Major Events of 1935: Key Historical Moments You Need to Know

Every year brings its own set of pivotal moments that leave a lasting mark on history. From political shifts and technological advancements to cultural breakthroughs, these events shape the world and influence the future. In this comprehensive overview, we’ll explore the most significant occurrences from 1935, highlighting key moments that continue to impact our lives today.

Major Events of 1935 - Historical Moments That Defined the Year | TakeMeBack.to

01 Jan Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Adopts Surname: President Mustapha Kemal Pasha officially adopts the surname 'Atatürk', which translates to 'Father of the Turks', symbolizing his transformative leadership in modernizing the Republic of Turkey and establishing a secular, progressive national identity following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.
02 Jan Bruno Hauptmann Trial for Lindbergh Baby Murder Begins: The trial of Bruno Hauptmann commenced in Flemington, New Jersey, for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr., the infant son of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh. This high-profile criminal case captured national attention and represented a significant moment in American judicial history.
03 Jan Bruno Hauptmann Trial for Lindbergh Baby Murder Begins: The high-profile criminal trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann commenced in Flemington, New Jersey, for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh Jr., a case that had captivated national attention. Hauptmann was accused of the infamous 1932 kidnapping and murder of the 20-month-old son of famous aviator Charles Lindbergh.
04 Jan Roosevelt's Second State of the Union Address: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his second State of the Union address, outlining critical New Deal policies. He proposed reducing direct federal relief, introducing unemployment insurance, social security, and other social welfare benefits to address the economic challenges of the Great Depression.
05 Jan Polish Coal Miners' Hunger Strike Resolves Employment Dispute: In a dramatic demonstration of labor activism, forty coal miners in Poland concluded an 11-day hunger strike after local authorities committed to addressing their unemployment concerns. The miners, facing economic hardship during the Great Depression era, used this extreme form of protest to draw attention to their desperate employment situation. Their collective action ultimately succeeded in securing promises of job opportunities from local government officials.
06 Jan Moscow-Leningrad Train Disaster: A tragic train crash on the Moscow to Leningrad line resulted in the loss of 23 lives, highlighting the transportation safety challenges of the mid-1930s Soviet transportation system.
07 Jan Italo-French Diplomatic Agreement of 1935: On January 7, 1935, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval signed a significant diplomatic agreement aimed at improving bilateral relations between Italy and France. The agreement focused on resolving colonial interests in Africa and establishing a shared perspective on European geopolitical matters. This diplomatic effort was an attempt to reduce tensions between the two nations during the increasingly volatile pre-World War II period.
08 Jan Birth of Elvis Presley: Elvis Aaron Presley, the legendary American singer, guitarist, and cultural icon, was born in Tupelo, Mississippi. He would go on to become known as the 'King of Rock and Roll', revolutionizing popular music and becoming one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century.
09 Jan Birth of Manlio De Angelis: Manlio De Angelis, an Italian actor, was born on January 9, 1935, in Italy. He would go on to become a notable figure in the Italian entertainment industry during the mid-20th century.
10 Jan Hollywood Romance: Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks Marriage: Silent film era superstars Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks were married, representing one of the most prominent celebrity couples of the early 20th century. Their union symbolized the glamour and excitement of Hollywood's golden age.
11 Jan Amelia Earhart's Historic Solo Flight Across the Pacific: On January 11, 1935, pioneering aviator Amelia Earhart completed a groundbreaking solo flight from Hawaii to California, becoming the first person to accomplish this challenging transpacific journey. The flight covered a distance of approximately 2,408 miles, which was longer than the typical transatlantic route. This remarkable achievement further solidified Earhart's reputation as one of the most daring and skilled pilots of her era, pushing the boundaries of aviation technology and human endurance.
12 Jan Amelia Earhart's Historic Solo Flight from Hawaii to California: On January 12, 1935, pioneering aviator Amelia Earhart made aviation history by completing the first solo flight from Hawaii to California. She departed from Wheeler Field in Hawaii and landed in Oakland, California, after an impressive 18-hour and 16-minute journey. This groundbreaking flight further solidified Earhart's reputation as one of the most daring and skilled pilots of her era, pushing the boundaries of long-distance aviation and challenging gender norms in a male-dominated field.
13 Jan Saar Basin Plebiscite of 1935: A significant referendum was held in the Territory of the Saar Basin, where an overwhelming majority of 90.3% of voters chose to reunify with Germany. This plebiscite was a crucial moment in the lead-up to World War II, reflecting the growing nationalist sentiment and the expanding influence of Nazi Germany.
14 Jan Iraq-Mediterranean Oil Pipeline Becomes Operational: The strategic oil pipeline connecting Iraq to the Mediterranean Sea is inaugurated, marking a significant milestone in Middle Eastern energy infrastructure and international trade routes.
15 Jan Saar Plebiscite: Overwhelming Vote for German Reunification: The League of Nations plebiscite commission officially announced the results of the Saar region referendum, with approximately 90% of voters choosing reunification with Germany. This significant democratic process marked a pivotal moment in the region's political landscape during the interwar period.
16 Jan Soviet Show Trial of Political Opponents: On January 16, 1935, in a significant political purge, nineteen prominent Soviet leaders, including notable Bolshevik figures Leo Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, were put on trial and pleaded guilty to charges of conspiring to assassinate Sergei Kirov. This trial was part of Joseph Stalin's broader campaign to eliminate potential political rivals and consolidate his power within the Communist Party.
17 Jan Uneventful Day in 1935: While no major historical events were specifically documented for January 17, 1935, this period was part of the mid-1930s, a significant era marked by global economic recovery from the Great Depression and rising geopolitical tensions preceding World War II. The absence of a notable event does not diminish the historical context of this time.
19 Jan First Briefs Sold by Coopers Inc.: On January 19, 1935, Coopers Inc. introduced the world's first briefs, revolutionizing men's underwear fashion and comfort. This innovative clothing item would become a standard in male wardrobes worldwide.
20 Jan Alvin Karpis Escapes Police Trap in Atlantic City: On a cold Sunday morning in January, notorious gangster Alvin Karpis and his accomplice Harry Campbell engaged in a dramatic shootout while attempting to evade law enforcement in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The pair, known members of the infamous Ma Barker gang, used their firearms to break through a police blockade, showcasing the brazen criminal tactics of the Depression-era gangster era.
21 Jan Tragic Mine Explosion in Gilberton: A devastating mine explosion occurred in Gilberton, Pennsylvania, resulting in the tragic loss of 13 coal miners' lives. This incident highlights the dangerous working conditions in the coal mining industry during the early 20th century.
22 Jan Japanese Invasion of Chahar Province: On January 22, 1935, Japanese imperial forces launched a surprise military offensive from the puppet state of Manchukuo into Chahar Province in China. This attack was part of Japan's broader expansionist strategy in East Asia during the 1930s, which would eventually lead to the Second Sino-Japanese War and contribute to the tensions preceding World War II.
23 Jan Japanese Invasion of Chahar Province: On January 23, 1935, Japanese Imperial forces launched a strategic surprise military offensive from the puppet state of Manchukuo into Chahar Province, China. This aggressive action was part of Japan's broader expansionist agenda in Northeast Asia, marking an escalation of tensions between Japan and China during the prelude to the Second Sino-Japanese War.
24 Jan First Canned Beer Sold in the United States: On January 24, 1935, the Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company made history by introducing the first commercially canned beer in the United States. This innovative packaging method would revolutionize the beer industry, offering consumers a more convenient and portable way to enjoy their favorite beverage. The initial release included Krueger's Finest Beer and Krueger's Cream Ale, with 2,000 cans distributed to consumers in Richmond, Virginia.
25 Jan U.S. House Approves Significant New Deal Funding: On January 25, 1935, the U.S. House of Representatives approved an additional $11.5 billion in funding for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal economic recovery program. This substantial financial commitment represented a critical moment in the Great Depression era, demonstrating the government's continued commitment to economic stimulus, job creation, and social welfare programs aimed at rebuilding the American economy.
26 Jan Mukden Labor Protest Massacre: On January 26, 1935, a violent labor dispute in Mukden, China escalated dramatically when police opened fire on striking workers. The incident resulted in one protester killed and 86 workers shot, with an additional 60 wounded. In the aftermath, authorities arrested approximately 500 people, demonstrating the severe suppression of labor rights during this period.
27 Jan Hermann Göring's Diplomatic Mission to Warsaw: Nazi leader Hermann Göring traveled to Warsaw for a four-day diplomatic visit, attempting to negotiate a potential anti-Soviet alliance with Poland. Despite his efforts, the mission was ultimately unsuccessful in securing a formal agreement between Nazi Germany and Poland.
28 Jan Iceland Legalizes Therapeutic Abortion: On January 28, 1935, Iceland enacted Law No. 38, pioneering progressive reproductive rights by legalizing abortion within the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. The law specifically allowed termination if the continued pregnancy posed a significant threat to the physical or mental health of the woman. This groundbreaking legislation made Iceland the first Western country to legally recognize therapeutic abortion, setting a landmark precedent in women's healthcare and reproductive rights.
29 Jan Hitler Proclaims Nazi Progress: On the second anniversary of his rise to power, Adolf Hitler claimed the Nazi regime had completed two-thirds of their promised four-year program, highlighting the regime's rapid consolidation of power and implementation of its agenda.
30 Jan Hitler Proclaims Nazi Progress: On the second anniversary of his rise to power, Adolf Hitler declared that the Nazi regime had already completed two-thirds of their promised four-year program, demonstrating the regime's perceived momentum and strategic planning.
31 Jan Birth of Kenzaburo Oe: Kenzaburo Oe, a renowned Japanese writer and Nobel Prize laureate, was born in Uchiko, Ehime prefecture. He would later become a significant figure in contemporary Japanese literature, known for his profound and introspective works exploring post-World War II Japanese society.
01 Feb Anglo-French Discussions on German Rearmament: French and British representatives convened in London to discuss Germany's emerging plans for military rearmament, a critical diplomatic moment preceding World War II.
02 Feb First Polygraph Machine Test: Leonard Keeler conducted the pioneering experiment of testing the polygraph machine in Portage, Wisconsin, marking a significant milestone in forensic science and criminal investigation techniques. This groundbreaking test would eventually lead to the development of more sophisticated lie detection methods used in legal and investigative settings.
03 Feb Anglo-French Proposal on German Armaments and Air Defense: In a significant diplomatic move, Britain and France jointly proposed a framework to legalize German armaments and establish a mutual defense pact against potential aerial aggression. The proposal aimed to create a collaborative security mechanism that would allow Germany limited military rearmament while providing a collective defense strategy in the event of unprovoked air attacks.
04 Feb Arms Embargo Against Bolivia Lifted: Great Britain, France, and Sweden officially informed the League of Nations of their decision to lift the arms embargo against Bolivia, signaling a potential shift in diplomatic and military relations in South America during the mid-1930s.
05 Feb BBC Announces First Public Television Service: The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) announced its groundbreaking plan to launch the world's first public television service by the end of 1935, heralding a new era of mass media communication.
06 Feb Women's Suffrage in Turkey: In a landmark moment for democratic rights, Turkey held its first national election in which women were legally permitted to vote and stand for parliamentary positions, marking a significant milestone in gender equality and political representation.
07 Feb Monopoly Board Game Invented: Charles Darrow creates the iconic board game Monopoly, featuring the now-famous mascot Rich Uncle Pennybags. The game would go on to become one of the most popular board games in history, teaching players about real estate trading and economic strategy.
08 Feb Turkish Elections Grant Women Voting Rights: On February 8, 1935, Turkey held groundbreaking general elections that marked a significant milestone in women's political participation. These were the first Turkish elections in which women were granted the right to vote, representing a major step forward in gender equality and democratic representation in the country.
09 Feb Sonja Henie Wins World Figure Skating Championship: Norwegian figure skating legend Sonja Henie achieved a remarkable milestone by winning the ladies' competition of the World Figure Skating Championships in Vienna, Austria. This victory marked her ninth consecutive world championship title, solidifying her status as one of the most dominant figure skaters in history.
10 Feb Cardinal von Faulhaber Protests Nazi Interference with Church Communications: During a religious service in Munich, Cardinal Michael von Faulhaber publicly denounced the Nazi regime's recent actions of intercepting and confiscating church correspondence to Catholic parents. This bold protest represented an early and significant instance of religious resistance against Nazi oppression.
11 Feb Abyssinia Crisis Escalation: On February 11, 1935, Benito Mussolini dramatically escalated tensions in the Abyssinian conflict by mobilizing 250,000 soldiers and dispatching 50 planes to Eritrea, signaling Italy's aggressive imperial ambitions in East Africa.
12 Feb USS Macon Airship Disaster: The USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships in history, crashed and sank into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California during a storm near Point Sur. Despite the catastrophic accident, only two crew members lost their lives, which was significantly fewer casualties compared to previous airship disasters like the Akron and Shenandoah.
13 Feb Bruno Hauptmann Convicted of Lindbergh Baby Murder: In a landmark criminal trial on February 13, 1935, a jury in Flemington, New Jersey found Bruno Hauptmann guilty of the 1932 kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh's infant son, a case that had captivated and horrified the American public. Hauptmann was convicted of a crime that shocked the nation and became one of the most infamous criminal cases of the early 20th century.
14 Feb Germany Responds to Anglo-French Armaments Proposal: On February 14, 1935, Germany submitted its diplomatic response to the Anglo-French proposal concerning German rearmament. While the German note expressed willingness to engage in discussions, it remained deliberately vague and non-committal, reflecting the complex diplomatic tensions preceding World War II.
15 Feb First Broadly Effective Antibacterial Drug Prontosil Documented: Gerhard Domagk published groundbreaking research in the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift detailing the discovery and clinical development of Prontosil, a revolutionary antibacterial drug that marked a significant milestone in medical treatment. This sulfanilamide-based medication represented a major breakthrough in combating bacterial infections, potentially saving countless lives by providing the first widely effective antibacterial treatment.
16 Feb Italian Troops Prepare for African Campaign: The first contingent of Italian troops departed for Africa under the directive of Benito Mussolini, who urged the nation to be prepared for 'any eventuality'. This movement was a significant precursor to Italy's colonial ambitions and eventual invasion of Ethiopia.
17 Feb Karl Schäfer Wins World Figure Skating Championships: Karl Schäfer, a renowned Austrian figure skater, secured victory in the men's competition of the World Figure Skating Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. His performance demonstrated exceptional skill and technical prowess, solidifying his status as a top athlete in the competitive world of figure skating during the mid-1930s.
18 Feb Gold Clause Cases Supreme Court Decision: The U.S. Supreme Court decided the Gold Clause Cases, upholding the Roosevelt Administration's policy on gold ownership in a narrow 5-4 vote. This landmark decision significantly impacted the nation's monetary policy during the Great Depression, with the New York Stock Exchange responding positively to the ruling.
19 Feb Italy Rejects Ethiopian Border Neutrality Proposal: In a diplomatic tension preceding the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Italy declined Ethiopia's proposal to establish a neutral demilitarized zone along the borders of Italian Somaliland. This rejection signaled Italy's aggressive territorial intentions and growing imperial ambitions in the Horn of Africa.
20 Feb Roosevelt Seeks NRA Extension: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested Congress to extend the National Recovery Administration (NRA) for two additional years beyond its scheduled June 16 expiration, demonstrating his commitment to economic recovery efforts during the Great Depression.
21 Feb Nazi Germany Prohibits Martin Buber from Lecturing: On February 21, 1935, the Nazi regime escalated its systematic persecution of Jewish intellectuals by officially prohibiting Martin Buber, a prominent Jewish philosopher and scholar, from delivering lectures to Jewish organizations. This action was part of the broader Nazi strategy to marginalize and suppress Jewish cultural and academic contributions, reflecting the regime's growing antisemitic policies in the lead-up to the Holocaust.
22 Feb First Roman Persecution of Christians: Emperor Diocletian issues the first official Roman edict for systematic persecution of Christians in Nicomedia, ordering the closure of all churches and the burning of Christian scriptures, marking a significant moment of religious oppression in the Roman Empire.
23 Feb Uneventful Day in 1935: While no specific major historical events were documented for February 23, 1935, this period was part of the mid-1930s, a complex era marked by global economic recovery from the Great Depression and rising international tensions preceding World War II. The absence of a notable event does not diminish the historical significance of the broader context.
24 Feb Hitler Commemorates Nazi Party Anniversary with Provocative Speech: Adolf Hitler marked the 15th anniversary of the founding of the Nazi Party with a significant speech in Munich. In this address, he served notice to the world that Germany would not sign any document that would compromise the country's perceived honor and national equality, signaling growing tensions in pre-World War II Europe.
25 Feb Nazi Regime Establishes Hitler's Birthday as National Holiday: German Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick officially decreed that April 20, Adolf Hitler's birthday, would be recognized as a significant national holiday throughout Nazi Germany. This proclamation was part of the broader Nazi strategy to elevate Hitler's cult of personality and strengthen the regime's ideological control over public life.
26 Feb First Successful RADAR Demonstration in the United Kingdom: Robert Watson-Watt conducted a groundbreaking demonstration near Daventry that directly led to the development of Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) technology, marking a pivotal moment in early electronic detection systems.
27 Feb 7th Academy Awards Ceremony: The 7th Academy Awards ceremony was a landmark event in Hollywood history, held at the prestigious Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. Hosted by the renowned humorist Irvin S. Cobb, the event celebrated the cinematic achievements of 1934. Frank Capra's romantic comedy 'It Happened One Night' made history by winning an unprecedented sweep of the top five Oscar categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Clark Gable), Best Actress (Claudette Colbert), and Best Screenplay. This achievement was unprecedented and remains a rare accomplishment in Academy Awards history, highlighting the film's exceptional quality and widespread appeal.
28 Feb Nylon Invention by Dr. Wallace H. Carothers: Dr. Wallace H. Carothers, a pioneering chemist at DuPont, successfully synthesized nylon, a groundbreaking synthetic polymer that would revolutionize the textile and manufacturing industries. This invention marked a significant milestone in materials science, creating a versatile, strong, and lightweight material with numerous applications.
01 Mar İsmet İnönü Forms Turkish Government: İsmet İnönü formed the new government in Turkey, marking the 8th government during Atatürk's presidency. İnönü had previously served seven times as prime minister, demonstrating his significant political influence in the early Turkish Republic.
02 Mar Austrian Nazi Conspirators Condemned: In a landmark legal proceeding, 17 Austrian Nazis were condemned to death for serious criminal activities, specifically for smuggling explosives into the country. This event highlights the rising tensions and legal crackdowns on Nazi sympathizers in Austria during the mid-1930s.
03 Mar Birth of Zhelyu Zhelev: Zhelyu Zhelev, who would later become the first democratically elected President of Bulgaria after the fall of communism, was born in Veselinovo, Bulgaria. His future political significance would be pivotal in Bulgaria's transition to democracy.
04 Mar Anti-Semitic Posters in Saarland: Anti-Semitic posters appeared in towns across the Saarland, directly violating Germany's promise to the League of Nations to refrain from persecuting Jews in the region for 12 months. This event signaled the escalating discrimination and persecution of Jewish people in pre-World War II Germany.
05 Mar Italy-Ethiopia Border Tension Escalates: Italy and Ethiopia agreed to establish a neutral zone along the border of Italian Somaliland, though this diplomatic gesture was undermined by Italy's continued military buildup in the region, signaling growing tensions that would eventually lead to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
06 Mar DUPE - Soviet Economic Transformation: The Soviet Union completed its economic restructuring by effectively eliminating private trade, with only minimal exceptions like market vending. This marked a significant milestone in the Soviet Union's transition to a fully state-controlled economic system.
07 Mar Saar Region Reunification with Germany: Following a plebiscite in January 1935, the Saar region was officially reincorporated into Nazi Germany after being administered by the League of Nations since the end of World War I. This event was a significant step in Adolf Hitler's strategy of territorial expansion and challenging the Treaty of Versailles.
08 Mar Hachikō: A Symbol of Loyalty: Hachikō, the legendary Akita dog, passed away on March 8, 1935, in Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan. Known worldwide for his extraordinary devotion, Hachikō continued to wait at Shibuya Station every day for over nine years after his owner, Professor Ueno, had died. His unwavering loyalty became a powerful symbol of faithfulness in Japanese culture and later inspired numerous books, movies, and a bronze statue at the station where he waited.
09 Mar Khrushchev's Political Rise: Nikita Khrushchev was elected as the chief of the Moscow Communist Party, a pivotal early step in his eventual rise to leadership of the Soviet Union.
10 Mar Smokey Stover Comic Strip Debuts: Bill Holman's comedic comic strip *Smokey Stover* made its inaugural appearance in the *Chicago Tribune*, introducing readers to a unique and humorous cartoon series that would become a notable part of 1930s popular culture.
11 Mar Luftwaffe Officially Established: Hermann Goering formally created the German Air Force (Luftwaffe), a pivotal moment in Nazi Germany's military rearmament and a significant step towards World War II preparations.
12 Mar First Intercontinental Radiotelephone Link: Berlin to Tokyo: A groundbreaking radiotelephone communication line was inaugurated, connecting Berlin, Germany, and Tokyo, Japan. This technological achievement represented a major advancement in global telecommunications, enabling near-instantaneous voice communication between two distant continents.
13 Mar Nazi Germany Restricts Jewish Professional Opportunities: The Nazi regime implemented discriminatory policies targeting Jewish professionals by establishing a guild organization that effectively prevented Jews from working in manual trades. Individuals were required to pass a master's examination and be registered in a professional roll, creating significant barriers to employment and economic participation for the Jewish community.
14 Mar Anton Rintelen Sentenced for Coup Attempt: Anton Rintelen, a key figure in the failed July Putsch (attempted coup) against the Austrian government, was sentenced to life imprisonment for his role in the political conspiracy. This sentencing represented a significant moment in Austria's political stabilization efforts during the tumultuous 1930s.
15 Mar Assassination Attempt on Ibn Saud: During the Eid al-Adha religious observances, three men attempted to assassinate King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia inside the Grand Mosque of Mecca. The attackers were armed with knives but were swiftly shot dead before they could complete their mission, demonstrating the high-stakes political tensions of the period.
16 Mar Hitler Denounces Versailles Treaty and Begins German Rearmament: On March 16, 1935, Adolf Hitler openly denounced the disarmament clauses of the Versailles Treaty, marking a significant turning point in European geopolitics. He initiated a bold program of military rearmament and reintroduced conscription, directly challenging the post-World War I restrictions imposed on Germany. This action represented a clear violation of the international agreements and signaled Hitler's aggressive expansionist intentions.
17 Mar Nazi Suppression of Religious Opposition: The Nazi regime arrested 700 pastors from the oppositional Confessional Lutheran synod, preventing them from publicly reading a proclamation that criticized the state church regime. This action represents a significant moment of religious persecution and suppression of free speech during the early years of Nazi control in Germany.
18 Mar British Diplomatic Protest Against German Rearmament: The British government officially sent a diplomatic note to Berlin expressing strong objections to Germany's ongoing military rearmament efforts, which were in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
19 Mar British Colonial Violence in India: British colonial troops opened fire on a large crowd of rioting Muslims and Hindus, resulting in 27 fatalities. This event underscores the intense religious and communal tensions in British-controlled India, and demonstrates the brutal tactics used by colonial authorities to suppress civil unrest. The incident was symptomatic of the growing conflicts that would eventually lead to the partition of India.
20 Mar France Alerts League of Nations about German Rearmament: France formally requested an extraordinary session of the League of Nations to address growing concerns about German rearmament. Using Article XI of the League Covenant, which allowed member nations to highlight potential threats to international peace, France sought diplomatic intervention to manage escalating tensions in Europe during the lead-up to World War II.
21 Mar European Tensions Rise: France and Italy Protest German Rearmament: France and Italy delivered formal diplomatic notes of protest to Germany regarding its decision to rearm. German Foreign Minister Konstantin von Neurath responded by dismissing their concerns, stating that the notes did not adequately consider the current geopolitical situation. This exchange highlighted the growing tensions in Europe leading up to World War II.
22 Mar First Television Broadcast in Germany: The world's first official television program was transmitted from the Funkturm (radio tower) in Berlin, Germany. This groundbreaking broadcast represented a major technological milestone in mass communication, signaling the dawn of a new era in media and entertainment that would fundamentally transform global information dissemination.
23 Mar Philippines Commonwealth Constitution Signed: The Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was officially signed, marking a significant step in the country's path towards independence from the United States.
24 Mar Persia Officially Becomes Iran: The country officially changes its international name from 'Persia' to 'Iran', reflecting a modernization effort by Reza Shah Pahlavi. This renaming signaled a desire to emphasize the nation's Persian ethnic identity and mark a new era of national development and international engagement.
25 Mar Philippines Constitution Certification: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt formally approved the new constitution of the Philippines on March 25, 1935, a pivotal step in the Philippines' journey towards independence. This certification marked the beginning of a transitional period that would ultimately lead to the Philippines becoming an independent nation, ending decades of American colonial rule.
26 Mar Nazi Execution in Kaunas, Lithuania: In a significant legal action, four Nazis from the Memel region were sentenced to execution by firing squad in Kaunas, Lithuania, for plotting an uprising aimed at restoring Memel (now Klaipėda) to Germany. The trial resulted in the execution of these four individuals, with an additional 77 conspirators receiving prison sentences. This event highlights the rising tensions and political instability in the Baltic region during the pre-World War II period.
27 Mar Nazi Protest at Lithuanian Legation in Berlin: On March 27, 1935, thousands of Nazi supporters staged a volatile demonstration outside the Lithuanian legation in Berlin. The protest was triggered by the recent death sentence imposed on four Nazis the previous day. Local police were required to establish a protective cordon to prevent the angry mob from breaching the legation's premises, highlighting the intense political tensions of the pre-World War II era.
28 Mar DUPE: Triumph of the Will Premiere: Leni Riefenstahl's controversial Nazi propaganda film *Triumph of the Will* premiered at the Berlin Ufa-Palast, showcasing a powerful cinematic representation of Nazi ideology and propaganda techniques.
29 Mar British Diplomat Anthony Eden Conducts Moscow Peace Talks: British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden traveled to Moscow to engage in diplomatic discussions with Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov, attempting to navigate the complex international tensions of the mid-1930s and explore potential avenues for European peace.
30 Mar Ethiopia-Italy Diplomatic Tensions: Ethiopia escalated diplomatic tensions with Italy by terminating direct border negotiations and submitting a formal complaint to the League of Nations, signaling growing international friction in the lead-up to potential conflict.
31 Mar Herb Alpert Born: Herbert Alpert, renowned American musician, bandleader, trumpeter, and co-founder of A&M Records, was born on this date. He would later become famous for his distinctive trumpet sound and leadership of the Tijuana Brass band, significantly influencing popular music in the mid-20th century.
01 Apr Reserve Bank of India Established: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the country's central banking institution, was officially formed on this date, marking a significant milestone in India's financial infrastructure and monetary policy development.
02 Apr Sir Robert Watson-Watt Patents RADAR Technology: Scottish physicist Sir Robert Watson-Watt successfully patents the Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) technology, a groundbreaking invention that would revolutionize military detection, communication, and navigation systems. This patent marks a critical milestone in 20th-century technological development, with profound implications for World War II and future scientific research.
03 Apr Austria Violates Treaty of Saint-Germain: In a provocative move signaling rising tensions in pre-World War II Europe, Austria officially announced its intention to increase its military forces beyond the limits prescribed by the Treaty of Saint-Germain. This unilateral action was a clear violation of the post-World War I peace agreement and an early indicator of the growing militaristic ambitions in Central Europe.
04 Apr Black Sunday Dust Storm: A severe dust storm occurred in the United States as part of the devastating Dust Bowl period. This environmental catastrophe dramatically impacted agricultural regions, causing significant ecological and economic disruption during the Great Depression era.
05 Apr US-UK Air Navigation Agreement: The United States and the United Kingdom signed a bilateral arrangement concerning air navigation, formalized through an exchange of diplomatic notes on March 28 and April 5, 1935. This agreement represented an early international effort to standardize and regulate transnational aviation protocols during the emerging era of commercial and military aviation.
06 Apr H Levitt sinks 499 basketball free throws, misses and sinks 371 more.
07 Apr Nazi Electoral Gains in Free City of Danzig: On April 7, 1935, parliamentary elections were held in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland). The Nazi Party secured 59% of the vote, falling short of the two-thirds majority required to establish a complete dictatorship. The election was marked by political tension and violence, with a German Nazi and a Polish citizen being shot during an outbreak of unrest in Brentau, highlighting the volatile political climate of pre-World War II Europe.
08 Apr Works Progress Administration Approved: The United States Congress approved the Works Progress Administration (WPA), a pivotal New Deal program designed to provide employment and economic relief during the Great Depression. This landmark legislation aimed to create jobs for millions of unemployed Americans through public works projects.
09 Apr Tributes to Erich Ludendorff: Germany held widespread commemorative events honoring World War I military strategist Erich Ludendorff on his 70th birthday, reflecting the complex legacy of a prominent military figure from the Weimar era.
10 Apr Birth of Peter Hollingworth, Australian Governor General: Peter Hollingworth was born on April 10, 1935, in Australia. He would later become the 23rd Governor-General of Australia, serving in a significant leadership role that represents the British monarch in the Australian governmental system. As an Anglican bishop, Hollingworth brought a unique background of religious and public service to his prominent national position.
11 Apr Stresa Front Conference: A critical diplomatic meeting between British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval convened to address and condemn Germany's aggressive violations of the Treaty of Versailles. This conference represented a significant moment of European diplomatic tension in the lead-up to World War II, highlighting growing concerns about Nazi Germany's expansionist policies.
12 Apr Black Sunday Dust Storm: A catastrophic dust storm swept across the United States as part of the devastating Dust Bowl period, causing immense environmental and economic hardship for farmers and communities in the Great Plains region.
13 Apr Dorothy Hodgkin's X-ray Crystallography Research: Pioneering scientist Dorothy Hodgkin published her first solo research paper detailing methodological innovations in X-ray crystallography of insulin, contributing to significant advancements in molecular biology and medical research.
14 Apr Works Progress Administration Established: The Works Progress Administration (WPA) is established in the United States as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, a critical economic recovery program during the Great Depression aimed at providing employment and economic stimulus.
15 Apr Black Sunday Dust Storm: A catastrophic dust storm swept across the American Great Plains, becoming known as 'Black Sunday'. This massive environmental event was part of the larger Dust Bowl phenomenon, which devastated agricultural regions and caused significant ecological and economic disruption during the 1930s.
16 Apr League of Nations Condemns Germany: The League of Nations adopted a significant three-power resolution condemning Germany's actions, with only Denmark abstaining. This diplomatic move reflected the rising tensions in Europe during the mid-1930s, preceding the events of World War II.
17 Apr League of Nations Condemns Germany: The League of Nations adopted a significant three-power resolution condemning Germany's actions, with only Denmark abstaining from the vote. This diplomatic move highlighted growing international tensions in the lead-up to World War II.
18 Apr International Women's Suffrage Congress in Istanbul: The 12th Congress of the International Alliance of Women for Suffrage and Equal Citizenship convened in Istanbul, Turkey, highlighting the global movement for women's rights and political representation during the interwar period.
19 Apr Nazi Regime Criminalizes Pacifism: The Nazi regime in Germany officially announced a chilling policy of imposing the death penalty for pacifism during times of war or national emergency, further demonstrating the regime's brutal suppression of dissent and individual moral opposition to military conflict.
20 Apr Hitler Receives Military Gift on Birthday: On his 46th birthday, Adolf Hitler was presented with approximately 60 new war planes, signaling the continued military buildup of Nazi Germany in the mid-1930s.
21 Apr Bulgaria Bans Political Parties: King Boris III of Bulgaria issued a decree prohibiting all political parties, effectively establishing an authoritarian regime and suppressing political opposition.
22 Apr Bride of Frankenstein Premiere: The iconic horror film *Bride of Frankenstein*, starring Boris Karloff and Elsa Lanchester, premiered in Los Angeles. This landmark film would become a classic in the horror genre, building upon the success of the original Frankenstein movie.
23 Apr Polish Constitution of 1935 Adopted: The Polish Sejm passed the April Constitution, which significantly transformed the country's political system by introducing a presidential system with strong authoritarian elements. This constitutional change centralized power, giving the president expanded executive authority and reducing the role of parliament.
24 Apr Legendary Moscow Embassy Spring Ball: William Christian Bullitt, Jr., the US ambassador to the Soviet Union, hosted an extraordinary diplomatic event known as the Spring Ball of the Full Moon. This lavish party was renowned for its unprecedented scale and sophistication, setting a new standard for diplomatic social gatherings in Moscow during the mid-1930s. The event was notable not just for its opulence, but also for its potential diplomatic significance during a complex period of US-Soviet relations.
25 Apr Nazi Press Control Decree: On April 25, 1935, Reich Press Leader Max Amann signed a critical decree that completed the Nazi regime's total control over all press in Germany, further consolidating the government's propaganda machinery and suppressing independent journalism.
26 Apr First Television Station in France Launched: Radio-PTT Vision, which would later become the renowned TF1 network, was established as France's inaugural television station, marking a significant milestone in the country's media and broadcasting history.
27 Apr Germany Violates Versailles Treaty with Submarine Program: Germany officially confirmed its submarine construction program, which represented a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles. This action signaled growing German military ambitions and increasing tensions in pre-World War II Europe.
28 Apr Roosevelt's Fireside Chat on Works Relief Program: President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a fireside chat discussing the Works Relief Program, a key component of the New Deal aimed at providing employment during the Great Depression. Additionally, Alfred I. du Pont, a prominent American industrialist and philanthropist, passed away at the age of 70.
29 Apr Invention of Cat's Eyes Road Markers: British inventor Percy Shaw introduced retroreflective road markers, popularly known as 'cat's eyes', which dramatically improved road safety by providing clear visibility for drivers at night and in poor weather conditions. These innovative markers reflect vehicle headlights, creating a guiding line that helps prevent accidents.
30 Apr Roosevelt's Resettlement Administration Established: President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Resettlement Administration as part of the New Deal, a critical program designed to provide government funds and support for relocating struggling farmers to more productive agricultural lands during the Great Depression era.
01 May Boulder Dam Completed: The massive Boulder Dam (later renamed Hoover Dam) was completed on May 1st, 1935, representing a monumental engineering achievement during the Great Depression. Located on the Colorado River between Arizona and Nevada, the dam would provide critical hydroelectric power, flood control, and water management for the southwestern United States.
02 May Franco-Soviet Mutual Assistance Treaty: France and the Soviet Union concluded negotiations for a five-year Treaty of Mutual Assistance, a significant diplomatic agreement that reflected the complex geopolitical tensions and potential alliances in the lead-up to World War II.
03 May First International Peace Broadcast Honoring Jane Addams: On May 3, 1935, a groundbreaking worldwide peace broadcast took place, marking a significant moment in international cooperation and peace advocacy. Representatives from Britain, Japan, Russia, and France assembled in Washington's McPherson Square to participate in a synchronized radio event. The broadcast was dedicated to honoring Jane Addams, a renowned social reformer, peace activist, and the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Addams herself was present in a radio broadcasting studio, delivering a powerful message of global unity and understanding during a tumultuous period between World Wars.
04 May Tragic Automobile Accident Involving Jackie Coogan: A devastating automobile accident occurred east of San Diego, involving actor Jackie Coogan. The vehicle plunged into a creek, resulting in multiple fatalities. While Coogan survived with minor injuries, the crash claimed the lives of his father, filmmaker Robert J. Horner, and actor Junior Durkin, among others.
05 May Jesse Owens Sets Historic Long Jump World Record: African American athlete Jesse Owens achieved a remarkable feat by setting a new world record in the long jump, leaping an impressive 26 feet 8.25 inches. This achievement was particularly significant during an era of racial segregation, showcasing Owens' extraordinary athletic prowess and challenging prevailing racial stereotypes of the time.
06 May Works Progress Administration Created: President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Works Progress Administration (WPA) through Executive Order 7034, a critical New Deal program designed to provide employment during the Great Depression by funding public works projects across the United States.
07 May Uneventful Day in 1935: While no specific major historical events were documented for May 7, 1935, this does not necessarily mean nothing of significance occurred. Many historical moments happen without immediate widespread recognition. During this period, the world was still recovering from the Great Depression, and various social, political, and economic transformations were quietly unfolding across different regions.
08 May Ernie Lombardi's Historic Hitting Performance: Cincinnati Reds player Ernie Lombardi achieved a remarkable baseball feat by hitting doubles in four consecutive innings (6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th) during a game against the Philadelphia Phillies, leading the Reds to a decisive 15-4 victory.
09 May Birth of Nokie Edwards, Pioneering Guitarist: Nokie Edwards, a renowned American musician and influential guitarist best known for his work with The Ventures, was born on May 9, 1935, in Lahoma, Oklahoma. Edwards would later become a pivotal figure in the development of instrumental rock music, particularly in popularizing the electric guitar sound during the 1960s. His innovative playing style and contributions to surf rock and instrumental rock genres significantly impacted the evolution of popular music.
10 May Royal Walkabout in South London: King George V and Queen Mary conducted an impromptu public engagement by driving through the working-class neighborhoods of South London, demonstrating a rare and personal connection with ordinary citizens. Their unannounced appearance drew significant public enthusiasm, with crowds gathering spontaneously at street crossings to cheer and catch a glimpse of the monarchs. This event was notable for its informal nature, showing the royal family's attempt to bridge social distances during the mid-1930s.
11 May Nazi Germany Prepares for Potential Air Attacks: Nazi Germany implemented a significant civil defense measure by mandating that all new and modified buildings must consult the Air Protection League regarding the construction of bomb- and gas-proof cellars. This directive reflected the growing tensions and preparation for potential military conflict in pre-World War II Europe.
12 May Death of Józef Piłsudski: Józef Piłsudski, a prominent Polish statesman and military leader who played a crucial role in Poland's independence and interwar period, passed away at the age of 67.
13 May T.E. Lawrence Motorcycle Accident: Thomas Edward Lawrence, famously known as 'Lawrence of Arabia', was critically injured in a motorcycle accident near his home in Dorset, England. The renowned British military officer and writer, who played a pivotal role in the Arab Revolt during World War I, suffered severe injuries that would ultimately lead to his death shortly after.
14 May Berne Trial Exposes Protocols of the Elders of Zion as a Hoax: The Berne Trial in Switzerland concluded with a landmark ruling, determining The Protocols of the Elders of Zion to be a fabricated document. Two Nazis were found guilty of libel for distributing this antisemitic propaganda, marking an important legal moment in combating misinformation and hate literature.
15 May Italian Propaganda Against Ethiopia: Italian newspapers launched a propaganda campaign justifying a potential invasion of Ethiopia. The newspaper Il Giornale d'Italia published inflammatory rhetoric, claiming Ethiopia's cultural inferiority and using racist language to rationalize colonial ambitions, which would soon lead to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
16 May Czechoslovakia-Soviet Union Mutual Assistance Treaty: On May 16, 1935, Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union formalized a significant diplomatic agreement by signing a five-year Treaty of Mutual Assistance. This treaty represented an important geopolitical strategy in the context of rising tensions in Europe, aiming to create a mutual defense pact against potential aggression, particularly from Nazi Germany.
17 May Funeral of Józef Piłsudski, Polish National Hero: The body of Józef Piłsudski, the influential Polish statesman and military leader who was instrumental in Poland regaining independence after World War I, was transported by train from Warsaw to Kraków for burial. This somber event marked the end of an era for Poland, as Piłsudski was a pivotal figure in the nation's modern history.
18 May Canonization of John Fisher and Thomas More: Pope Pius XI canonized Cardinal John Fisher and statesman Thomas More, two prominent English historical figures who were executed by King Henry VIII during the English Reformation. Their canonization recognized their steadfast religious principles and martyrdom, marking a significant moment in Catholic Church history.
19 May Canonization of John Fisher and Thomas More: Pope Pius XI canonized John Fisher, an English bishop, and Thomas More, a renowned scholar and statesman, recognizing their steadfast faith and martyrdom during the English Reformation. Both were executed for refusing to accept King Henry VIII's separation from the Catholic Church.
20 May Birth of Marinella, Legendary Greek Singer: Marinella, born Kyriaki Papadopoulou, emerged as one of the most iconic and influential Greek popular music performers of the 20th century. Her powerful voice and emotional interpretations of traditional and contemporary Greek music made her a cultural symbol in Greece and across the Mediterranean region.
21 May Nazi Germany Introduces Conscription Law: Germany enacted a new conscription law mandating one-year military service for all males aged 18-45, a direct violation of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. This legislation was a critical component of Hitler's systematic re-armament strategy, signaling Germany's increasing military preparedness and defiance of post-World War I international restrictions.
22 May Moscow Metro Inaugurates First Public Line: On May 22, 1935, the Moscow Metro officially opened to the public, marking a significant milestone in urban transportation infrastructure. The inaugural phase stretched 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) and featured 13 meticulously designed stations. This underground transit system not only represented a technological achievement for the Soviet Union but also symbolized the industrial progress and urban modernization of the era.
23 May Canonization of John Fisher and Thomas More: Pope Pius XI officially canonized English Cardinal John Fisher and statesman Thomas More, both of whom were martyred during the reign of King Henry VIII for their steadfast opposition to the King's break with the Roman Catholic Church. Their canonization recognized their profound moral courage and unwavering commitment to their religious principles, even in the face of execution.
24 May Pope Pius XI Condemns Nazi Sterilization Program: Pope Pius XI publicly condemned the Nazi regime's forced sterilization program, marking a significant moral stance against the emerging racial policies of Nazi Germany prior to World War II.
25 May Hitler's Non-Intervention Pledge on Austria: German Chancellor Adolf Hitler publicly commits to a non-intervention policy regarding Austria, pledging not to annex or directly interfere with Austrian sovereignty. This diplomatic statement was part of the complex geopolitical maneuvering preceding World War II.
26 May Political Tension at Paris Tomb of the Unknown Soldier: On May 26, 1935, a politically charged incident occurred at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris, revealing the volatile political atmosphere of pre-World War II France. During a ceremony to rekindle the eternal flame, led by military figure Maxime Weygand, a group of Nationalist supporters gathered and began vocally advocating for Weygand's political ascension, shouting 'Put Weygand in power!' The situation escalated when a dispute arose over a perceived lack of respect, reportedly triggered by someone not removing their hat during the ceremony. The tension quickly devolved into a riot, resulting in several individuals being injured. This event highlighted the deep political divisions and potential for civil unrest in France during this tumultuous period.
27 May Supreme Court Strikes Down New Deal Legislation: In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) unconstitutional in the case A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States. This ruling was a significant blow to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal economic recovery program, challenging the federal government's ability to regulate economic activities.
28 May Establishment of the Central Bank of Argentina: On May 28, 1935, the Central Bank of Argentina (Banco Central de la República Argentina) was officially established, marking a significant milestone in the country's financial infrastructure. This institution was created to regulate monetary policy, manage currency stability, and provide strategic financial oversight for Argentina's economic development.
29 May Messerschmitt Bf 109 First Flight: The Messerschmitt Bf 109, a revolutionary German fighter aircraft, completed its inaugural test flight. This aircraft would become one of the most significant and widely used fighter planes during World War II, playing a crucial role in the German Luftwaffe's aerial operations.
30 May Babe Ruth's Final Major League Baseball Game: Baseball legend Babe Ruth played his final Major League Baseball game for the Boston Braves against the Philadelphia Phillies. After an illustrious 22-season career, Ruth concluded his remarkable journey with a hitless performance. Throughout his career, he won ten World Series tournaments and hit an unprecedented 714 home runs, solidifying his status as one of baseball's greatest players of all time.
31 May Devastating Quetta Earthquake: A catastrophic 7.7 magnitude earthquake struck Quetta, British India (now Pakistan), causing massive destruction and resulting in approximately 50,000 fatalities. The earthquake was one of the deadliest seismic events in the region's history, completely devastating the city and leaving widespread devastation.
01 Jun SS Normandie Wins Blue Riband: In June 1935, the luxurious ocean liner SS Normandie achieved the prestigious Blue Riband award for the fastest transatlantic crossing. This accomplishment highlighted the technological advancements in maritime transportation during the mid-1930s and the competitive spirit of international shipping.
02 Jun Babe Ruth Retires from Professional Baseball: Baseball legend Babe Ruth, aged 40, officially announces his retirement from professional baseball, marking the end of an extraordinary career that transformed the sport. Ruth, known as 'The Sultan of Swat', concluded his remarkable journey with the Boston Braves after a legendary tenure in Major League Baseball.
03 Jun On-to-Ottawa Trek Begins: One thousand unemployed Canadian workers departed Vancouver, British Columbia, boarding freight cars to begin a protest march to Ottawa, Ontario. This significant social movement, known as the On-to-Ottawa Trek, was a powerful demonstration of workers' struggles during the Great Depression, highlighting economic hardship and demanding government intervention.
04 Jun On-to-Ottawa Trek Begins: A pivotal moment in Canadian social history commenced as thousands of unemployed workers from Western Canada initiated the On-to-Ottawa Trek. This grassroots movement was a powerful protest against the harsh economic conditions of the Great Depression, with unemployed men traveling across the country to demand better treatment and economic relief from the federal government.
05 Jun Nazi Propaganda Ministry Suppresses Thomas Mann's Birthday: On June 5, 1935, the German Propaganda Ministry issued a directive prohibiting newspapers from mentioning the upcoming 60th birthday of Thomas Mann, a renowned writer who had been expatriated due to his opposition to the Nazi regime. This act exemplified the Nazi government's censorship and suppression of intellectual dissent.
06 Jun British Judicial Jurisdiction Ends in Empire's Dominions: The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council rendered a landmark decision ending British legal jurisdiction over courts in the Irish Free State and other Empire Dominions. This marked a significant step in the legal independence of British colonial territories, signaling a shift in imperial governance and judicial autonomy.
07 Jun Stanley Baldwin Replaces Ramsay MacDonald as Prime Minister: Stanley Baldwin succeeded Ramsay MacDonald as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in a swift political transition. Within an hour of taking office, Baldwin formed a new cabinet, appointing Samuel Hoare as Foreign Secretary and Viscount Halifax as Secretary of State for War, signaling a potential shift in British political leadership and foreign policy.
08 Jun Bertolt Brecht Stripped of Citizenship by Nazi Germany: The Nazi regime officially revoked Bertolt Brecht's citizenship due to his perceived disloyalty to the Reich. This action was part of the broader persecution of intellectuals and artists who were critical of or did not align with Nazi ideology.
09 Jun Ho-Umezu Agreement: Japanese Expansion in China: The Ho-Umezu Agreement was signed, formalizing Japan's military control over northeastern China. This diplomatic arrangement represented a significant moment in the lead-up to the Second Sino-Japanese War, with the Kuomintang government effectively conceding territorial sovereignty under diplomatic pressure.
10 Jun Founding of Alcoholics Anonymous: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded in Akron, Ohio, United States, by Bill Wilson and Dr. Robert Smith. This groundbreaking organization would become a pivotal support network for individuals struggling with alcohol addiction, pioneering a community-based approach to recovery through its famous 12-step program.
11 Jun Founding of Alcoholics Anonymous: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was established in Akron, Ohio, by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob Smith. This groundbreaking organization would become a global support network for individuals struggling with alcohol addiction, pioneering a 12-step recovery program that has helped millions worldwide.
12 Jun Chaco War Ceasefire: A comprehensive ceasefire was negotiated between Bolivia and Paraguay, effectively ending the three-year Chaco War that had devastated both nations. This conflict, primarily fought over control of the Gran Chaco region, was one of the most significant territorial disputes in South American history.
13 Jun James J. Braddock Wins Heavyweight Boxing Championship: In a stunning upset, James J. Braddock defeated Max Baer to win the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship, overcoming 10-to-1 odds and becoming a legendary underdog in boxing history.
14 Jun End of the Chaco War: The devastating Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay concluded, marking the end of a three-year territorial conflict over the resource-rich Chaco Boreal region. This war was one of the most significant military confrontations in South American history, resulting in substantial casualties and territorial changes.
15 Jun Italy's Silver Currency Recall for War Preparations: The Italian government ordered a comprehensive recall of all silver currency, strategically redirecting the precious metal for military preparations in anticipation of potential conflict with Ethiopia, signaling the escalating tensions of the pre-World War II era.
16 Jun First Public FM Broadcasting Demonstration: On June 16, 1935, inventor Edwin Howard Armstrong conducted the first public demonstration of frequency modulation (FM) broadcasting from Alpine, New Jersey. This groundbreaking event marked a significant technological advancement in radio transmission, introducing a method that would dramatically improve audio quality and reduce static compared to existing amplitude modulation (AM) radio technology.
17 Jun Birth of Folk Singer Peggy Seeger: Peggy Seeger, a renowned folk singer and influential musician, was born in New York City. She would later become a significant figure in the American folk music revival, known for her political activism and musical contributions alongside her half-brother Pete Seeger.
18 Jun Anglo-German Naval Agreement Signed: On June 18, 1935, England and Germany signed a significant naval treaty that limited the German surface fleet to 35 percent of British naval tonnage, and the German submarine fleet to 45 percent. This agreement was a pivotal moment in pre-World War II diplomatic relations, allowing Germany to rebuild its naval capabilities within controlled parameters.
19 Jun Prison Coal Mine Mutiny in Lansing, Kansas: On June 19, 1935, a significant prison labor dispute erupted at the coal mine within the Lansing Correctional Facility in Kansas. The mutiny lasted approximately 21 hours and resulted in an estimated $25,000 in property damage. Despite the prolonged tension, no injuries were reported during the incident. This event highlights the challenging conditions and potential unrest within prison labor systems during the mid-1930s, a period marked by economic hardship and labor tensions across the United States.
20 Jun Hauptmann Appeals Lindbergh Kidnapping Murder Conviction: Richard Hauptmann formally appealed his murder conviction related to the infamous Lindbergh baby kidnapping case, a high-profile criminal proceeding that had captivated national attention. Hauptmann was convicted of kidnapping and murdering Charles Lindbergh Jr., the young son of the famous aviator, in a case that shocked the American public in the early 1930s.
21 Jun Birth of Françoise Sagan, Renowned French Novelist: Françoise Sagan, born Françoise Quoirez, was a celebrated French novelist known for her witty and provocative writing style. Her debut novel 'Bonjour Tristesse', published when she was just 18, brought her immediate international acclaim and established her as a prominent literary figure of the mid-20th century. Her works often explored themes of youth, love, and social dynamics among the French bourgeoisie.
23 Jun Eden-Mussolini Diplomatic Negotiation: British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden engages in diplomatic discussions with Italian leader Benito Mussolini, offering a Somalian harbor as part of potential negotiations, reflecting the complex international relations of the pre-World War II era.
24 Jun Death of Carlos Gardel in Plane Crash: Carlos Gardel, the legendary Argentine tango singer and cultural icon, tragically died in a devastating airplane accident in Medellín, Colombia. Known as the 'King of Tango', Gardel was at the height of his international fame when the fatal crash occurred. His death shocked the music world and marked a significant loss for Latin American popular culture.
25 Jun Joe Louis Defeats Primo Carnera in Historic Boxing Match: On a memorable summer evening at Yankee Stadium in New York, rising boxing star Joe Louis delivered a decisive victory over heavyweight champion Primo Carnera. In front of 57,000 passionate boxing fans, Louis secured a technical knockout in the sixth round, marking a significant moment in boxing history and African American sports achievement.
26 Jun Mandatory Work Service Introduced in Nazi Germany: The Nazi regime implemented a compulsory work service program for recent graduates, further consolidating state control over young people's professional and personal trajectories.
27 Jun British Public Overwhelmingly Supports League of Nations: An extensive seven-month unofficial poll across Britain concluded, revealing remarkable public support for the League of Nations. Out of 11,446,270 participants, a staggering 11,090,287 (96.8%) expressed their commitment to continued adherence to the international organization. This poll, conducted in 1935, reflected the British public's strong belief in international cooperation and diplomatic conflict resolution during a tumultuous period in European history, just years before the outbreak of World War II.
28 Jun Gold Vault Construction at Fort Knox: President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the construction of a federal gold vault at Fort Knox, Kentucky, as part of a strategic national financial security initiative during the Great Depression era.
29 Jun Bankhead–Jones Act Enacted: The Bankhead–Jones Act was a significant piece of agricultural legislation passed in the United States on June 29, 1935. This act was designed to support farmers during the challenging economic period of the Great Depression by providing federal assistance for agricultural research, rural development, and land management. The legislation aimed to stabilize agricultural economies, promote soil conservation, and help struggling farmers through various support mechanisms.
30 Jun Devastating Japan Floods: Japan experienced its worst flooding in half a century, resulting in 75 reported fatalities. This catastrophic event highlighted the destructive potential of natural disasters and the vulnerability of communities to extreme weather conditions.
01 Jul Regina Riot during On-to-Ottawa Trek: A violent confrontation between On-to-Ottawa Trek protesters and police in Regina, Saskatchewan, resulted in one officer's death, 45 injuries, and 130 arrests, marking the most significant riot in Canada during the Great Depression.
02 Jul Switzerland Bans Nazi Newspapers: In a diplomatic response to Germany's censorship, Switzerland banned three Nazi-affiliated newspapers: *Der Stürmer*, *Der Allemanne*, and *Der Reichsdeutsche*, in retaliation for Germany's previous ban of the Swiss newspaper *Baseler Nachrichten*. This action highlighted the rising tensions in pre-World War II Europe.
03 Jul Death of André Citroën, Automotive Pioneer: André Citroën, a renowned French automobile engineer and industrialist, passed away on July 3, 1935. He was a visionary who revolutionized automobile manufacturing and industrial production techniques. Citroën founded the Citroën automobile company in 1919 and was known for innovative mass production methods and groundbreaking car designs that significantly influenced the automotive industry in the early 20th century.
04 Jul Ethiopia Appeals to United States Over Italian Aggression: In a diplomatic effort to prevent potential military conflict, Ethiopia formally requested the United States to investigate methods of persuading Italy to cease its aggressive actions and honor the Kellogg–Briand Pact, an international treaty aimed at renouncing war as an instrument of national policy. The Ethiopian government strategically sought to leverage American public opinion to generate international pressure against Italy's expansionist intentions, hoping to prevent an impending war through diplomatic channels and global condemnation.
05 Jul National Labor Relations Act Signed: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), a landmark piece of labor legislation that established workers' rights to organize, collectively bargain, and engage in strikes. The Act was a crucial component of the New Deal reforms aimed at protecting workers and regulating labor-management relations.
06 Jul National Labor Relations Act Signed: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the National Labor Relations Act, a pivotal piece of New Deal legislation that guaranteed private sector employees the right to organize into trade unions, significantly transforming labor rights in the United States.
07 Jul Changde Flood of 1935: The Chinese city of Changde experienced a catastrophic flood when dikes on the Yuan River collapsed, submerging the city under ten-foot deep water. The sudden breach caused significant damage to infrastructure and likely resulted in substantial loss of life and property.
08 Jul Nazi Racial Discrimination in Education: The Reich Ministry of Education implemented a discriminatory policy requiring students to prove 'Aryan descent' as a prerequisite for university admission, a stark example of the Nazi regime's racist ideology.
09 Jul Mercedes Sosa Birth: Mercedes Sosa, an iconic Argentine folk singer known as the 'Voice of Latin America', was born in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, who would later become a significant cultural figure in Latin American music.
10 Jul Bell Helicopter Company Founded: On July 10, 1935, the Bell Helicopter Company was established, marking a significant milestone in the aerospace and aviation industry. This pioneering company would go on to become a major manufacturer of rotorcraft and vertical lift aircraft, playing a crucial role in military and civilian aviation development throughout the 20th century.
11 Jul Birth of Oliver Napier, Northern Irish Political Leader: Oliver Napier, a prominent Northern Irish lawyer and political figure, was born on July 11, 1935. As a key political leader, Napier played an important role in the complex political landscape of Northern Ireland during a challenging period of the 20th century. He was known for his legal expertise and political activism.
12 Jul Violent Sectarian Clashes in Belfast: A tragic day of sectarian violence erupted in Belfast, where seven individuals were killed during intense clashes between members of the Orange Order and Irish nationalists. These confrontations highlighted the deep-rooted religious and political tensions in Northern Ireland during the 1930s.
13 Jul US-Soviet Commerce Treaty Takes Effect: A significant economic agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union went into effect, marking an important moment of diplomatic and economic cooperation during the interwar period.
14 Jul French Popular Front Formation Against Fascism: On Bastille Day, France's leftist political parties—including the Socialists, Communists, and Radical Socialists—formed a historic alliance known as the Popular Front. This strategic coalition was specifically designed to counter the growing threat of fascist movements in France and across Europe, reflecting the intense political tensions of the mid-1930s.
15 Jul Nazi Anti-Semitic Violence in Berlin: On July 15, 1935, Nazi supporters launched a violent attack targeting Jewish citizens along the Kurfürstendamm, a prominent boulevard in Berlin. This incident was part of the escalating systematic persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany, reflecting the growing antisemitic sentiment and state-sponsored discrimination during the early years of the Third Reich.
16 Jul First Automatic Parking Meter in the United States: On July 16, 1935, Oklahoma City became the pioneering location for parking meter technology in the United States. The first automatic parking meter was installed, revolutionizing urban parking management and introducing a systematic approach to regulating street parking spaces. This innovation by Carl C. Magee marked a significant moment in urban infrastructure and municipal revenue generation.
17 Jul Death of Last Known Atlantic Slave Trade Survivor: Cudjoe Lewis, the last known adult survivor of the Atlantic slave trade, passes away in Mobile, Alabama. Lewis was forcibly transported to the United States aboard the Clotilda ship 75 years earlier, representing a profound and tragic chapter in American history of slavery and human trafficking.
18 Jul Emperor Haile Selassie's War Preparedness Speech: Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie delivered a powerful and prophetic speech to the Ethiopian parliament, warning of potential Italian aggression and calling for national unity. He eloquently articulated Ethiopia's determination to defend its independence, acknowledging the technological disadvantages while emphasizing the strength of a united people. His speech foreshadowed the impending Italian invasion and highlighted Ethiopia's commitment to peaceful resolution while preparing for potential conflict.
19 Jul Nazi Police Appointment: Wolf-Heinrich Graf von Helldorf was appointed as Berlin's chief of police, a significant position within the Nazi regime's growing apparatus of control. As a high-ranking Nazi official, Helldorf would play a crucial role in implementing the regime's oppressive policies and suppressing political opposition.
20 Jul Fatal Royal Dutch Airlines Mountain Crash: A Royal Dutch Airlines passenger plane crashed into a Swiss mountain while traveling from Milan to Frankfurt, resulting in the tragic loss of thirteen lives and highlighting the early challenges of commercial aviation safety.
21 Jul Discovery of Asteroid 1358 Gaika: On July 21, 1935, astronomer C. Jackson made a significant astronomical discovery by identifying and documenting asteroid #1358 Gaika. This discovery contributed to the expanding knowledge of celestial bodies in our solar system during the early 20th century.
22 Jul Nazi Suppression of Religious Youth Groups: Wilhelm Frick, a prominent Nazi official, issued a decree ordering German state governments to suppress religious youth groups, further demonstrating the Nazi regime's efforts to control and marginalize religious organizations.
23 Jul Nazi Suppression of Catholic Veterans League: On July 23, 1935, Hermann Göring, a prominent Nazi leader, ordered the dissolution of the Catholic War Veteran's League of Prussia. This action was part of the Nazi regime's systematic suppression of independent organizations and consolidation of political control.
24 Jul Dust Bowl Heat Wave Peak: The Dust Bowl heat wave reached its most intense point, with extreme temperatures scorching the Midwestern United States. Chicago experienced temperatures of 109°F (44°C), while Milwaukee recorded 104°F (40°C), highlighting the severe climatic conditions of the 1930s.
25 Jul Comintern Congress: The seventh and final congress of the Communist International (Comintern) is held, marking a significant moment in the international communist movement's history.
26 Jul Communist Protesters Defy Nazi Symbol in New York Harbor: In a bold political protest, hundreds of communist demonstrators stormed the SS Bremen at New York Harbor, dramatically removing the Nazi swastika flag from the ship's foremast and throwing it into the Hudson River. This action symbolized strong anti-Nazi sentiment and resistance to fascist symbolism in the United States during the rise of Nazi Germany.
27 Jul Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress Maiden Flight: The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, a four-engine heavy bomber that would become iconic in World War II, completed its first flight. This aircraft would later play a crucial role in the Allied strategic bombing campaign in Europe, becoming one of the most significant military aircraft of the 20th century.
28 Jul Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress First Flight: The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, a legendary four-engine heavy bomber that would become iconic during World War II, completed its maiden flight. This aircraft would later play a crucial role in strategic bombing campaigns and become a symbol of American aerial military power.
30 Jul Penguin Books Launches Paperback Revolution: On July 30, 1935, Penguin Books was founded by Allen Lane, introducing affordable, high-quality paperback books that would democratize reading and transform the publishing industry. By selling paperbacks at the price of a pack of cigarettes (around 6 pence), Lane made literature accessible to a much broader audience, challenging the traditional expensive hardcover book market.
31 Jul Third Dutch Government of Colijn Established: Hendrik Colijn was sworn in as the Prime Minister of the Netherlands, leading his third government administration. Colijn, a prominent conservative politician, was known for his leadership during the interwar period and his efforts to navigate the complex political landscape of the 1930s.
01 Aug Chinese Communist Party's August 1 Declaration: On August 1, 1935, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) issued a pivotal political declaration that marked a significant turning point in Chinese history. The declaration called for an immediate cessation of the ongoing Chinese Civil War between the Communists and Nationalists (Kuomintang), urging national unity in the face of the growing Japanese imperial threat. This strategic political move aimed to create a united front against Japanese invasion, recognizing the existential danger posed by external aggression to China's sovereignty and territorial integrity.
02 Aug Government of India Act Establishes Federation Framework: The British Parliament passed the Government of India Act of 1935, a significant legislative milestone that laid the groundwork for a potential 'Federation of India' and introduced a substantial degree of administrative autonomy for Indian provinces. This act was a critical step in the gradual process of constitutional reform in British India, providing a more structured approach to governance and setting the stage for eventual independence.
03 Aug Italian Invasion of British Somaliland: As tensions escalated in the lead-up to World War II, Italian forces initiated their invasion of British Somaliland, a significant military operation that would reshape colonial territories in East Africa.
04 Aug Government of India Act Receives Royal Assent: On August 4, 1935, the Government of India Act received Royal Assent from the British Parliament. This significant legislative act was a crucial step in the constitutional development of British India, introducing provincial autonomy and establishing a framework for future governance that would eventually lead to Indian independence.
05 Aug Devastating Typhoon Strikes Quanzhou, China: A catastrophic typhoon hit Quanzhou, China, resulting in hundreds of fatalities. The natural disaster caused significant loss of life and widespread destruction, highlighting the region's vulnerability to extreme weather events.
06 Aug Anti-Semitic Expulsion in Bad Tölz: On August 6, 1935, the mayor of Bad Tölz, a picturesque spa town in Bavaria, Germany, issued a deeply discriminatory order mandating that all Jewish residents must leave the town within just 24 hours. This event was part of the escalating anti-Semitic policies in Nazi Germany, representing an early, stark example of the systematic persecution and marginalization of Jewish citizens that would tragically culminate in the Holocaust.
07 Aug Nazi Support Referendum in Danzig: A referendum in the Free City of Danzig showed 60% of voters supporting the Nazi Party, indicating growing Nazi influence in the region prior to World War II.
08 Aug Anti-Government Riots in Toulon, France: On August 8, 1935, significant civil unrest erupted in the southern French city of Toulon, with violent anti-government protests resulting in at least 5 fatalities and between 100-200 individuals injured. The riots highlighted the intense political tensions and social instability prevalent in France during the mid-1930s, reflecting broader societal discontent with the existing political establishment.
09 Aug Uneventful Day in 1935: While no specific major historical event was documented for August 9, 1935, this does not necessarily mean nothing of significance occurred. Many historical moments happen without immediate global recognition. During this period, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively reshaping the nation's economic and social landscape.
10 Aug Nazi Regime Eliminates Freemason Organizations: The Nazi government completed the systematic dissolution of all remaining Freemason lodges in Germany, representing another step in the regime's comprehensive suppression of independent social organizations. This action was part of the broader Nazi strategy to eliminate perceived threats to their ideological control and consolidate power by dismantling traditional civic institutions.
11 Aug Hitler's Public Return After Surgery: Adolf Hitler emerged from his Bavarian mountain retreat to deliver a public address in Rosenheim, his first speech since a medical operation in May. During the speech, he warned opponents that the Nazi regime was prepared to suppress any resistance.
12 Aug Aizawa Incident: Political Assassination in Imperial Japan: On August 12, 1935, Japanese Lieutenant Colonel Saburo Aizawa assassinated General Tetsuzan Nagata by stabbing him with a sword. This politically motivated murder was part of the internal power struggles and radical nationalist tensions within the Imperial Japanese military during the 1930s, reflecting the volatile political climate preceding World War II.
13 Aug Pope Condemns Abyssinia Crisis: Pope Pius XI issued a strong public condemnation of the Abyssinia Crisis, describing the conflict as 'unjust' and 'unthinkable'. This papal statement drew international attention to the escalating tensions between Italy and Ethiopia, reflecting the moral stance of the Catholic Church against imperial aggression.
14 Aug Social Security Act Signed into Law: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Social Security Act, establishing a comprehensive government pension system that would provide financial support for retired workers, marking a pivotal moment in American social welfare policy.
15 Aug Tragic Aviation Accident Claims Lives of Will Rogers and Wiley Post: Renowned aviator Wiley Post and famous humorist Will Rogers were killed in a devastating aircraft crash shortly after takeoff near Point Barrow, Alaska. The plane experienced critical engine problems, leading to the fatal accident that abruptly ended the lives of two prominent American figures.
16 Aug Haile Selassie's Economic Concessions to Italy: Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie attempted to avert potential Italian invasion by offering strategic economic concessions. While emphasizing his firm stance against military occupation, he proposed collaborative opportunities in mining, road construction, and railway infrastructure development as a diplomatic compromise.
17 Aug AEG Demonstrates Magnetophon Tape Recorder: AEG unveiled the groundbreaking Magnetophon reel-to-reel tape recorder at the Berlin Radio Fair, marking a significant milestone in audio recording technology. This innovative device would later revolutionize sound recording, broadcasting, and music production by introducing magnetic tape as a reliable medium for capturing and reproducing audio.
18 Aug Uneventful Day in 1935: While no specific major historical events were recorded for August 18, 1935, this does not mean the day was entirely without significance. During this period, the United States was in the midst of the Great Depression, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies were actively reshaping the nation's economic and social landscape. The world was also experiencing rising tensions in Europe, with Nazi Germany increasingly asserting its power under Adolf Hitler's leadership.
20 Aug Vitamin E Scientific Breakthrough: Scientists at the University of California made a significant scientific advancement by successfully isolating Vitamin E, a crucial nutrient essential for human health. This discovery would later contribute to understanding nutritional science and human metabolism.
21 Aug Historic Sites Act Signed: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Historic Sites Act of 1935, establishing a federal mandate for preserving significant national historical sites and objects, marking a pivotal moment in cultural heritage conservation in the United States.
22 Aug Birth of Annie Proulx, Acclaimed American Novelist: Annie Proulx was born, who would become a distinguished American novelist and journalist. She is best known for her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel 'The Shipping News' and the short story 'Brokeback Mountain', which was adapted into an acclaimed film.
23 Aug Banking Act of 1935 Restructures Federal Reserve: On August 23, 1935, the Banking Act of 1935 was enacted, marking a significant reform of the Federal Reserve system. The legislation removed the Treasury Secretary and the Comptroller of Currency from the Federal Reserve Board, fundamentally changing the governance and independence of the central banking system. This act was part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's broader financial reforms during the Great Depression, aimed at stabilizing the banking sector and preventing future economic crises.
24 Aug Ethiopian Emperor's Strategic Evacuation of Addis Ababa: In anticipation of imminent Italian aerial bombardment during the lead-up to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie made a strategic decision to order civilians to evacuate Addis Ababa and disperse across the country. This proactive measure was designed to minimize potential civilian casualties and protect the population from the expected military assault by Italian forces.
25 Aug Birth of Geraldine Ferraro: Geraldine Ferraro was born, who would later become a groundbreaking politician and the first female vice presidential candidate for a major U.S. political party, representing the Democratic Party in the 1984 presidential election.
26 Aug Geraldine Ferraro: Historic Vice Presidential Candidacy: Geraldine Ferraro, a Democratic Representative from New York, made history as the first female vice presidential candidate nominated by a major political party in the United States. Her groundbreaking nomination on the Walter Mondale ticket in 1984 was a significant milestone for women's representation in American politics.
27 Aug U.S. Senate Adjourns During Huey Long's Filibuster: On August 27, 1935, the 74th United States Congress adjourned for the year amidst a dramatic filibuster led by Senator Huey Long. The filibuster, which began five and a half hours before midnight, was centered on blocking a $103 million social securities bill. Long, known for his theatrical political style, used this parliamentary procedure to obstruct legislative progress and draw attention to his concerns about the proposed legislation.
28 Aug Pope Condemns Abyssinian Invasion: Pope Pius XI issued a strong moral condemnation of Italy's invasion of Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia), describing the military action as fundamentally 'unjust' and 'unthinkable'. This papal statement highlighted the growing international tension surrounding Italy's imperial ambitions under Mussolini's fascist regime, and represented a significant moral rebuke of colonial aggression.
29 Aug William Friedkin Birth: William Friedkin, renowned American film director famous for classics like 'The French Connection' and 'The Exorcist', was born on this date.
30 Aug Roosevelt Signs Key Economic Legislation: On August 30, 1935, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed two significant economic bills into law: the Guffey Coal Act and the Revenue Act of 1935. These legislative actions were part of Roosevelt's New Deal economic reforms aimed at stabilizing industrial sectors and generating government revenue during the Great Depression era.
31 Aug Neutrality Act Details: President Roosevelt signed the comprehensive Neutrality Act, which prohibited trade in military materials with warring countries and restricted US nationals from traveling on ships belonging to nations at war.
01 Sep Birth of D. Wayne Lukas, Renowned Horse Trainer: D. Wayne Lukas was born in Antigo, Wisconsin. He would become one of the most successful and influential horse trainers in American thoroughbred racing history. Lukas is a Hall of Fame trainer who has won numerous prestigious races and trained multiple champion racehorses throughout his distinguished career.
02 Sep Nuremberg Laws Enacted in Nazi Germany: The Nazi regime officially enacted the Nuremberg Laws, a set of antisemitic and racist legislation that stripped Jews of their German citizenship, prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews, and imposed severe discriminatory restrictions on Jewish life and civil rights.
03 Sep Land Speed Record: First Car to Exceed 300 mph: Sir Malcolm Campbell set a groundbreaking land speed record by driving an automobile at 301.337 miles per hour on the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah, marking a significant milestone in automotive engineering and speed achievements.
04 Sep Labor Day Hurricane of 1935: The Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 was the most intense hurricane in United States history at the time, making a devastating landfall at Cedar Key, Florida. This catastrophic Category 5 hurricane caused unprecedented destruction, resulting in the deaths of over 400 people, primarily among World War I veterans working on a federal infrastructure project in the Florida Keys. The hurricane's extreme wind speeds, estimated at over 185 miles per hour, and massive storm surge decimated entire communities, making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in American history.
05 Sep Roosevelt Investigates Veterans' Hurricane Safety: President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated a formal investigation to determine why adequate safety precautions were not implemented to protect veterans working in relief camps during a hurricane. This action underscored the administration's commitment to the welfare of veterans and the importance of emergency preparedness during the Great Depression era.
06 Sep New York Judge Dismisses Bremen Incident Charges: New York judge Louis B. Brodsky dismissed charges against five of six individuals arrested in the July 26 Bremen incident. In a notable judicial statement, Brodsky condemned the Nazi regime, comparing the swastika to 'the black flag of piracy' and describing the Nazi government as 'a revolt against civilization.' This ruling highlighted the growing international criticism of Nazi Germany's policies.
07 Sep Assassination of Huey Long: On September 7, 1935, Dr. Carl Weiss assassinated Huey P. Long, a prominent and controversial U.S. Senator from Louisiana known as 'The Kingfish', in a shocking shooting at the Louisiana State Capitol Building in Baton Rouge. Long, a powerful political figure who had significant influence in Louisiana state politics and was considered a potential presidential candidate, was critically wounded and died several days later. The assassination was a pivotal moment in American political history, cutting short the career of a polarizing populist leader who had both ardent supporters and fierce critics.
08 Sep Assassination of Huey Long: U.S. Senator Huey P. Long, known as the 'Kingfish', was fatally shot in the Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge by Dr. Carl A. Weiss. Long was a powerful and controversial political figure known for his populist policies and opposition to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. He was shot while walking through the capitol, and died two days later on September 10, 1935.
09 Sep President Roosevelt Condemns Assassination of Huey Long: On September 9, 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an official statement expressing his condemnation of the assassination of Senator Huey Long, a prominent and controversial political figure from Louisiana. Long had been shot on August 30, 1935, at the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge and died two days later. The statement reflected the national shock and political significance of Long's violent death.
10 Sep Nazi Germany's 7th Party Congress Begins: The Nazi Party's 7th Party Congress commenced in Nuremberg on September 10, 1935. These annual rallies were significant propaganda events that showcased the Nazi Party's power, ideology, and military strength, often featuring massive displays of uniformed party members and military units.
11 Sep Birth of Space Pioneer Gherman Titov: Gherman Titov, who would later become the second human to orbit the Earth in 1961, was born. He was a significant figure in the early Soviet space program and made crucial contributions to human space exploration.
12 Sep Baltic States Sign Mutual Defense Treaty: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed the Treaty of Understanding and Cooperation, forming a strategic alliance primarily aimed at protecting themselves against potential threats from Nazi Germany.
13 Sep Hitler's Provocative Hitler Youth Address: At the Nuremberg Rally, Adolf Hitler delivered a chilling speech to 50,000 Hitler Youth, emphasizing militaristic ideology and the importance of strength. His infamous quote, 'Friendship will be accorded only to the strong,' underscored the Nazi regime's emerging aggressive nationalist philosophy.
14 Sep Hitler Addresses Hitler Youth at Nuremberg Rally: Adolf Hitler delivered a provocative speech to 50,000 Hitler Youth at the Nuremberg Rally, emphasizing militaristic and authoritarian principles. He proclaimed that 'friendship will be accorded only to the strong' and criticized democratic processes, instead promoting unquestioning obedience and national strength. This speech was a critical moment in Nazi indoctrination of youth.
15 Sep Nuremberg Laws Enacted in Nazi Germany: On September 15, 1935, the Nazi regime officially implemented the Nuremberg Laws, a set of deeply discriminatory antisemitic legislation that systematically stripped German Jews of their citizenship rights and legal protections. These laws formalized racial discrimination, defining Jewish identity and establishing a legal framework for persecution, marking a critical escalation of state-sponsored racism in Nazi Germany.
16 Sep Hitler Reviews Wehrmacht at Nuremberg Rally: Adolf Hitler conducted a formal military review of the Wehrmacht (German armed forces) on the concluding day of the 1935 Nuremberg Rally. This event was a powerful demonstration of Nazi Germany's growing military strength and Hitler's consolidation of power, taking place just months after the regime had begun openly rearming in violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
17 Sep First Philippine Commonwealth Presidential Election: Manuel L. Quezon was democratically elected as the first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, a pivotal moment in the nation's journey towards independence from colonial rule.
18 Sep Mussolini Rejects League of Nations Peace Proposal: In a defiant diplomatic moment, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini categorically rejected the League of Nations' peace proposal concerning the territories of Danakil and Ogaden. Mussolini dismissed the diplomatic overture with contempt, declaring that he would not be treated like 'a fool', signaling his aggressive stance towards international mediation and foreshadowing his expansionist ambitions in the Horn of Africa.
19 Sep Rabbi Wise Appeals to League of Nations Against Nazi Persecution: Jewish leader Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise made a significant diplomatic appeal to the League of Nations, urgently requesting intervention to stop the escalating persecution of Jews in Nazi Germany. This appeal came at a critical moment, shortly after the Nuremberg Laws were enacted, which systematically stripped Jewish citizens of their rights and began the process of legal discrimination and marginalization.
20 Sep Pittsburgh Crawfords Win Negro National League Championship: On September 20, 1935, the Pittsburgh Crawfords defeated the New York Cubans 3-0 to claim the Negro National League Championship. This victory highlighted the exceptional baseball talent in the Negro Leagues during an era of racial segregation in professional sports.
21 Sep A Quiet Day in 1935: While no specific major historical events were documented for September 21, 1935, this date falls during the interwar period, a time of significant global tension and transformation. The mid-1930s were characterized by rising fascism in Europe, economic recovery efforts following the Great Depression, and increasing geopolitical uncertainties that would eventually lead to World War II.
22 Sep Mussolini Demands Territory in Abyssinia Crisis: Italian dictator Benito Mussolini outlined aggressive territorial demands during the Abyssinia (Ethiopia) Crisis, proposing to seize a substantial eastern portion of Ethiopian territory and effectively dismantle Ethiopia's military sovereignty by requiring its army to be reduced by half and placed under Italian military control.
23 Sep Italy Mobilizes 200,000 Soldiers for Potential Conflict: Mussolini mobilized 200,000 Italian soldiers born between 1911 and 1914, bringing the total Italian army strength to the 1 million troops he had promised by October, signaling significant military preparation for potential conflict.
24 Sep First Outdoor Electric-Lit Rodeo in Columbia, Mississippi: On September 24, 1935, brothers Earl and Weldon Bascom made rodeo history by organizing the first rodeo ever held outdoors under electric lights in Columbia, Mississippi. This innovative event marked a significant technological and entertainment milestone, allowing spectators to enjoy the thrilling rodeo performances after sunset with unprecedented visibility.
25 Sep David E. Lilienthal Appointed to Tennessee Valley Authority: President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed David E. Lilienthal (1899-1981) to the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), a significant New Deal agency designed to provide economic development, electricity generation, and flood control in the Tennessee Valley region during the Great Depression.
26 Sep Nazi Racial Segregation in Education: Nazi Culture Minister Bernhard Rust issued a comprehensive decree mandating complete racial segregation in German schools, to be fully implemented by spring 1936. This directive was a critical component of the Nazi regime's systematic discrimination and persecution of Jewish and other minority students, effectively institutionalizing racial discrimination in the education system.
27 Sep Golden Gate Bridge Construction Milestone: Construction workers completed the catwalks (footwalks) on the Golden Gate Bridge, marking a critical preparatory stage for the main cable spinning process. These elevated walkways would enable workers to navigate and work safely during the bridge's complex cable installation phase.
28 Sep Destructive Cuba Hurricane of 1935: On September 28, 1935, a powerful hurricane made landfall in Camagüey Province, Cuba, causing significant damage and disruption. This tropical cyclone was particularly notable for its intensity and impact on the region.
29 Sep Roosevelt Dedicates Hoover Dam: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt officially dedicated the Hoover Dam, a monumental engineering project completed during the Great Depression. The dam represented a massive public works initiative, providing hydroelectric power, flood control, and water management for the southwestern United States.
30 Sep Hoover Dam Dedication Ceremony: The Hoover Dam, a monumental engineering project straddling the border between Arizona and Nevada, was officially dedicated. This massive infrastructure project symbolized American technological prowess and was a key part of President Roosevelt's New Deal infrastructure initiatives, providing hydroelectric power and water management for the southwestern United States.
02 Oct Italian Invasion of Ethiopia: Italy, under the leadership of Benito Mussolini, launched a military invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia), marking the beginning of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. This aggressive action represented a significant moment of imperial expansion and international tension in the lead-up to World War II.
03 Oct Italy Invades Ethiopia: On October 3, 1935, Italy launched an invasion of Ethiopia under the command of General de Bono, who was later replaced by Pietro Badoglio on November 11. This military campaign was part of Italy's colonial ambitions under the leadership of Benito Mussolini.
04 Oct Luna Park Opens in Sydney: Luna Park, a famous amusement park, officially opened its gates in Sydney, Australia on October 4, 1935. Located in the iconic Milsons Point area, this entertainment venue would become a significant landmark and popular recreational destination for generations of Sydneysiders and tourists.
05 Oct US Neutrality Act Applied to Italy-Ethiopia Conflict: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt invoked the August 31 Neutrality Act, placing an arms embargo on both Italy and Ethiopia. This action was part of the diplomatic response to the escalating tensions between Italy and Ethiopia, which would soon lead to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
06 Oct Emperor Haile Selassie Condemns Italian Aggression: In a powerful and eloquent statement to the Associated Press, Emperor Haile Selassie challenged Mussolini's claims of 'civilization', highlighting the brutal nature of the Italian invasion and expressing faith in the League of Nations to protect Ethiopia from unjustifiable aggression.
07 Oct League of Nations Condemns Italy's Invasion of Abyssinia: The League of Nations officially declares Italy guilty of committing an act of war against all its members by invading Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia), marking a significant moment of international diplomatic tension preceding World War II.
08 Oct Mussolini Implements Strict Currency Control: Italian dictator Benito Mussolini imposed a strict financial regulation prohibiting individuals from bringing more than 2,000 lire into Italy. This economic measure was designed to control currency exchange and prevent citizens and tourists from exploiting monetary discrepancies by changing money in neighboring countries at more favorable rates. The policy reflected the fascist regime's tight economic control and attempts to manage national financial flows.
09 Oct Austria and Hungary Reject League of Nations Sanctions Against Italy: Austria and Hungary officially announced they would not cooperate with the League of Nations in implementing sanctions against Italy, signaling their diplomatic alignment and potential support for Italian expansionist policies during the 1930s.
10 Oct Greek Military Coup Ends Second Hellenic Republic: A significant political upheaval occurred in Greece when the royalist leadership of the Greek Armed Forces, led by General Georgios Kondylis, staged a coup in Athens. The coup overthrew the government of Panagis Tsaldaris and established a regency, effectively terminating the Second Hellenic Republic.
11 Oct League of Nations Imposes Sanctions on Italy: On October 11, 1935, the League of Nations implemented its first comprehensive set of economic sanctions against Italy in response to its impending invasion of Ethiopia. The sanctions included a general arms embargo designed to limit Italy's military capabilities. Member nations were instructed to prevent arms from being transferred to Italy, either directly or indirectly through intermediary countries like Austria. This diplomatic action represented an early attempt by the international community to use economic pressure to deter aggressive military expansionism.
12 Oct Nazi Germany Bans Jazz: The Nazi regime officially banned jazz music from radio broadcasts, marking a significant moment of cultural suppression. This action was part of the broader Nazi policy of controlling artistic expression and targeting music they considered 'degenerate', particularly music with African American origins.
13 Oct Soviet Union Protests Japanese Border Aggression: On October 13, 1935, the Soviet Union formally issued a diplomatic note of protest to Japan, condemning a border incident involving a Japanese-Manchukuan military detachment. The note accused the Japanese forces of aggressive actions along the border region, escalating tensions between the two nations during a period of increasing geopolitical instability in East Asia.
14 Oct Canadian Federal Election of 1935: In the Canadian federal election, the Liberal Party led by William Lyon Mackenzie King secured a decisive victory, winning a majority government and defeating the incumbent Conservative Party under Prime Minister R. B. Bennett. This election marked a significant political transition in Canadian governance, with Mackenzie King's Liberals gaining substantial public support.
15 Oct German Naval Expansion Disclosure: Germany's Naval Gazette publicly disclosed that 21 U-boats had been launched, signaling the growing naval military capabilities of Nazi Germany in the lead-up to World War II.
16 Oct Uneventful Day in 1935: While no specific major historical events were recorded for October 16, 1935, this does not necessarily mean nothing of significance occurred. The mid-1930s was a complex period globally, with ongoing developments in international politics, economic recovery from the Great Depression, and rising tensions in Europe preceding World War II.
17 Oct Pacific AAU Boycotts 1936 Berlin Olympics: The Pacific Association of the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) voted to not participate in the 1936 Berlin Olympics, likely in protest of Nazi Germany's discriminatory policies and growing international tensions.
18 Oct Nazi Germany Enacts Eugenic Marriage Law: The German cabinet convened in Berlin for its first fall session and promulgated a controversial law prohibiting marriage between individuals with hereditary diseases, reflecting the Nazi regime's eugenic policies aimed at 'racial purity'.
19 Oct League of Nations Imposes Economic Sanctions on Fascist Italy: In a significant diplomatic response to Italy's aggressive military invasion of Ethiopia, the League of Nations formally implemented comprehensive economic sanctions against Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. These sanctions were designed to economically isolate Italy and discourage its imperialistic actions in East Africa, representing a critical moment of international collective action against territorial aggression.
20 Oct The Long March Concludes: The Long March, a critical military retreat undertaken by the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party, ends after a grueling 368-day journey covering approximately 6,000 miles. This strategic withdrawal, led by Mao Zedong, was a pivotal moment in the Chinese Communist revolution, demonstrating remarkable resilience and strategic planning.
21 Oct Landmark Consumer Law Case: Grant v Australian Knitting Mills: A significant legal precedent was established in the case of Grant v Australian Knitting Mills, which was decided on appeal by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the United Kingdom. This case was pivotal in developing consumer protection law, setting important standards for product liability and manufacturer responsibilities.
22 Oct Jérémie Hurricane Strikes Santiago de Cuba: The Jérémie hurricane caused significant destruction in Santiago de Cuba, resulting in three fatalities and four injuries. The storm's impact highlighted the region's vulnerability to severe tropical weather events.
23 Oct The Chophouse Massacre: A significant organized crime incident where American mobsters Dutch Schultz, Abe Landau, Otto Berman, and Bernard 'Lulu' Rosencrantz were fatally shot by rival crime hitmen at a saloon in Newark, New Jersey. This violent event marked a pivotal moment in the gangster era of the 1930s, demonstrating the brutal nature of organized crime turf wars.
24 Oct Italy Invades Ethiopia: On October 24, 1935, Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini launched a full-scale invasion of Ethiopia (then known as Abyssinia), marking a significant moment in the lead-up to World War II. This aggressive act represented Italy's colonial ambitions in Africa and challenged the international community's response to territorial aggression.
25 Oct Clement Attlee Becomes Labour Party Leader: On October 25, 1935, Clement Attlee was elected as the leader of the Labour Party, a pivotal moment in British political history. Attlee would later become a transformative Prime Minister who played a crucial role in establishing the modern welfare state.
26 Oct Notable Births on October 26, 1935: Two significant individuals were born on this date: Mike Gray, an accomplished American filmmaker known for his work as a director, producer, and screenwriter, and Gloria Conyers Hewitt, a pioneering African American mathematician and academic who made substantial contributions to mathematical research and education.
27 Oct Einstein and Mann Endorse Ossietzky for Nobel Peace Prize: On October 27, 1935, renowned physicist Albert Einstein and celebrated author Thomas Mann jointly endorsed Carl von Ossietzky, a prominent German pacifist and Nazi regime critic, for the Nobel Peace Prize. This endorsement was significant as Ossietzky was imprisoned by the Nazi government at the time, and the support from these influential intellectuals highlighted international opposition to the Nazi regime's oppressive policies.
28 Oct Indian Reorganization Act Signed into Law: On October 28, 1935, a pivotal moment in Native American history occurred when Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes signed the Wheeler-Howard Act (also known as the Indian Reorganization Act) in Washington D.C. Standing alongside John S. Collier, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and representatives of the Flathead Indian Tribe, Ickes formalized a landmark policy that fundamentally transformed Native American governance. The legislation marked a significant departure from previous assimilation policies, granting Native American tribes greater autonomy, restoring tribal land and mineral rights, and providing a framework for self-governance. This act effectively ended the destructive allotment policy and recognized tribal sovereignty, allowing indigenous communities to re-establish their traditional governmental structures and economic self-determination.
29 Oct Mussolini Implements Food Restrictions: Italian dictator Benito Mussolini proclaimed nationwide food restrictions, effective November 5, as a response to international economic sanctions following Italy's invasion of Ethiopia. These restrictions were designed to manage resources and demonstrate the regime's resilience against external economic pressures during the lead-up to World War II.
31 Oct First Recording of Blues Classic 'Baby, Please Don't Go': In Chicago, legendary blues musician Big Joe Williams and the Washboard Blues Singers recorded the seminal blues track 'Baby, Please Don't Go', a song that would become a significant influence in blues and rock music history. This recording marked an important moment in the development of American musical heritage.
01 Nov Assassination Attempt on Chinese Premier Wang Jingwei: On November 1st, 1935, Chinese Premier Wang Jingwei narrowly survived an assassination attempt in Nanjing. While preparing for a group photo with three other officials, he was targeted by an unknown assailant. The attacker was killed during the incident, though the precise circumstances of his death remain unclear - whether by suicide or by return fire from government bodyguards. This event highlighted the political tensions and instability in pre-World War II China.
02 Nov Italian Invasion of Ethiopia: On November 2, 1935, Fascist Italy under Benito Mussolini launched a full-scale military invasion of Ethiopia (then known as Abyssinia), marking the beginning of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. This aggressive action was part of Italy's colonial ambitions in Africa and represented a significant moment of imperial expansion in the lead-up to World War II. The invasion demonstrated the international community's inability to prevent aggression, as the League of Nations proved ineffective in stopping Italy's military campaign. Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie appealed to the world for support, but Ethiopia was ultimately conquered by Italian forces in 1936, becoming part of Italian East Africa until its liberation in 1941.
03 Nov Greek Monarchy Referendum: In a significant political referendum, 98% of Greek voters supported the restoration of the monarchy, marking a dramatic reversal eleven years after the country had previously voted to become a republic.
05 Nov Maryland Court of Appeals Landmark Civil Rights Decision: The Maryland Court of Appeals orders the University of Maryland to admit Donald Murray, an African American student, marking a significant early legal victory in the fight against racial segregation in higher education.
06 Nov Edwin Armstrong Presents FM Radio Technology: Edwin Armstrong presented groundbreaking research on frequency modulation (FM) radio at the Institute of Radio Engineers in New York, introducing a method to significantly reduce radio signal interference and improve audio quality.
07 Nov Hitler's Olympic Non-Discrimination Assurance: In a diplomatic move, Adolf Hitler personally assured International Olympic Committee President Henri de Baillet-Latour that there would be no racial discrimination against athletes or visitors during the upcoming 1936 Berlin Olympics, despite the Nazi regime's well-documented racist policies.
08 Nov Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) Founded: A group of twelve labor leaders convened to establish the Congress for Industrial Organization (CIO), a pivotal organization dedicated to advancing industrial unionism and workers' rights in the United States.
09 Nov Japanese Invasion of Shanghai: Japan launched a military invasion of Shanghai, China, escalating tensions in the region and marking another significant moment in the lead-up to the Second Sino-Japanese War. This event was part of Japan's broader imperial expansion and aggression in East Asia during the 1930s.
10 Nov Birth of Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov: Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov, a renowned theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist, was born in Moscow, USSR. Novikov would later become famous for his significant contributions to understanding black holes, cosmology, and theoretical physics, particularly his work on the Novikov-Hawking singularity theorem.
11 Nov Ethiopian Victory Against Italian Forces in Ogaden: On November 11, 1935, the Ethiopian government reported a strategic victory over Italian forces in the Ogaden region, highlighting the ongoing resistance against Italian colonial aggression during the prelude to the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
12 Nov Nazi Germany Restricts Export of Critical Resources: Nazi Germany implemented a comprehensive export prohibition on essential food supplies and industrial raw materials, signaling the regime's growing economic isolationism and preparation for potential future conflicts. This strategic economic measure aimed to secure domestic resources and strengthen the nation's self-sufficiency in anticipation of potential international tensions.
13 Nov Assassination of Sun Chuanfang: Shi Jianqiao, daughter of a military officer previously killed by Sun Chuanfang, executed a calculated revenge killing of the former Chinese warlord. This dramatic act of personal vengeance highlighted the complex and violent political landscape of early 20th-century China.
14 Nov First Flight of the Supermarine Spitfire: On November 14, 1935, the iconic Supermarine Spitfire made its maiden flight. This British fighter aircraft would later become legendary for its crucial role in the Battle of Britain during World War II, symbolizing British resilience and technological innovation in aerial warfare.
15 Nov Manuel L. Quezon Becomes Philippine President: Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated as the second president of the Philippines, a pivotal moment in the country's political history during the Commonwealth period.
16 Nov Jumbo Musical Broadway Premiere: On November 16, 1935, the groundbreaking musical 'Jumbo' premiered at the historic New York Hippodrome on Broadway. Featuring music and lyrics by the legendary duo Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, the production was a significant cultural event in the American musical theater landscape. The musical, which likely centered around circus themes given its title, showcased the remarkable collaborative talents of Rodgers and Hart, who were pivotal in shaping the golden age of Broadway musicals.
17 Nov Italian Military Leadership Change in East Africa: Pietro Badoglio replaced Emilio De Bono as commander of Italian forces in East Africa, signaling a potential strategic shift in Italy's colonial military operations during the mid-1930s.
18 Nov League of Nations Sanctions Against Italy: The League of Nations imposed economic sanctions on Italy in response to its invasion and occupation of Ethiopia, marking a significant diplomatic attempt to discourage aggressive territorial expansion by a European power.
19 Nov Anti-Semitic Unrest at University of Budapest: On November 19, 1935, the University of Budapest was temporarily closed following violent anti-Semitic riots on campus. The incident highlighted the growing tensions and discriminatory attitudes towards Jewish students in Hungary during the pre-World War II era, reflecting the broader rise of antisemitism in Central Europe during the 1930s.
20 Nov Mussolini Mobilizes Troops for Economic Recovery: In response to international economic sanctions following Italy's invasion of Ethiopia, Mussolini strategically granted three months' leave to 100,000 troops on November 20, 1935. These soldiers were redirected to work in agricultural and industrial sectors, aiming to mitigate the economic impact of the sanctions and maintain national productivity during a period of international isolation.
21 Nov Nazi Economic Discrimination Against Jews: A discriminatory decree by Reich Economics Minister Hjalmar Schacht took effect, systematically excluding Jews from membership in Germany's eight stock exchanges, representing an escalation of Nazi economic antisemitism.
22 Nov China Clipper's Historic Transpacific Airmail Flight: The China Clipper, a pioneering flying boat, took off from Alameda, California, on a groundbreaking mission to deliver the first airmail cargo across the Pacific Ocean. The aircraft successfully reached Manila, delivering an impressive 110,000 pieces of mail, marking a significant milestone in international communication and aviation history.
23 Nov Discovery of Sulfanilamide's Active Component: In a groundbreaking medical research breakthrough at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, scientists Jacques and Thérèse Tréfouël, Daniel Bovet, and Federico Nitti identified sulfanilamide as the active component of Prontosil, a significant advancement in understanding antibiotic mechanisms. Working in Ernest Fourneau's laboratory, they demonstrated how this compound could effectively combat streptococcal infections in experimental mouse and rabbit models.
24 Nov King George II Returns to Greece: King George II returned to Greece after a 12-year exile, restoring the Greek monarchy and marking a pivotal moment in the nation's political landscape. His return signaled a complex period of political transition and potential restoration of royal governance in Greece.
25 Nov Nazi Restrictions on Jewish Artists: Nazi Germany implemented a discriminatory policy forbidding Jewish artists from working under pseudonyms, further demonstrating the regime's systematic persecution of Jewish cultural professionals.
26 Nov China Clipper Reaches Wake Island: The China Clipper, a pioneering Pan American Airways flying boat, successfully landed at Wake Island, marking a significant milestone in transpacific aviation. This event represented an important advancement in long-distance air travel and communication capabilities during the 1930s.
28 Nov Nazi Germany Mobilizes Male Population: Adolf Hitler issued a decree declaring all German males between the ages of 18 and 45 as army reservists, signaling a significant expansion of military preparedness and a clear indication of Germany's increasing militarization in the lead-up to World War II.
29 Nov First Transpacific Airmail Flight Completed: The China Clipper successfully completed a groundbreaking transpacific airmail flight, traveling approximately 8,000 miles from San Francisco to Manila and delivering over 110,000 pieces of mail. This historic journey represented a major milestone in international communication and aviation technology.
30 Nov King Peter II Grants Amnesty in Yugoslavia: On the 17th anniversary of Yugoslavia's founding, King Peter II declared an amnesty for 1,200 political prisoners. This significant political gesture demonstrated a potential move towards reconciliation and political goodwill during a complex period in Yugoslav history.
01 Dec Nazi Regime Restricts Church Communications: Reichsminister of Church Affairs Hanns Kerrl issued a decree mandating that all pastoral letters must be submitted to the government for prior approval, representing a significant escalation of Nazi control over religious institutions and freedom of expression.
02 Dec British Cabinet Supports Sanctions Against Italy in League of Nations: On December 2, 1935, the British cabinet made a significant diplomatic decision to support an expanded sanctions motion against Italy at the League of Nations. The proposed sanctions would include a comprehensive oil embargo, aimed at pressuring Italy in response to its aggressive actions, particularly its invasion and occupation of Ethiopia. This decision was part of the international community's attempt to curb Italian expansionism under Benito Mussolini's fascist regime.
04 Dec Death of Charles Robert Richet, Nobel Laureate: Charles Robert Richet, a distinguished French physiologist and Nobel Prize laureate, passed away. Richet was known for his significant contributions to medical science, including his work on anaphylaxis and immunology.
05 Dec National Council of Negro Women Founded: Mary McLeod Bethune, a prominent African American educator and civil rights leader, established the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) in New York City. This groundbreaking organization was created to advocate for the rights, opportunities, and social advancement of African American women and their families during the challenging era of racial segregation.
06 Dec Italian Bombing of Dessie during Second Italo-Ethiopian War: On December 6, 1935, Italian military aircraft conducted a strategic bombing raid targeting Emperor Haile Selassie's headquarters in the city of Dessie, Ethiopia. This attack was part of Italy's aggressive military campaign to colonize Ethiopia, which represented a significant moment in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. The bombing demonstrated the technological superiority of Italian air power and the brutal tactics employed during the conflict.
07 Dec Japan's Naval Parity Demand: Japan publicly proclaimed its demand for absolute naval parity with the United States and Great Britain, signaling growing geopolitical tensions and naval ambitions in the lead-up to World War II.
08 Dec Hoare-Laval Pact Proposal for Abyssinia: The Anglo-French diplomatic proposal known as the Hoare-Laval Pact was agreed upon, proposing the partition of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and ceding a significant portion of its territory to Italy. The diplomatic delegations informed the media about the plan's existence while strategically withholding specific details to allow interested governments time for review and potential negotiation.
09 Dec Naval Armaments Conference in London: Representatives from six major naval powers (Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United States) convened in London for a critical conference aimed at reducing naval armaments and preventing potential maritime conflicts.
10 Dec First Heisman Trophy Awarded: The Downtown Athletic Club Trophy, which would later become the prestigious Heisman Trophy, was awarded to halfback Jay Berwanger of the University of Chicago, marking the inaugural presentation of this iconic college football honor.
11 Dec Marudi Mountain Meteoroid Explosion: On December 11, 1935, a significant astronomical event occurred near Marudi Mountain in British Guyana, where a large meteoroid or small asteroid likely exploded in mid-air. The aerial detonation created extensive damage, devastating a forest area spanning over 32 kilometers in length. This event is reminiscent of the Tunguska event, demonstrating the potential destructive power of celestial objects entering Earth's atmosphere.
12 Dec Nazi Lebensborn Project Established: Heinrich Himmler founded the Lebensborn Project, a controversial Nazi reproduction program designed to increase the 'Aryan' population through selective breeding and support for racially 'pure' children. The program involved providing support for racially desirable mothers and children, and often included the kidnapping of children from occupied territories who matched Nazi racial ideals.
13 Dec Hoare-Laval Pact Controversy at League of Nations: The full text of the controversial Hoare-Laval Pact was publicly revealed, causing significant diplomatic tension. Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie denounced the plan as a violation of the League of Nations Covenant, highlighting the complex geopolitical dynamics surrounding the Italian invasion of Ethiopia.
14 Dec James Chadwick's Nobel Lecture on the Neutron: James Chadwick delivered a Nobel lecture on the neutron, two days after receiving the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics for his groundbreaking discovery of this fundamental subatomic particle.
15 Dec War Crime Request: Chemical Warfare Authorization: Italian General Rodolfo Graziani sent a telegram to Benito Mussolini requesting unrestricted use of chemical weapons (asphyxiating gases) during the Ethiopian campaign, a clear violation of international laws of warfare and a precursor to potential war crimes.
16 Dec Mussolini Authorizes Chemical Weapons in Ethiopia: Italian dictator Benito Mussolini authorized the use of chemical weapons in Ethiopia, escalating the conflict and signaling a brutal approach to colonial conquest. This decision represented a significant violation of international norms and foreshadowed the horrific military tactics that would become more prevalent in the lead-up to World War II.
17 Dec First Flight of the Douglas DC-3 Airplane: The Douglas DC-3, a groundbreaking transport aircraft, made its inaugural flight on December 17, 1935. This revolutionary aircraft would go on to become one of the most significant and influential planes in aviation history. Over 16,000 units were ultimately produced, making it the most-produced aircraft of its era. The DC-3 dramatically transformed air transportation during the 1930s and 1940s, setting new standards for commercial and military aviation.
18 Dec Edvard Beneš Becomes Czechoslovak President: Edvard Beneš was elected President of Czechoslovakia, a pivotal moment in the country's interwar political history. Beneš was a key democratic leader who would play a significant role in Czechoslovak politics before and after World War II.
19 Dec Labour Party Censure Motion Against Baldwin Government: On December 19, 1935, Labour Party leader Clement Attlee brought a motion of censure against Stanley Baldwin's government, focusing on the controversial Hoare–Laval Pact. Attlee argued that if Samuel Hoare (then Foreign Secretary) was compelled to resign, the entire government should follow suit. Baldwin responded by taking personal responsibility for the diplomatic debacle, declaring the proposed agreement with France regarding Italy's invasion of Ethiopia as 'absolutely and completely dead'. Despite Attlee's passionate argument, the motion was decisively defeated, with 397 votes against and 165 votes in support.
20 Dec Pope Pius XI Publishes Encyclical on Priesthood: Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical 'Ad Catholici Sacerdotii', providing significant guidance and theological reflection on the role and responsibilities of Catholic priests in the modern era.
21 Dec Birth of John G. Avildsen, Notable Film Director: John G. Avildsen was an acclaimed American film director known for directing iconic films like 'Rocky' and 'The Karate Kid'. His work significantly influenced American cinema in the late 20th century, earning him an Academy Award for Best Director for 'Rocky' in 1977.
22 Dec Anthony Eden Becomes Foreign Secretary: Anthony Eden was appointed as Britain's Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a pivotal political position during the complex pre-World War II era. This appointment would prove crucial in shaping British diplomatic strategy in the lead-up to and during World War II.
23 Dec Uneventful Day in 1935: While no specific major historical events were documented for December 23, 1935, this period was part of the mid-1930s, a tumultuous decade marked by the Great Depression and rising global tensions preceding World War II. The lack of a notable event does not diminish the historical significance of the broader context.
24 Dec National Council of Negro Women Established: The National Council of Negro Women was founded, marking a significant milestone in African American civil rights and women's organizational history. This organization would go on to play a crucial role in advocating for social justice, education, and empowerment of Black women in the United States.
25 Dec Assassination of Tang Yu-jen in Shanghai: On December 25, 1935, Tang Yu-jen, the Vice Minister of Chinese Railways, was assassinated in Shanghai during a period of significant political tension in pre-World War II China. The murder likely reflected the complex and volatile political landscape of the time, with various factions and interests competing for power and influence.
26 Dec Martial Law in Chinese Cities: Following the assassination of Tang Yu-jen, martial law was declared in three major Chinese cities: Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hankou. This event highlights the political instability and tensions in China during the mid-1930s.
27 Dec Mao Zedong's Wayaopao Manifesto: Mao Zedong issued the Wayaopao Manifesto, a strategic document calling for a National United Front to resist Japanese Imperial aggression. This manifesto was a critical moment in Chinese resistance strategy during the lead-up to the Second Sino-Japanese War.
28 Dec WPA Federal Art Project Gallery Opens: The Works Progress Administration (WPA) Federal Art Project Gallery opens in New York City, providing critical support and employment for artists during the Great Depression and contributing to a vibrant period of American cultural production.
30 Dec Italian Air Force Bombs Swedish Red Cross Hospital in Ethiopia: During the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Italian Air Force conducted a deliberate bombing raid on a Swedish Red Cross hospital in Ethiopia, violating international humanitarian norms and targeting medical personnel and facilities.
31 Dec Birth of King Salman of Saudi Arabia: King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, who would later become a significant political leader in the Middle East, eventually ascending to the throne in 2015.

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