented an early, chilling example of the systematic dehumanization and violence that would characterize the Nazi regime's treatment of prisoners.
02 Nov White House Conference on Women's Emergency Needs: On November 2, 1933, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt inaugurated the White House Conference on the Emergency Needs of Women. This groundbreaking conference addressed critical socio-economic challenges facing women during the Great Depression, highlighting the Roosevelt administration's commitment to understanding and addressing gender-specific hardships during a period of severe economic distress.
03 Nov Michael Dukakis: Political Career Overview: Michael S. Dukakis was a prominent American Democratic politician who served as Governor of Massachusetts and was the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in the 1988 United States presidential election. Known for his progressive policies and technocratic approach, Dukakis was a significant figure in late 20th-century American politics.
04 Nov First Manned Rocket Launch: Otto Fischer of Germany makes history as the first person to be launched in a manned rocket. The groundbreaking flight took place on the island of Rügen, using a liquid oxygen and gasoline-fueled missile. Fischer ascended to an altitude of six miles and safely returned to earth via parachute after a ten-minute flight, marking a significant milestone in aerospace technology.
05 Nov Spanish Basque Autonomy Vote: On November 5, 1933, Basque voters in the provinces of Vizcaya, Alava, and Guipuzcoa approved a historic resolution seeking autonomy within the Spanish state, reflecting the region's strong desire for self-governance.
06 Nov British PM Warns of Rising Dictatorships: In a notable speech to his cabinet and party leaders on November 6, 1933, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald expressed deep concern about the rising tide of authoritarianism in the United States and Germany. His prophetic comment about the potential 'backwash' of political extremism highlighted the growing international tensions and the early warning signs of democratic erosion in major world powers during the interwar period.
07 Nov Franklin D. Roosevelt Elected President: Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected as the 32nd President of the United States, marking a pivotal moment in American political history during the Great Depression era. His election signaled a major shift towards progressive policies and the New Deal.
08 Nov Civil Works Administration Established: President Franklin D. Roosevelt creates the Civil Works Administration (CWA) as part of the New Deal, a critical economic relief program designed to provide immediate employment during the Great Depression. The CWA aimed to create jobs for over 4 million unemployed Americans.
09 Nov Civil Works Administration Established by FDR: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6420-B creating the Civil Works Administration (CWA), an innovative New Deal program designed to rapidly create jobs for over 4 million unemployed Americans during the depths of the Great Depression. The CWA provided temporary government-funded employment in public works projects, offering immediate economic relief and helping to rebuild national infrastructure.
10 Nov First Sitdown Strike in United States Labor History: Workers at the Hormel food processing factory in Austin, Minnesota, initiated the first recorded sitdown strike in the United States. This labor action, occurring during the depths of the Great Depression, marked a significant moment in American labor rights, where employees peacefully occupied the workplace to protest working conditions and demand better treatment.
11 Nov Dust Bowl Devastates South Dakota Farmlands: A severe dust storm ravaged South Dakota, stripping away critical topsoil from already parched and desiccated agricultural lands, exemplifying the environmental catastrophe of the Dust Bowl era that would devastate the American Great Plains throughout the 1930s.
12 Nov Nazi Party Electoral Dominance in Germany: The National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) receives an overwhelming 92 percent of the vote in a national election, demonstrating the rapid consolidation of Adolf Hitler's political power and the erosion of democratic processes in Germany.
13 Nov First Modern Sit-Down Strike at Hormel Meat Packing Plant: On November 13, 1933, workers at the Hormel meat packing plant in Austin, Minnesota, initiated the first modern sit-down strike in labor history. This groundbreaking labor action involved workers occupying the workplace to protest working conditions and demand better treatment, marking a significant moment in the American labor movement.
14 Nov First Modern Sit-Down Strike by Hormel Meat Packers: On November 13, 1933, workers at the Hormel meat packing plant in Austin, Minnesota initiated the first modern sit-down strike in American labor history. This groundbreaking labor action represented a pivotal moment in workers' rights, where employees remained inside the workplace to protest working conditions and demand better treatment. By occupying the factory, workers prevented replacement workers and drew significant public attention to their grievances, setting a precedent for future labor organizing strategies.
15 Nov US-Soviet Diplomatic Relations Normalized: President Franklin D. Roosevelt officially ended nearly 16 years of diplomatic isolation by establishing relations with the Soviet Union. Soviet Foreign Affairs Commissar Maxim Litvinov traveled to Washington to initiate diplomatic negotiations, marking a significant shift in international relations during the early years of the Great Depression.
16 Nov US President Franklin Roosevelt establishes diplomatic relations with USSR.
17 Nov United States recognizes Soviet Union.
18 Nov W.D. Jones of Bonnie and Clyde Gang Arrested: W.D. Jones, a 17-year-old Texan who was a member of the infamous Bonnie and Clyde Gang, was arrested while working on a farm near Houston. After leaving the gang, Jones was apprehended and subsequently provided detailed information about the gang's criminal activities between December 1932 and August 1933. He was sentenced to 15 years in state prison for being an accessory to murders and kidnappings. Later, Jones gave interviews to biographers, offering insights into the notorious criminal group.
19 Nov Spanish Second Republic General Elections of 1933: The Spanish Second Republic held significant general elections on November 19, 1933, marking a pivotal moment in the nation's democratic evolution. These elections were historic for two key reasons: they were the first elections in which Spanish women were granted the right to vote, and they resulted in a decisive victory for right-wing political parties. The electoral outcome dramatically shifted the political landscape, signaling a conservative turn in Spanish politics during the tumultuous interwar period.
20 Nov Fukien Rebellion Against Nationalist Government: On November 20, 1933, a significant military uprising known as the Fukien Rebellion erupted in China. Led by General Chen Mingshu, officers and soldiers of the 19th Route Army revolted against their superiors in the National Revolutionary Army. The rebels attempted to establish an alternative government in Fujian Province, southeastern China, challenging the existing political order and revealing deep internal tensions within the Chinese military and political landscape.
21 Nov First US Ambassador to Soviet Union Takes Office: William C. Bullitt became the first United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union, marking a significant diplomatic milestone in US-Soviet relations during the early years of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. This appointment represented a key moment in diplomatic recognition and potential engagement between the two nations following the Soviet Union's establishment.
22 Nov Bonnie and Clyde Survive Ambush: On November 22, 1933, infamous outlaws Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow narrowly escaped an ambush set up by the Dallas County Sheriff's Office near Sowers, Texas. Despite being wounded during the encounter, the notorious criminal duo managed to evade capture, continuing their infamous crime spree across the American Midwest.
23 Nov English Cricket County Teams Vote to Restrict Fast Bowling: On November 23, 1933, a pivotal meeting of cricket administrators took place where 17 captains of England's first-class county cricket teams deliberated on player safety. In a significant vote of 14 to 3, they passed a resolution to ban or restrict fast bowling techniques, motivated by growing concerns about player injuries. This decision reflected an early attempt to balance the competitive spirit of cricket with athlete protection, highlighting the sport's evolving approach to player welfare.
24 Nov Nazi Germany's Animal Protection Law: On November 24, 1933, Adolf Hitler signed a comprehensive animal welfare legislation that prohibited various forms of animal cruelty, including vivisection, commercial animal hunting, and inhumane slaughter practices. This law was considered groundbreaking for its time, reflecting a surprising commitment to animal rights, despite the regime's brutal human rights record.
25 Nov First Soviet Liquid Rocket Launch: On November 25, 1933, Soviet scientists achieved a significant milestone in rocket technology by successfully launching the first liquid-fueled rocket in the USSR. The rocket reached an impressive altitude of 261 feet (80 meters), marking an important breakthrough in early space exploration and propulsion technology.
26 Nov Camille Chautemps Becomes French Premier: On November 26, 1933, Camille Chautemps assumed the role of Premier of France, leading the government during a complex period of political transition in the early 1930s. Chautemps, a prominent Radical Socialist politician, took office at a time of significant economic and social challenges in France following the global economic depression.
27 Nov Uneventful Day in 1933: While no major historical events were recorded for November 27, 1933, this period was part of the Great Depression era in the United States. During this time, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented to help the country recover from severe economic challenges. The lack of a specific notable event does not diminish the broader historical context of significant societal and economic transformations happening during this period.
28 Nov Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were recorded for November 28, 1933, this period was part of the Great Depression era in the United States. During this time, President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented to help the country recover from severe economic challenges. The global political landscape was also tense, with the rise of fascism in Europe and economic instability affecting many nations.
29 Nov Legendary Escape from Devil's Island: Henri Charrière, André Maturette, and Joanes Clousiot execute a daring escape from the notorious French penal colony on Devil's Island in French Guiana. This dramatic breakout would later inspire the famous book and film 'Papillon', highlighting the brutal conditions of colonial-era prison systems.
30 Nov Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Establishes Camps in Cleveland Park District: As part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs, the Civilian Conservation Corps established work camps in the Cleveland Park District. These camps provided employment and job training for young unemployed men during the Great Depression, focusing on conservation and development of natural resources.
01 Dec Nazi Leadership Appointments: Rudolf Hess and Ernst Röhm become ministers in Adolf Hitler's German government, marking a significant consolidation of Nazi power and leadership.
02 Dec Release of 'Dancing Lady' Film: On December 2, 1933, MGM released 'Dancing Lady,' a significant musical film that marked an important milestone in Fred Astaire's film career. This movie was one of Astaire's early Hollywood appearances and helped establish him as a prominent dance and musical performer.
03 Dec Joe Lilliard Breaks NFL Color Barrier: Joe Lilliard becomes one of the first African American players in the NFL, playing quarterback for the Chicago Cardinals. His participation was significant, as he was among the last black players before a de facto racial segregation period that would last until 1946.
04 Dec King Kong Film Premiere: The groundbreaking original King Kong film had its premiere, introducing audiences to a landmark moment in cinema history. This film would become a significant milestone in special effects, monster movies, and Hollywood storytelling.
05 Dec End of Prohibition in the United States: On December 5, 1933, Utah became the 36th U.S. state to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, achieving the required 75% state approval needed to officially repeal the 18th Amendment. This landmark decision effectively ended the nationwide ban on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, marking a significant moment in American social and legal history.
06 Dec Landmark Literary Freedom Decision: Ulysses Ruled Not Obscene: In a groundbreaking legal decision, U.S. District Judge John M. Woolsey ruled that James Joyce's novel 'Ulysses' is not obscene, despite its controversial language and sexual content. This ruling was a significant moment for literary freedom and censorship, effectively ending the book's 12-year ban in the United States.
07 Dec Uneventful Day in 1933: While no significant historical events were recorded for December 7, 1933, this period was during the Great Depression era in the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented during this time to help the country recover from economic hardship.
08 Dec Canonization of Saint Bernadette Soubirous: On December 8, 1933, Bernadette Soubirous was officially canonized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Bernadette, a young French nun from Lourdes, gained worldwide recognition for her reported visions of the Virgin Mary at the Grotto of Massabielle in 1858. Her spiritual experiences and subsequent life of religious devotion led to her eventual sainthood, making her an important figure in Catholic hagiography. The Lourdes apparitions, where she claimed to have seen the Virgin Mary multiple times, became a significant pilgrimage site and a place of reported miraculous healings.
09 Dec Prohibition Ends in the United States: The 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, officially repealing the 18th Amendment and ending the nationwide prohibition of alcohol. This landmark legislative action marks a significant shift in American social policy, effectively concluding the 13-year experiment with nationwide alcohol prohibition.
10 Dec Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to Dirac and Schrödinger: Paul Dirac and Erwin Schrödinger were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their groundbreaking contributions to atomic theory. Their work fundamentally transformed our understanding of quantum mechanics, providing new and productive theoretical frameworks that explained atomic and subatomic behavior.
11 Dec Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were documented for December 11, 1933, this period was during the Great Depression era in the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented during this time to address economic challenges and provide relief to struggling Americans.
12 Dec Warburg Institute Library Escapes Nazi Persecution: In a critical moment of cultural preservation, the entire Warburg Institute library was relocated from Hamburg to London on December 12, 1933. This dramatic move was necessitated by the rising antisemitism of Nazi Germany, which threatened the library's existence because its director, Fritz Saxl, was Jewish. The library, containing invaluable renaissance materials, was carefully transported on two freighters, saving a significant collection of scholarly works from potential destruction and symbolizing the intellectual resistance against Nazi oppression.
13 Dec Warburg Institute Library Escapes Nazi Destruction: In a critical act of cultural preservation, the entire collection of the Warburg Institute library, containing invaluable renaissance materials, was relocated from Hamburg to London. This emergency move was necessitated by the Nazi government's threat to destroy the library due to its Jewish director, Fritz Saxl, representing a significant moment of intellectual resistance against Nazi persecution.
14 Dec Josephine Baker's Performance in Amsterdam: Renowned African American performer Josephine Baker captivated audiences in Amsterdam with her groundbreaking dance and musical performance. As a prominent figure of the Harlem Renaissance and an international star, Baker's appearance represented a significant cultural exchange and a moment of artistic brilliance during the early 1930s.
15 Dec 21st Amendment Repeals Prohibition: The Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution officially becomes effective, repealing the Eighteenth Amendment that prohibited the sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol. This landmark legislation ended the nationwide prohibition of alcohol, marking a significant shift in American social and legal policy.
16 Dec Spanish Political Leadership Change: Diego Martínez Barrio resigned as Prime Minister of Spain, marking a significant political transition. He was immediately succeeded by Alejandro Lerroux, reflecting the volatile political landscape of Spain during the early 1930s, a period characterized by frequent governmental changes.
17 Dec NFL Begins Official Statistics Tracking: The National Football League (NFL) officially started keeping comprehensive game statistics during the championship game between the Chicago Bears and New York Giants, which the Bears won 23-21.
18 Dec College Oratorical Contest: An oratorical contest was conducted at West Virginia Wesleyan College, showcasing students' public speaking skills, rhetorical abilities, and intellectual prowess.
19 Dec Electric Home and Farm Authority Established: President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the Electric Home and Farm Authority (EHFA), a New Deal initiative designed to help low-income households purchase essential electrical appliances during the Great Depression. This program was part of broader economic recovery efforts to stimulate consumer spending and improve living standards.
20 Dec First US Ambassador to Soviet Union Arrives: William C. Bullitt became the first American ambassador to the Soviet Union, arriving in Moscow and being welcomed with a Kremlin banquet attended by Soviet leadership. A notable and unusual moment occurred when Soviet leader Joseph Stalin reportedly kissed Bullitt on the mouth, an incident Bullitt would later describe with bitterness, feeling ultimately betrayed by Soviet diplomacy.
21 Dec Medical Breakthrough: Dried Human Blood Serum Preparation: Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania achieved a significant medical milestone by successfully preparing dried human blood serum for the first time. This breakthrough would have important implications for medical treatments, blood storage, and transfusion techniques.
22 Dec Uneventful Day in 1933: While no specific major historical events were documented for December 22, 1933, this period was during the Great Depression era in the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented during this time to help the country recover from economic hardship. The year 1933 was significant for major legislative actions like the repeal of Prohibition and the establishment of various economic recovery programs.
23 Dec Marinus van der Lubbe Sentenced to Death: Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was sentenced to death for allegedly setting fire to the German Reichstag building in Berlin, a pivotal event that the Nazis used to consolidate power and suppress political opposition.
24 Dec FM Radio Patent: Frequency Modulation (FM) radio technology was patented, representing a significant breakthrough in communication and broadcasting technology. This innovation would revolutionize radio transmission quality and pave the way for modern audio broadcasting.
25 Dec Death of Francesc Macià, Catalan Political Leader: Francesc Macià, the prominent President of the Generalitat de Catalunya and a key figure in the Catalan autonomy movement, passed away on Christmas Day. As a foundational leader of modern Catalan nationalism, his death marked a significant moment in the region's political history.
26 Dec US Non-Intervention Policy in Western Hemisphere: The United States formally commits to refraining from armed intervention in the Western Hemisphere, a significant diplomatic stance reflecting the evolving foreign policy approach of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration during the early years of the Good Neighbor Policy.
27 Dec Uneventful Day in 1933: While no major historical events were specifically documented for December 27, 1933, this period was during the Great Depression era in the United States. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively being implemented during this time to help the country recover from economic hardship.
28 Dec FDR's Foreign Policy Address: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a significant foreign policy speech during a 'Wilson Day' celebration at the Maywood Hotel in Washington, D.C. This address likely reflected the complex international tensions of the early 1930s, as the world was still recovering from World War I and tensions were rising in Europe and Asia.
29 Dec Holodomor Famine in Ukraine: The devastating Holodomor famine occurs in Ukraine, a man-made catastrophe resulting from Soviet policies that led to the deaths of millions of Ukrainians through systematic starvation.
30 Dec Women Pilots Set New World Flight Record: Helen Richey and Frances Marsalis make aviation history by setting a new world record for the longest continuous airplane flight, highlighting women's achievements in early aviation.
31 Dec Kangaroos Triumph in Rugby League International Match: On December 31, 1933, Australia's national rugby team, the Kangaroos, delivered a resounding victory against a team of Rugby Football League stars from England at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The match ended with a decisive score of 63-13, demonstrating Australia's rugby league prowess and home ground advantage.

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